Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-Carabidae in pench Tiger Reserve (East) Maharashtra (India)

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Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-
Carabidae in Pench Tiger Reserve (East)
Maharashtra (India)
*Chitrarekha K. Deshmukh And Sanjay H. Gajbhiye
Department of Zoology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati – 444602 (M.S.)
Corresponding author: *E-mail- 1june91ckd.october@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Present study was conducted during the
year 2012 - 2014 dealing with the exploration
of beetle diversity from Pench Tiger Reserve
(PTR), M. S. This is the first base line data
created for PTR. Beetles were collected by
routine methods, later identified up to species
with standard key characters. Carabids are
environmental indicators and their status
affects ecological function. Twelve species of
family –Carabidae are reported under nine
genera belonging to seven subfamilies.
These sub-families are Licininae, Paussinae,
Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
and Panagaeinae and the species are
Brachinus, Pheropsophus, Chlaenius, C.
tricolor, C. velutinus, C. bioculatus, C.
scapularis, Scarites, Eudema tomentosus,
Siagona, Anthia sexguttata, and
Pterostichus.
The Shannon Weiner
diversity index of genus H=1.88 and
Evenness (E) = 0.85 while the diversity index

of species H=1.78 and Evenness =0.71 of
family Carabidae are found.. The Simpson
index of diversity for genus D =0.95and
Simpsons reciprocal index =20 were found
while Simpsons index of diversity for species
D =0.88 and Simpsons reciprocal index =
=8.33 were calculated. The high score of
‘H’,E and D-1 for genus and species
indicated more diversity in the study area but
still this survey reported seven common and
five rare species of carabid
Though PTR is rich with
wild life which provides a good habitat for
beetles and the vegetation of the forest is in
healthy condition but rare species occurrence
considered that there is a need of more
attention for the conservation of habitat of
these beetles as they are one of the significant
environmental indicators which also
contribute in the food chain of nature.
KEY WORDS: Pench Tiger Reserve,
Maharashtra, Rare, Beetles, Diversity
INTRODUCTION
There are more than
40,000 described species of beetles on earth
and represent about 40% of all insects and
30% of all animals (Thiele, 1977, Lovei and
Sunderland, 1996, Choate, 2001). About 1,
5088 species of coleopteran insects are
known from Indian region (Kazmi,
2004).Ground beetles(Coleoptera: Carabidae)
are ancestrally ground dwelling and have
been be used to indicate temperature and
moisture gradients (Thiele 1977, Erwin,
1979)and Butterfield ,et al., 1995) and their
community assemblages have been directly
related to habitat type, ground vegetation and
litter (Niemelä and Spence 1994; Koivula
2001; Rainio and Niemelä, 2003). According
to Taylor (1978) there are great variety of

approaches and measurements methodologies
in diversity study of animal and plants. The
diversity of organisms can be explained in
terms of time and space, within and between
the species, within and between the habitats
and at genetic level. Carabids are partly
diurnal, partly nocturnal (Eisner, et al., 1977;
Dazzini, 1980; Detttner, 1985; Will, et al.,
2000, Brandmayr, et al., 2009).
In forest management,
sustainability is an internationally accepted
goal. One technique by which sustainability
is assessed is through the monitoring of
indicator species (Pearce and Venier 2006).
The Pench Tiger Reserve (East- Maharashtra)
is 25th
Project Tiger Reserve (PTR )in India ,
situated to the south of Satpura hills and
covered the area of 257.26 sq.km. PTR is
known for sites and places of unique
biogeographical and geomorphologic region
therefore it has great significance for wildlife
and biodiversity. This region is dominated by
teak forest and southern dry deciduous mixed
forest. It is well known that lack of
identification manuals has severely hindered
studies of the whole beetles’ components of
forest diversity (Scudder, et al., 2005).
The earth’s biodiversity
is distributed in specific ecological regions.
Growing human populations and increasing
exploitation of natural resources threat in
nature all over the world. Biotic and abiotic
factors of environment such as soil moisture,
soil type, predation moisture have greater
impact on population of carabid beetles(
Rahim, 2013) .Carabids are useful model
organisms and possibly indicators because
they are diverse, taxonomically as well as
ecologically (Avgin, 2010, Koivula, 2011)
while PTR is relatively untouched area for the
study of diversity of beetles therefore the
present topic is selected for study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area: The study area was selected in
the Pench Tiger Reserve (East- Maharashtra)
nearby villages Pipriya, Sillari, Salama and
having very diverse type of flora and fauna
(fig. no. 1). The data has been collected and
examined outside of the buffer zone. The
climate changes of this region are summer in
month of April - June, rainfall in July -
October and cold season in December –
February with temperature ranges between
47.80
C (maximum) and 3.90
C (minimum).
PTR latitude N210
64’ and longitude
E790
28’meter above mean sea level and is
situated between North East direction of
Nagpur district.
Collection and identification of beetles: The
data was collected in the month of January to
November in the year 2012-2014 from
various habitats viz. 1) Shrubs and grasses
2)Moist and debris area 3) Stone rocks. In
order to collect the beetles from said habitats,
a wide variety of collecting and trapping
methods were used such as hand picking,
insect net, pit fall and light traps. Carbides
preserved in 70% alcohol and photographs
were taken. The identification done by
available keys(Andrews,1920,1929,Peck and
Thomas,1998,Larochelle and
Larivieri,2007,Liu,2011,Hegde,2012,
Fedrenko,2013,Kushwaha,2015).
Data Analysis: The collected data of each
sub family’s genus, species were recorded.
The data were analyzed statistically for
Simpson diversity index ,Shannon Wiener
diversity index (H) and Pielou evenness (E) (
Simpson ,1049,Shannon and Weiner , 1949.,
Pielou, 1966).
Figure.1: Image showing the map of study
area PTR

OBSERVATIONS ON SYSTEMATIC
ACCOUNT (Table1.Plate 1 and Plate .2)
Class –Insecta Linnaeus, 1758
Order – Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758
Sub order- Adephaga Schellenberg, 1806
Family- Carabidae Latreille, 1802
A. Sub-family Paussinae Latreille, 1807
Tribe- Brachinini
Genus 1. Brachinus sp. Weber, 1801
Brachinus Weber Obs.Ent.1:22. types
species: Carabus crepitans
Linneus,1758(des.By Latreille,1810)
Material Examined: 1specimen. Places:
Salama, Pench, 2012. Distribution: India
(Meghalaya, Agra,Myanmar (Burma)
.Elsewhere: China, Vietnam
Diagnosis: Small, uniformly dark, leg pale to
dark often bicolored. Head mostly short and
wide, with large and convex eyes. Neck
constriction usually weak.
Genus 2. Pheropsophus sp. Solier, 1833
Pheropsophus Solier, Ann.Soc.Ent.
Fr.:461.1906
Stinaptinus Maindr., Bull.Soc.Ent.Fr.15, type
species: Carabus complanatus
Fabricius,1775= Pheropsophus aequinoctialis
( Linnaeus,1763) (des.By Hope,1838).
Material Examined: 2 specimens Places:
Sillari , Pench,2012 Distribution: India
(Andhra Pradesh,Chhattisgarh, Ceylon and
Burma)Elsewhere: Korea,Japan,
China,Taiwan.

Diagnosis: Head pale reddish either whole
base of head black or only black in middle of
posterior margin. Mouthparts, antennae and
legs pale reddish.
B. Sub-family Harpalinae Bonelli, 1810
Genus 1. Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810
2011. Bergdahl, J.C. Zookeys104:77-96.
Sillari, Pench, 2012. Distribution: India
(Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and
Maharashtra, Ceylon and Burma)
.Elsewhere: Nepal, Bhutan.
Diagnosis: Dorsal body surface black and
shiny,pronotal lateral beads piceous.Pronotum
almost long and wide ,lateral margin sub
parallel anterior to hind angle. Elytra interval
flat or only slightly convex.
Genus 2. Chlaenius tricolor Dejean, 1826
2012 Bousquet, Y.Zookey’s 245:1-1722.
Material Examined: 1Specimen
Places:Sillari, (Amaltas) Pench.,
2012.Distribution: Distribution: India
(Andhra Pradesh,Chhattisgarh,( Ceylon and
Burma) Elsewhere: New York, North
America, Korea,Japan, China,Taiwan.
Diagnosis: Head metallic red colored, purple
black elytra, median long antennae, leg
yellow colour.
C. Sub-family Licininae Bonelli, 1810
Genus 1. Chlaenius Dejean 1826
1826 Chlaenius Dejean
Spec.Gen.des.Col.2:297
Sillari, Pench.2012Distribution: India:
(Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh,
Uttarakhand).Elsewhere: Sri Lanka.
Diagnosis: Head and pronotum brownish
black with some sight metallic reflection,
elytra and pronotum densely punctate, legs
yellow.
Genus 2. Chlaenius scapularis Chaudoir,
1876

Chlaenius Scapularis Chaudoir,
Ann.Soc.Ent.Belg.8:98.
Through Literature: Andrews (1929)
Salama, Pench.2012Distribution: India:
(Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Himachal
Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Tamilnadu, Uttarakhand and West
Bengal).Elsewhere: Sri Lanka.
Diagnosis: Head and pronotum yellowish,
elytra black yellow patches in middle both
side, elytra completely covered on body.
Antennae straight, legs yellow colour.
Genus 3. Chlaenius velutinus Duftschmid,
1812
Through Literature: Andrews (1929)
Material Examined: 1Specimen. Places:
Salama, Pench.2012 Distribution:
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh,(Ceylon and Burma)Elsewhere:
Korea, Japan, China,Taiwan.
Diagnosis: Black coloured species; Head
greenish colour, long antennae. Elytra
reaching up to the tip of abdomen with
regular interval, Yellow (body ring) fused
both the sides. Legs yellow colour, show line
margin on elytra.
Genus 4. Chlaenius bioculatus sp.
Chaudoir, 1856
Chlaenius bimaculatus lynx Chaudoir,1856,
Bull Soc. Imp.Nat. Mosc, 29(3):198. Type
Loc: Hong Kong.
2012 Yuno Do,Baltic J.Coleopterol 12(1):
65-75.
Through Literature: Andrews (1929).
Material Examined: 2 specimens, Places:
Pipriya, Pench, 2012.Distribution: India
(India (Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, (Ceylon
and Burma) Elsewhere: Vietnam, China,
Philippine, Hong Kong, Taiwan, N. Korea,
Japan, South Asia.

Diagnosis: Body small, head straight, elytra
black with two spot on dorsal below side, legs
yellow, antennae straight forward.
D. Sub-family: Scaritinae Bonelli, 1810
Genus 1. Scarites sp. Fabricius, 1775
Scarites sp. Fabricius, 1775, Syst.Ent.249.
type species: Scarites subterraneus
Fabricius,1775 (disobey Andrews (1929)
2013 Thakare, JNBR 2 (2): 173-176
Material Examined: 1 Specimen Places:
Sillari, Pench PTR, 2013. Distribution:
India- (Uttarpradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra) Elsewhere: Vietnam (Ha Noi),
Nepal
Diagnosis: Head large, Mandibles median
carnassal regions large, eyes small, antennae
long, elytra fused together and mesonotum
wings reduced shorter than metanotum.
E. Sub-family :Panagaeinae Bonelli, 1810
Genus 1. Eudema tomentosus Laporte,
1840
Through Literature: Andrews (1929).
Material Examined: 1 Specimen. Places:
Salama, Pench PTR, 2013 Distribution:
India. (Maharashtra)Elsewhere: America,
California
Diagnosis: Generic name Eudema (‘e’ being
short), head and thorax are black near the
shoulder, yellow spot on elytra. Elytra boldly
ridged and very finely punctured, limbs are
covered with very minute black hairs, slantly
seven strips formed on elytra of below lateral
side.
F. Sub-family : Siagoninae Bonelli, 1813
Tribe – Siagonini Bonelli
Genus 1. Siagona sp. Latreille, 1804
1804 Siagona sp. Latreille,
Nouv.Dict.Hist.Nat.24. Tab.
1929 Andrewes, Fauna Brit.India,
Coleoptera, Carabidae 1:174
2012 Hegde, Zoo’s Print.27 (11):16-17.
2013 Thakare, JNBR2 (2): 173-176.

2015 Kushwaha,Zoo’s Print. Vol.xxx, no.1
Material Examined: 1 Specimen.Places:
Sillari, Pench PTR, 2013 Distribution:
Throughout India including Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra. Elsewhere: China, Laos,
Macao, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri
Lanka and Vietnam.
Diagnosis: Head convex, neck constriction
deep, head surface closely punctate on sides
prothorax moderately punctate on sides,
elytra punctate. Prominent punctures near
shoulder area. Antennae pubescent. Dark
brown colored.
G. Sub-family: Anthiinae Bonelli, 1813
Genus 1. Anthia sexguttata Fabricius,
1775
1801 Anthia Weber
Anthia Weber, Obs.Ent.17
Pachymorpha Hope, Col.Man 2:51
1775 Carabus sexguttata Fabricius,
Syst.Ent.236.
1861 Anthia Indica Chaudoir, Bull. De la
Soc.Imp. Des nat. Mosc 1: 562
1864 Anthia elliptica Motchulsky, Bull. De
la Soc. Imp. Des nat.Mosc.2:216
1930 Anthia sexguttata Andrewes, cat.Ind
Ins Part 18 Carabicae:31
Material Examined: 1Specimen. Places:
Pipriya, Pench 2012. Remark- Species to
confirm. Distribution: Throughout India
including Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.
Elsewhere: Africa, America
Diagnosis: Adult measure approximately 4
cm (1.5 inches). Body large, black, with six
relatively large white dorsal spots. Four over
the elytra and two on thorax, strong long legs,
and long antennae. Six spots on body
recognized the species.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present
investigation, 12 species of beetles from 7
subfamilies viz. Licininae , Paussinae,
Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
and Panagaeinae from family Carabidae
were identified. The checklist of beetles and
their habitats and status is given in the table 1.
Brachinus, Pheropspophus sp. Chlaenius sp.
Eudema tomentosus, Siagona are found in
rare category from all three habitats of three
villages. The plant species diversity is
significantly higher inside the protected area
than in remnant forests near villages. Human
caused habitat alteration has detrimental
impact on many carabid species that cannot
occupy open areas. However, some moist but
degraded sites surrounded by forest contained
many species. Moisture is probably one of the
most important factors affecting carabid
species abundances( Lovei, et al.,2009 ).
Table 1: Checklist of beetles and their
habitat from the study area of Pench Tiger
Reserve Maharashtra, India
Table.2. Shannon Wiener Diversity Index ,
Evenness and Sampson Diversity index
Sr.
No
.
Carabidae Habitat Status
Genus-Species
1 Brachinus Stone rock R
2 Pheropsophus sp. Stone rock R
3 Pterostichus Stone rock C
4 Chlaenius tricolor Stone rock C
5 Chlaenius sp. Stone rock R
6 Chlaenius scapularis Stone rock C
7 Chlaenius velutinus Shrubs and
grasses
C
8 Chlaenius bioculatus Moist and
debris area
C
9 Scarites sp. Moist and
debris area
C
10 Eudema tomentosus Moist and
debris area
R
11 Siagona Shrubs and
grasses
R
12 Anthia sexguttata Moist and
debris area
C

The diversity of sub families is found due to
the geographical region and climatic
condition of eastern region and vegetation of
Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra state.
The cutting and fragmentation forest have
immense impact on diversity of carabid
beetles as a result they vary in their species
composition, species abundance or decline in
some species. Therefore can be used as
environmental indicators
(McGeoch,1998).The maintenance of
landscape heterogeneity is necessary to
promote overall ground beetle diversity
(Toigo, et al., ,2013).
Thirteen species of
beetles were recorded from Gugamal Range
of Melghat Tiger Reserve (Thakare and
Zade,2012). Eight new species of
Bombardier beetles were described from
Vietnam: Brachinus delatensis. The
compositions within and outside of the
protected area were markedly different. Most
of the species preferred forest as their primary
habitat and were mainly collected from trees
and bushes. Their value as indicators is based
on their different habitat requirements and
sensitivity to environmental variables. Some
of the species were found only in the
protected forest, some occupied also the
degraded forests and some preferred open
areas (Rainio, 2009).
Shann
on
Wiene
r
Divers
ity
Evenn
ess
Simpson
s
Diversit
y Index
Simpso
ns
Recipro
cal
Index
H E D
1-
D
1/D
Genu
s 1.88 0.85
0.0
5
0.9
5
20
Speci
es 1.78 0.71
0.1
2
0.8
8
8.3
Note: D , 1/D and 1-D are calculated but
1-D is always consider for Simpsons
Diversity Index

Diversity and abundance
of ground beetles can be enhanced in
vegetable and field intercropping systems and
Shannon-Wiener diversity index scores and
species evenness was increased significantly
in intercropping system (Hummel, et al.,
2012). In PTR the high score of Shannon
Wiener Diversity index and (Table no.2)
and Simpson diversity index calculated for
genus and species . Simpson’s index of
diversity (1-D), the value of this index ranges
between 0 and 1 here the greater the value the
greater the sample diversity as well bigger the
value of D, the lower diversity. Evenness is a
measure of the relative abundance of the
different species making up the richness of an
area .The maximum possible score of E for
genus and species of studied subfamilies also
confirmed that having equal distribution in
survey area (Table no. 2 ,Fig .2and 3)
might be due to the vegetation in PTR area.
The diversity in carabid responses to the
vegetation structure appears to be related not
only to variation in their body size, but also in
other life history traits such as diet (Rouabah,
et al., 2014). Carabid species composition
2
2
11
1
1 1
Fig. 2. Graphical representation of
genus diversity
1 Paussinae
2 Harpalinae
3 Licininae
4 Scaritinae
5 Panagaeinae
6 Siagoninae
7 Anthiinae
Subfamily
2
2
41
1
1
1
Fig. 3 . Graphical representation
Species diversity
1 Paussinae
2 Harpalinae
3 Licininae
4 Scaritinae
5 Panagaeinae
6 Siagoninae
7 Anthiinae
Sub family

varied across forest age classes. For 50 year
old forests there were four potential indicators
species: Calathus opaculus, Cyclotrachelus
freitagi, Dicaelus dilatatus, Pterostichus
sculptus (Riley and Browne ,2011). In present
study genus Pterostichus reported in the
studied area which can be used as indicator
but future study require.
Conclusions: The revealed data will be
addition to our knowledge of insect diversity
of Pench National Park, Maharashtra. The
baseline data will be helpful for planning the
policy for monitoring and conservation
programme. The diversity indices and
evenness score confirmed diversity of beetles
in studied area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful
to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest
(PCCF) Maharashtra, Chief Conservator of
Forest, P T R Nagpur Wildlife Warden
Pipriya(East) Pench National Park for the
necessary permission to enter and reside in
Pench, Maharashtra for purpose of collection
and observation of beetles.
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Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-Carabidae in pench Tiger Reserve (East) Maharashtra (India)

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