Biodiversity of plant pathogens, network epidemiology, a sample of plant pathologists, invasion ecology, plant-fungus network, climate change and plant pathogens, Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora ramorum, Sudden Oak Death,

1. A Plant Epidemiology Overview
Mike Jeger & Marco Pautasso*,
Imperial College London
30 Nov 2009
* marpauta at gmail.com
1. Invasion biology of plant pathogens
2. Networks in plant epidemiology
3. Climate change and plant pathogens
4. Models of plant epidemics

2. Biodiversity of plant pathogens
Photos: American Phytopathological Society, www.apsnet.org - Online Resources

3. BSPP Photo
Competition
Source:
British Society
for Plant
Pathology,
www.bspp.org.uk/

4. BSPP Photo
Competition
(bis)
Source:
British Society
for Plant
Pathology,
www.bspp.org.uk/

5. A sample of plant pathologists
Mary Olsen,
Anna-Liisa Laine, Univ. of Arizona Caroline Mohammed,
Helsinki Univ. Univ. of Tasmania
Xiaoyun Lu,
Cornell Univ. & Marie-Laure Desprez-
Loustau, INRA, France
Adrienne Yvonne Willi,
Joan Webber,
Hardham, ETHZ, CH
Forest Res., UK Jennifer Parke,
Canberra Univ.
Oregon State Univ.

6. Examples of invasions of plant pathogens
From Brown & Hovmøller (2002) Science

7. Dispersal of the wheat yellow rust pathogen,
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, in China.
Photo by Yue Jin,
US Dept. of
Agriculture
Map from Brown
& Hovmøller
(2002) Science

8. Phylogeography of Rhynchosporium secalis
Network from Zaffarano et al. (2008) Molecular Ecology;
Photo by Matthew Abang, ICARDA, Aleppo, Siria

9. Invasive fungal pathogens are a subset of
invasive fungal species
From Desprez-Loustau et al. (2007) Trends in Ecology & Evolution

10. Invasion biology of ectomycorrhizal species
From Vellinga et al. (2009) New Phytologist

11. Antagonistic plant/fungus network based on
a national inventory of parasitic fungi
From Vacher et al. (2008a, b) PLoS One + Diversity & Distributions

12. Simple model of disease spread in a directed network
pt probability of infection transmission
pp probability of infection persistence
node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 …n
step 1
step 2
step 3
…
step n

13. Global patterns in fruiting seasons
(season length vs. peak)
N
S
S N
From Ting et al. (2008) Global Ecology & Biogeography

14. Two apple pathogens likely to
benefit from climate warming
Diplodia serrata Nectria galligena
From Weber (2009) Erwerbsobstbau

15. Predicted climate change effects on phoma stem
canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) on oilseed rape
baseline baseline
2020 2020
2050 2050
Yield Yield loss
From Butterworth et al. (2010) Journal of the Royal Society Interface

16. Courtesy of Barbara
Howlett, Univ. of
Melbourne, Australia

17. Spatial scale, agriculture, and climate change
From Ingram et al. (2008) Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

18. Early observations of potato late blight
(Phytophthora infestans) in Finland
days after planting
From Hannukkala et al. (2007) Plant Pathology

19. Potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Peru
From Garrett et al. (2009) Ecological Applications

20. Genome sequencing for Phytophthora infestans,
P. sojae and P. ramorum
From Haas et al. (2009) Nature

21. Geographical distribution of the Phytophthora
infestans mating types
From Smart & Fry (2001) Biological Invasions

22. Questions addressed in (plant) epidemiology
From Archie et al. (2008) Trends in Ecology & Evolution

23. The basic SIR model
From Klein et al. (2008) Environment and Development Economics

24. SIR model with latency and static/dynamic host
From Madden (2006) European Journal of Plant Pathology

25. Podosphaera plantaginis in SW-Finland (2001-04)
From Laine & Hanski (2006) Journal of Ecology

26. Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora) in Lithuania
From Baranauskaite et al. (2008) Semdirbyste-Agriculture

27. Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora) on apple
Photo: Cornell University, USA

28. Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora) distribution (2008)
From Wikimedia Commons, based on data from
Oesterreichische Agentur fuer Gesundheit und Ernaehrungssicherheit

29. Fire blight epidemic development in Switzerland
1995 1999
2003 2007
From: Eidgenössisches Volkswirtschaftsdepartement, Swiss Confederation

30. Stages of disease cycles considered by plant
disease prediction models (1994–2006)
From De Wolf & Isard (2007) Annual Review of Phytopathology

31. Life cycles for
American
chestnut
(a) without / (b)
recovering from /
(c) with epidemic
of chestnut blight
(Cryphonectria
parasitica)
From Davelos &
Jarosz (2004) Journal
of Ecology

32. Pathogen evolution in agro-ecosystems
From Burdon & Thrall (2008) Evolutionary Applications

33. Emerging plant viruses
From Rodoni (2009) Virus Research

34. References
Dehnen-Schmutz K, Holdenrieder O, Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2010) Structural change in the international horticultural industry: some implications
for plant health. Scientia Horticulturae 125: 1-15
Harwood TD, Xu XM, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Shaw M (2009) Epidemiological risk assessment using linked network and grid based modelling:
Phytophthora ramorum and P. kernoviae in the UK. Ecological Modelling 220: 3353-3361
Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2008) Comparative epidemiology of zoosporic plant pathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology 122: 111-126
Jeger MJ, Pautasso M, Holdenrieder O & Shaw MW (2007) Modelling disease spread and control in networks: implications for plant sciences. New
Phytologist 174: 179-197
MacLeod A, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Haines-Young R (2010) Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant
health. Food Security 2: 49-70
Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Disease spread in small-size directed networks: epidemic threshold, correlation between
links to and from nodes, and clustering. J Theor Biol 260: 402-411
Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Finley A, Dorigatti I, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Harwood T, Jeger MJ, Xu XM, Holdenrieder O & Pautasso M (2011) Networks in
plant epidemiology: from genes to landscapes, countries and continents. Phytopathology 101: 392-403
Pautasso M (2009) Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Systematics & Evolution 11: 157-189
Pautasso M (2010) Worsening file-drawer problem in the abstracts of natural, medical and social science databases. Scientometrics 85: 193-202
Pautasso M et al (2010) Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews 85: 729-755
Pautasso M, Moslonka-Lefebvre M & Jeger MJ (2010) The number of links to and from the starting node as a predictor of epidemic size in small-
size directed networks. Ecological Complexity 7: 424-432
Pautasso M, Xu XM, Jeger MJ, Harwood T, Moslonka-Lefebvre M & Pellis L (2010) Disease spread in small-size directed trade networks: the role of
hierarchical categories. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 1300-1309
Pecher C, Fritz S, Marini L, Fontaneto D & Pautasso M (2010) Scale-dependence of the correlation between human population and the species
richness of stream macroinvertebrates. Basic Applied Ecology 11: 272-280
Xu XM, Harwood TD, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Spatio-temporal analysis of an invasive plant pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) in England
and Wales. Ecography 32: 504-516