This document summarizes a study that used leaf epidermal analysis to identify 10 sterile species of the genus Strychnos collected from the Oban Forest in Nigeria. The researchers examined 36 morphological and anatomical characters of the leaf epidermis. Principal component analysis revealed that epidermal cell number, length, width, trichome number, stomata number and indices were the major distinguishing features. Cluster analysis grouped the species into 3 clusters corresponding to sections within the Strychnos genus. Leaf epidermal analysis proved useful for identifying these sterile species and delimiting populations, which has implications for their use in herbal medicine and conservation efforts.
Possible New Species of Araecerus (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) associated with M...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Araecerus is genus of beetles of the Anthribidae family which are important economic pests of various crops including coffee (Rubiaceae), with A.fasciculatus (Degeer) being the common pest (weevil) of coffee beans. This paper presents a study in which five undescribed species of genus Araecerus were reared predominantly from the seeds of M.pachyclados (Rubiceae), a native tree of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Fruits of M. pachyclados were regularly sampled and insects attacking them were reared, preserved and identified. Fruits were hand collected, photographed, weighed and reared. Insects emerging from the fruits were captured and preserved in 99% ethanol. All the specimens were identified into morphospecies at the laboratory. The five new species discovered were designated as A. sp.1, A. sp.2, A. sp.3, A. sp.4 and A.sp.5. This was accorded based on differences in body length; scutellum color, size, hair-scales and visibility; length of first and second segments of fore tarsus; apical and subapical teeth-size (mandible and maxillary palpi); declivity of dorsal abdomen; basal-anterior eye markings; lateral eye markings; absence of eye markings; and shape of pygidium. We discovered A. sp.1 has yellowish gold marking inside the base of the eye, A. sp.2 with pygidium almost vertically-flat at abdominal apex, A. sp.3 has eyes without yellowish gold marking and generally dark in color, A. sp.4 with distinct yellowish gold interior-lateral marking in its eye, and A. sp.5 with pygidium pointed at abdominal apex.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An Investigative Study on the Leaf Spots of Achyranthes aspera.Linn.IJARIIT
Plant leaves often offer a good harbour to both epiphytic and endophytic organisms. The present work
investigated the association of leaves of Achyranthes aspera, Linn. Plants and a crape myrtle aphid. Leaves with circular rosered
patches (on the underside) were collected and examined thoroughly. The spots and subsequent curling of the leaves was
resulted due to the harbouring of an endophytic aphid. The mites were isolated and sent for identification. The isolated aphid
was identified as Tinocallis kahaluokawalani (Kirkaldy). The leaves are highly medicinal, but the aphids changed its anatomy
and morphology.
Possible New Species of Araecerus (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) associated with M...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Araecerus is genus of beetles of the Anthribidae family which are important economic pests of various crops including coffee (Rubiaceae), with A.fasciculatus (Degeer) being the common pest (weevil) of coffee beans. This paper presents a study in which five undescribed species of genus Araecerus were reared predominantly from the seeds of M.pachyclados (Rubiceae), a native tree of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Fruits of M. pachyclados were regularly sampled and insects attacking them were reared, preserved and identified. Fruits were hand collected, photographed, weighed and reared. Insects emerging from the fruits were captured and preserved in 99% ethanol. All the specimens were identified into morphospecies at the laboratory. The five new species discovered were designated as A. sp.1, A. sp.2, A. sp.3, A. sp.4 and A.sp.5. This was accorded based on differences in body length; scutellum color, size, hair-scales and visibility; length of first and second segments of fore tarsus; apical and subapical teeth-size (mandible and maxillary palpi); declivity of dorsal abdomen; basal-anterior eye markings; lateral eye markings; absence of eye markings; and shape of pygidium. We discovered A. sp.1 has yellowish gold marking inside the base of the eye, A. sp.2 with pygidium almost vertically-flat at abdominal apex, A. sp.3 has eyes without yellowish gold marking and generally dark in color, A. sp.4 with distinct yellowish gold interior-lateral marking in its eye, and A. sp.5 with pygidium pointed at abdominal apex.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An Investigative Study on the Leaf Spots of Achyranthes aspera.Linn.IJARIIT
Plant leaves often offer a good harbour to both epiphytic and endophytic organisms. The present work
investigated the association of leaves of Achyranthes aspera, Linn. Plants and a crape myrtle aphid. Leaves with circular rosered
patches (on the underside) were collected and examined thoroughly. The spots and subsequent curling of the leaves was
resulted due to the harbouring of an endophytic aphid. The mites were isolated and sent for identification. The isolated aphid
was identified as Tinocallis kahaluokawalani (Kirkaldy). The leaves are highly medicinal, but the aphids changed its anatomy
and morphology.
Pollen morphological variation of berberis l. from pakistan and its systemati...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Due to overlapping and diverse morphological characters, Berberis is among the most taxonomically complex genera. Palynology is one of the taxonomic tools for delimitation and identification of complex species. In this study, pollens of 10 Berberis species were analyzed through light and scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative as well as quantitative
features (pollen shape, size, presence or absence of colpi, colpi length and width, exine thickness, ornamentation, pollen class, aperture, and polar–equatorial ratio) were measured. Five species were observed to have colpate (pantocolpate) with elongated ends, radially symmetrical, isopolar, monads, and psilate-regulate pollens. In polar view, six pollen were spheroidal, two were ovoid, one spherical, and one oblate. Similarly, variation in pollen length was prominent and the largest pollen on polar view was recorded for B. psodoumbellata 60–65 μm (62.4 ± 0.9), while the smallest one was observed for B. lycium 29–35 μm (32.2 ± 1). The observed variation in both quantitative and qualitative features were important in taxonomic identification. This shows that palynological haracters
are helpful in identification of Berberis genus at the species level.
Study of Some New Entolomes Species for Fungal Flora of MoroccoIJEAB
In this study, four species of Entolomataceae family, were studied namely Entoloma papillatum, Entoloma rhodopolium, Nolanea hirtipes and N. cucullata are harvested for the first time in Morocco. The genus Entoloma’ species were encountered in Quercus suber in the forest of Mamora (Northwestern Morocco) and those of the Nolanea’ genus under Quercus rotundifolia in the forest El Harcha (Northeast of the Central Plateau).
ABSTRACT: Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell American species so far reported in North America, Central America, South America, Taiwan, China, Serbia, Bulgaria, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Coata Rica, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil. First time reported in India from the Western Ghats of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. A detailed description and photograph are provided to facilitate its easy identification.
1 pollen morphology and pollen elemental composition of selected philippine n...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The pollen morphology and pollen elemental composition of the selected Philippine native gingers in tribe Alpinieae (Alpinioideae: Zingiberaceae) viz., Amomum muricarpum Elm., Etlingera dalican (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, E. philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm. and Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl. are not completely determined as well as their impacts in the pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In this study, the analyses were performed by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometry to better understand their pollen surfaces and pollen elemental composition. Data revealed that the pollen sizes of A. muricarpum measured 45-80µm, E. dalican measured 65-75µm, E. philippinensis measured 60-65µm while H. conoidea measured 50-90µm. The four native species possess spheroidal shape and inaperturate pollen. However, pollen color of A. muricarpum and H. conoidea were yellowish-brown, while green to greenish-yellow for E. dalican and greenish for E. philippinensis. Ornamentation or exine sculpture of A. muricarpum is echinate, E. dalican is gemmate while E. philippinensis and H. conoidea is psilate. A greater proportion of potassium (K+) and sulfur (S2-) were observed in the pollen of the four native gingers amongst other detected elements by EDX. Hence, studies on pollen characterization are important to perceive and reveal their morphological features, elemental composition and are useful for future studies on in vitro germination of the selected species.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Pollen morphological variation of berberis l. from pakistan and its systemati...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Due to overlapping and diverse morphological characters, Berberis is among the most taxonomically complex genera. Palynology is one of the taxonomic tools for delimitation and identification of complex species. In this study, pollens of 10 Berberis species were analyzed through light and scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative as well as quantitative
features (pollen shape, size, presence or absence of colpi, colpi length and width, exine thickness, ornamentation, pollen class, aperture, and polar–equatorial ratio) were measured. Five species were observed to have colpate (pantocolpate) with elongated ends, radially symmetrical, isopolar, monads, and psilate-regulate pollens. In polar view, six pollen were spheroidal, two were ovoid, one spherical, and one oblate. Similarly, variation in pollen length was prominent and the largest pollen on polar view was recorded for B. psodoumbellata 60–65 μm (62.4 ± 0.9), while the smallest one was observed for B. lycium 29–35 μm (32.2 ± 1). The observed variation in both quantitative and qualitative features were important in taxonomic identification. This shows that palynological haracters
are helpful in identification of Berberis genus at the species level.
Study of Some New Entolomes Species for Fungal Flora of MoroccoIJEAB
In this study, four species of Entolomataceae family, were studied namely Entoloma papillatum, Entoloma rhodopolium, Nolanea hirtipes and N. cucullata are harvested for the first time in Morocco. The genus Entoloma’ species were encountered in Quercus suber in the forest of Mamora (Northwestern Morocco) and those of the Nolanea’ genus under Quercus rotundifolia in the forest El Harcha (Northeast of the Central Plateau).
ABSTRACT: Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell American species so far reported in North America, Central America, South America, Taiwan, China, Serbia, Bulgaria, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Coata Rica, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil. First time reported in India from the Western Ghats of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. A detailed description and photograph are provided to facilitate its easy identification.
1 pollen morphology and pollen elemental composition of selected philippine n...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The pollen morphology and pollen elemental composition of the selected Philippine native gingers in tribe Alpinieae (Alpinioideae: Zingiberaceae) viz., Amomum muricarpum Elm., Etlingera dalican (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, E. philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm. and Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl. are not completely determined as well as their impacts in the pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In this study, the analyses were performed by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometry to better understand their pollen surfaces and pollen elemental composition. Data revealed that the pollen sizes of A. muricarpum measured 45-80µm, E. dalican measured 65-75µm, E. philippinensis measured 60-65µm while H. conoidea measured 50-90µm. The four native species possess spheroidal shape and inaperturate pollen. However, pollen color of A. muricarpum and H. conoidea were yellowish-brown, while green to greenish-yellow for E. dalican and greenish for E. philippinensis. Ornamentation or exine sculpture of A. muricarpum is echinate, E. dalican is gemmate while E. philippinensis and H. conoidea is psilate. A greater proportion of potassium (K+) and sulfur (S2-) were observed in the pollen of the four native gingers amongst other detected elements by EDX. Hence, studies on pollen characterization are important to perceive and reveal their morphological features, elemental composition and are useful for future studies on in vitro germination of the selected species.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Micromorphological and micrometric evaluation of securinega leucopyrus (willd...IJSIT Editor
Securinegaleucopyrus (Willd.)Muell, belonging to Euphorbiaceae family. Commonly known in Sri
Lanka by “Katupila” and in Gujarat by “Humri” is a plant used by the indigenous people for the treatment of
wounds and cancer in Sri Lanka. Extracts of leaves had exhibited in vitro broad spectrum antimicrobial
activities. Till date there is no pharmacognostical scientific work has been done on its leaf and stem. For the
first time, T.S of stem, petiole, T.S of leaf through midrib, Surface study and micrometry was carried out.
Results show Rosette crystals and starch grains in petiole, 2-3 layer of palisade parenchyma, spiral vessels in
leaf, stomatal index i.e. 26 in lower epidermis. Powder microscopy of shade dried powder shows prismatic
crystals and oil globules.
Ijbb 167A Registration Algorithm for the Identification of Individual Parrots...CSCJournals
Ridges on the internal side of the upper bill tip (i.e., “filing ridges”) of parrots and some cockatoos form patterns that are characteristic of genera and, therefore, can be used for the classification of parrots and cockatoos. These patterns are also individually variable and, thus, could be used to fingerprint individual parrots. The objectives of our project were to evaluate the degree of individual variability and to develop a method and algorithm for registering and comparing the patterns of ridges by using a rigid registration technique. Within the data sets, we have been able to successfully identify each anonymized specimen using this method. For 22 of the 27 anonymized specimens, we found a degree of magnitude (the total error taken as the sum of distances between corresponding points) to be on the scale of 101 or greater between the match with the correct specimen and the match with all other members of the data set via a squared residual error assessment. For the remaining specimens, instances occurred in which the difference was smaller for two birds, but the correct bird was identified, nonetheless, while accurately ruling out over 90% of the incorrect bird matches.
DIVERSITY STUDY OF ODONATA IN CHINTAMANI KAR BIRD SANCTUARY, KOLKATA, WEST BE...IAEME Publication
Species records of protected areas by creating checklists and updating them is crucial to understand species distribution, dynamics and possible threats to them. Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary is a protected area famed for its wide variety of floral and faunal diversity, located in close proximity to the metropolis of Kolkata and odonata is real flagship taxa of freshwater ecosystems, often used as indicator species to assess the quality of their close environment. Adult odonata (both suborder- Anisoptera; Dragonfly & Zygoptera; Damselfly) needs resource-rich terrestrial habitats for maturation, feeding, resting, and mating. Species diversity indices like Simpson and Shannon are applied to analyze the odonatan population diversity in this protected area. Our study of odonata populations has been made for the first time in this protected area. As far as species richness is concerned, the family Libellulidae is found to be dominant among Anisoptera whereas species of the family Coenagrionidae is dominant among Zygoptera. Our observations support the importance of this region in providing valuable habitats for Odonata.
The occurence of the least pipistrelle Bat, Pipistrellus tenuis (Temminck, 18...Open Access Research Paper
A recent survey identified a colony of Pipistrellus tenuis (n = 5) in Kanyakuchi Pahar village (26°00’32.8″N 90°53’29.0″E), a rural remote site situated at Goalpara district of Assam. This species, commonly known as the Least Pipistrelle, was previously reported by Hinton and Lindsay (1926), Sinha (1999), Ghosh (2008), Saikia et al. (2011) and Boro et al. (2018) from different parts of Assam. The Goalpara district of western Assam is encircled by the foothills of Meghalaya to the South and the Brahmaputra River to the North possesses a variety of flora and fauna due to the dense foliage of the high forest canopy. The climatic condition of the region along with its topography favours roosting of bat population. The distribution of the bat species P. tenuis in the surveyed area has not been previously recorded. For the purpose of taxonomic identification, morphometric parameters (external and cranio-dental measurements) were compared to standard literature by Bates and Harrison (1997). Captured bat specimens (n=3) were examined at the ZSI (Zoological Survey of India), NERC-Shillong, Meghalaya. The recorded mean body weight of captured specimens was 2.61g ± 0.160 (S.D) and the mean forearm length (FA) was 27.39mm ± 0.165 (S.D). This manuscript validates sightings of this bat species at the study location, compares its morphometric and cranio-dental traits to standard literature (Bates and Harrison, 1997) for identification, discusses its distribution as well as its ecological importance.
A Fossil Gymnospermous Leaf Gnetalophyllum deccanii gen. et sp.nov. From The ...IOSR Journals
Mohagaonkalan is the well known locality of the Deccan intertrappean series of Chhindwara district, of Madhya pradesh belonging to upper most cretaceous period. The present fossil leaf Gnetalophyllum deccanii collected from the deccan Intertrappean beds of Mohgaonkalan. The leaf is Gymnospermous, triangular in shape with ridges and furrows. Mesophyll undifferentiated, transfusion tissues are totally absent and vascular tissue present in radiating arm fashion. On comparison it shows close affinities with the order Gnetales. It measures 3099um in length along with lamina and 1433μm in width in the median region were as 1033μm in the laminar region.
Ingoldian Fungi in Kigga Falls, Chikmagalur District, KarnatakaIOSR Journals
Fungi are the ubiquitous organism.The exist in diverse forms in a range of habitats, arboreal,
freshwater, marine, subterranean and terrestrial. In fresh water we concentrated only Ingoldian fungi. The
selected study sites of foam samples and decaying debris were collected in the same study area and kept for
screening and incubation respectively. The conidia developing on decayingdebris were screened using
microscope. The collected foam samples were revealed Ingoldian fungi. In this contribution of occurrence and
abundance of Ingoldian fungi were enumerated. A total of 24 species were isolated twelve genera were
identified.
Mangroves are the important salt tolerant vegetation having more ecological and economical significances. In comparison to that of eastern coastal part, the western coastal region of Peninsular India comprises less area of mangroves. Therefore, establishing new mangroves in suitable habitats in this region is more essential to maintain the ecological processes in coastal landscape. To select the suitable mangrove species for newer areas of Kerala coast, a preliminary study on ecology was carried out in two natural mangrove vegetation at Ayiramthengu and Mandrothruthu, Kollam district. The study revealed that out of 34 (Ayiramthengu) and 24 (Mandrothruthu) species present, a sizable number of eight and six species respectively were true mangroves and adapted more prominently in their respective site indicated by higher Importance Value Index (IVI) and Relative Value of Importance (RVI) obtained by them. Therefore, these species are suggested for new formations of mangrove vegetation in the coastal regions of Kerala.
A New Monogenean ectoparasites Yogendrotrema balrampurai n.sp. from Fresh Wat...ijtsrd
The fresh water fish Sciaena coiter Ham. was collected from local fish market of district Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Five specimens of fresh water fish Sciaena coiter Ham. were examined, of which only one specimen was found infected with single specimen of said species. The site of infection being the gill filaments of the host. Kumar and Agarwal, 1993 erected the genus Yogendrotrema from Varanasi with Yogendrotrema rajghatai as type species. The present form differs from the known species Yogendrotrema rajghatai in having septate oral sucker, extension of Vitellaria in haptor region also. On subsequent study, the present form appear to be a new species of the genus Yogendrotrema, Kumar and Agarwal, 1993 and is regarded as a new species and named Yogendrotrema balrampurai n. sp. since it is recorded from district Balrampur. Surya Prakash Mishra "A New Monogenean-ectoparasites Yogendrotrema balrampurai n.sp. from Fresh-Water Cat Fish Sciaena coiter (Ham.) of District Balrampur, Uttarpradesh, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/38535/a-new-monogeneanectoparasites-yogendrotrema-balrampurai-nsp-from-freshwater-cat-fish-sciaena-coiter-ham-of-district-balrampur-uttarpradesh-india/surya-prakash-mishra
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in 13 Local Banana (Musa Spp.) Cultivars Usin...paperpublications3
Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.
Anatomical and Palynological Studies on Napoleona imperialis P. Beauv. (Lecy...Scientific Review SR
Napoleona imperialis P. Beauv is the most widespread Napoleona in Nigeria. It belongs to the family Lecythidaceae,
a small tropical family that grows in all regions of Nigeria and other parts of West Africa. However, scientific data
concerning this species are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to conduct an anatomical and
palynological assessment of this plant species. For the anatomical evaluation, the leaves and stems were fixed and
subjected to common plant anatomy techniques. The acetolysis method was used for Palynology study. Result for
palynological study showed that N. imperialis is characterized by tricolpate pollen, oval in shape,with
microspinulose type of exine ornamentationand Pollen fertility and viabiligy is 84.66%. Anatomical characters such
as periderm cylinder, phellem cells and primary and secondary vascular bundles of leaf and stem explains typical
features of dicotyledonous plants that have undergone secondary growth. This study provides valuable information
for reference and correct identification of this species.
Using ultraviolet “A” light (400 to 315 nm wavelength) found in a typical commercially available fluorescent black light, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) predator activity could be detected on infested hemlocks because of different characteristic glows of color. Under ultraviolet ‘A‘ light, an undamaged HWA ovisac’s honeydew glows bluish-white; a predator-damaged HWA’s oozing hemolymph has an intense chartreuse color; damaged HWA eggs glow bright yellow; and adelgid predator frass of Laricobius nigrinus and Sasajiscymnus tsugae both glow brilliant orange. This UV viewing technique can be used in the field or laboratory to rapidly determine the presence of adelgid predators and the extent of adelgid predation
Similar to The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) (20)
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 7 ||Pages|| 109-119||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 109
Leaf Epidermal Analysis for Diagnosis of Enigmatic Strychnos
Species in Nigeria
*Oduoye, O. T1
, Ogundipe, O. T.2
and Olowokudejo, J. D.2
1
National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB), Moor plantation, Apata, Ibadan.
2
Molecular Systematic Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Nigeria.
------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------
Ten species of Strychnos were collected from Oban group of Forest (Cross River State, Nigeria) without their
inflorescence which hindered their complete identification. Their leaves sizes, shapes, stems coloration and
other morphological characters show considerable variations. Anatomical results of their leaf epidermal
structures were used to delimit these sterile species. The epidermal cell shapes are polygonal and irregular.
Their anticlinal wall patterns are straight, curved or undulate. The epidermal cell numbers are between 87 and
280. Epidermal cell lengths are between 7µm and 38µm. Stomata types are generally paracytic and their
indices vary between 5.8 and 11.3. Their trichomes are simple unicellular with lengths between 12µm and
155µm. Both cluster analysis and scatter plots revealed that SID1 and SID2 are very similar species; 94 %
similarity. Principal component analysis revealed that epidermal cell number, length, width; trichome; stomata
number and indices formed the major components delimiting these species among the 36 characters observed.
There are 3 clusters formed which corresponded to 3 sections in Strychnos classifications.
KEYWORDS: Anatomy, Strychnos, Enigmatic, Oban, Classification, variations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 25 July 2013 Date of Publication: 7, July 2013
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Strychnos Linn. is the largest genus in Loganiaceae with approximately 200 species that grow in
tropical rain forests and savannas as lianas, shrubs, or small trees (Frasier, 2008). In the paleotropics it is found
throughout tropical Africa and Madagascar, in India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and the northern tropical part of
Australia (Bisset et al., 1973; Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts, 1980). Strychnos species grow as liana and trees in
the forest but as tress in the savanna zones. They are very important in ecology dynamics of the forest where
they are found (Putz and Holbrook, 1991). This genus is highly economical as medicinal recipe for several
ailments in Nigeria; and probably the most famous in science and culture for its production of the toxin
strychnine, which is commercially extracted from S. nux-vomica (Bisset et al., 1973; Samuelsson, 1992; van
Andel, 2000; Frasier, 2008). In Africa, some Strychnos species, such as S. aculeata, are used as fish poisons and
for treating parasitic infections like guinea worm (Burkill et al., 1995). In Madagascar, Strychnos myrtoides has
been combined with more conventional drugs to treat malaria (Rafatro et al., 2000), and in India, S. potatorum
seeds are used to settle turbid water (Gupta and Chaudhuri, 1992).
The anatomical characters of the leaf epidermis are found useful when the plant parts are dried and leaf
fragments are available for identification purposes, this is popular with herbal recipes and preparations. Many
medicinal collections are dry and fragmented or deliberately made dry in order to extract the bioactive
ingredients from them (Abu et al., 2009). Sometimes there is confusion in identification and differentiation of
species of the same genus on the basis of morphology, so anatomical studies assist in solving problem of
identification (Ahmad et al., 2012). Carlquist in 1961 stated that “the leaf is perhaps anatomically the most
varied organ of angiosperms (Radford et al., 1974)”. Leaf epidermal study provides valuable data towards the
identification of plant and is recognized as a source of useful taxonomic characters, because of variations in leaf
characters that are taxonomically useful (Barkworth, 1981; Ahmad et al., 2012). The arrangement of epidermal
cells on the adaxial surface of the leaf blade is generally quite different from that of the abaxial surface.
Epidermal cells could be short or long; they vary in length and width, wall thickness, and the extent to which the
walls are sinuous, papillate or pitted (Gould, 1969; Radford et al., 1974; Ahmad et al., 2012). Leaf epidermal
traits i.e. epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes have been proved valuable in identification and differentiation
of different taxa (Stenglein et al., 2003).
2. Leaf Epidermal Analysis For Diagnosis...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 110
Leaf epidermal features are important to clarify taxonomic relationships in different taxa (Radford et
al., 1974; Davila and Clark, 1990; Cai and Wang, 1994; Mejia–Saules and Bisbey, 2003; Ogie- Odia et al.,
2010; Ahmad et al., 2012). The aim of this investigation is to utilize leaf epidermal variations to distinguish and
differentiate sterile Strychnos species used in herbal medicine.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cross River National Park (CRNP) is rich in biodiversity and has the dimension of 4,000 Sq. Km. Ten
sterile collections were encountered on the field and were collected with Global Positioning System device
(GPS) and the coordinates of collections were properly documented. Thirty six (36) morphological and
Anatomical characters; both qualitative and quantitative that have taxonomic significance were assessed. The
plant parts were measured, counted and an area of about 1cm square was removed from a central/standard
position of the mature fresh leaves according to Olowokudejo, (1993) for leaf epidermal analysis. The dry
leaves were revived by boiling in water for 10 – 15 minutes and then soaked in domestic bleach or nitric acid to
digest the mesophyll layer. Samples were then carefully washed in water and the adaxial and abaxial
epidermises teased from the mesophyll using fine forceps and dissecting needles. The membranes were
transferred into 10% aqueous solution of safranin-0 (dye) for 3 minutes. They were removed and washed with
water to remove the excess stain. They were mounted in glycerine, observed under the microscope and the good
preparations were sealed with nail vanish for further assessment. The upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial)
surfaces were treated separately for each plant specimen. The approaches adopted were according to
(Ogundipe, 1990; Ogundipe and Olatunji, 1991). Photomicrograph of the epidermis was obtained with Olympus
XSZ-N107 Model light microscope and Motic Camera „Moticam 2300, 3.0 M.Pixel, USB 2.0 model. Twenty
randomly selected epidermal cells and stomata were measured using a micrometer eye-piece, the trichome
lengths were measured and types observed. Counting of cellular structures was done at 620-Magnification,
Measurement at x400-Magnification and image taken at either x620-Magnification or x160-Magnification.
Descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, standard error and clustering analysis were determined for all
variables with the use of SPSS and NTSYS (Statistical) Packages. Extraction Method; Principal Component
Analysis (PCA), Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Field observations showed that Strychnos are distributed in old growth forest mainly but found as
shrubs (young liana) in secondary forest when they are accidentally encountered in the vegetation. Their laminas
are identified by veins, prominent and parallel to the margin either from the leaf base - basal acrodromous vein,
or a little distance from the base - suprabasal acrodromous vein (Plates 1a & b). The forest species are prolific
climbers and they form dense canopies on top of their host supposedly until the host is strangled and finally dies
(Plates 1c, d & e). Majority of them are difficult to collect as they form leaves, inflorescences and fruits at the
height of their host plants (Plate 1c). Strychnos have hooks as modification for climbing, though there are other
modifications identified among climbers in the forests as observed by previous workers (Padaki and
Parthasarathy, 2000). Strychnos hooks are of various types, sizes, and numbers; hooks are either simple/single,
paired or layers of paired hooks (Plate 1f). The hooks fold in different ways and directions in regards to the
orientation of the host plant as was also observed by previous workers (Bongers et al., 2002). The hook that is in
firm attachment with its host becomes enlarged and tenaciously grips the host stem and almost inseparable from
the host without damaging it.
The anatomical evidence revealed that the abaxial surface is more informative than the adaxial (Table
2b and Plate 2). Several characters are very similar on the adaxial surfaces but differ in their abaxial counterpart
(Table 2a, b and Plate 2). Morphological character and location of SID1 is different from SID2 (table1), their
lamina and stems also vary but the anatomical evidence revealed that they are the same species (Figure 2, 4 and
5). Figure 4 and 5 revealed that both samples are located on the same point on the scatter plot. Table 2b, Figure
1 and 6 show the variation of stomata number and indices among Strychnos species. In table 2a, epidermal cell
number is as numerous as 240 for SID1 at its minimum counting while only 98 were counted for SID4. The
epidermal cell shapes of these species are majorly polygonal and irregular (Plate 2). Their anticlinal wall
patterns are majorly straight, curved or undulate - higher degree of curvature (Table 2a and Plate 2). The
epidermal cell numbers are between 94µm and 280µm for SID 9 and SID 2 respectively. Stomata and simple
unicellular trichomes are only present on the abaxial surfaces of some species (Table 2b and Plate 2). However,
some species lack trichome completely (Figure 1). There are various degrees of striations (cuticular folding)
observable among the species; they are majorly guard cell striated (Plate 2 & Table 2b). The PCA (Table 3 and
4) revealed 3 major components to be contributing up to 84 %. These components show the greatest significant
variations. Table 4 showed the communality; stomata number has 918 followed by epidermal cell length with
3. Leaf Epidermal Analysis For Diagnosis...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 111
916 values, etc. These components were subsequently used to generate the similarities observable in Figure 4, 5
and 6.The cluster analysis result in Figure 2 reveals that SID1 and SID2 have similarity beyond 90%. The line of
reference taken for species delimitation is drawn at about 60% similarity. There are 3 major clusters formed in
the dendrogram, vizibly: at 33.5%, 53% and 31.5%. Based on gross morphology examined in previous studies,
West African Strychnos belong to 11 Sections out of the entire 12 Sections found in Strychnos of Loganiaceae
worldwide (Bisset et al., 1973; Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts, 1980; Frasier, 2008). The study thus revealed 3
Sections of Strychnos genus collected from the conserved forest. Further studies: The Strychnos species have
been sent to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for sequencing and adequate identification using the data in
global Gene-bank.
IV. CONCLUSION
The study revealed that Strychnos epidermal cell dimension - length and width, stomata indices,
stomata number and trichome density among other characters are sufficient to delimit this economically useful
genus in their populations both for their medicinal importance and conservation purposes.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We want to sincerely acknowledge the assistance obtained from: The conservator general, officials and
rangers of Cross River National Park (CRNP) Akampa, Calabar, Nigeria.
REFERENCES
[1] Abu A H, Uchendu C N and Ofukwu R A (2009) In vitro anti trypanosomal activity of crude extracts of some Nigerian medicinal
plants. Journal of Applied Biosciences 21: 1277 – 1282.
[2] Ahmad F, Hameed M, Ashraf M, Ahmad M, Khan A, et al. (2012) Role of leaf epidermis in identification and differentiation of
grasses in tribe Chlorideae (Poaceae) from Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6(10): 1955-1960
[3] Barkworth ME (1981) Foliar epidermis and taxonomy of North America Stipeae (Gramineae). Systematic Botany 6(2): 136-152.
[4] Bisset NG, Leenhouts PW, Leeuwenberg AJM, Philcox D Tirelroudet C, et al. A (1973) The Asian species of Strychnos. Part
II. Typification, miscellaneous notes, synoptic key, and sectional classification. Lloydia 36: 179-201.
[5] Bongers F, Schnitzer SA and Traore D (2002). The importance of lianas and consequences for forest management in West
Africa. Trends in Ecological Evolution 17(5): 376 – 377
[6] Burkill HM, Dalziel JM and Hutchinson J, (1995) Loganiaceae, The useful plants of west tropical Africa: families J-L. Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew. 856 p.
[7] Cai LB, and Wang SJ, (1994) Studies on the evolutionary trends and mechanism of the constituent cells of the leaf epidermis in
Poaceae. Acta Biologia Plateau Sinica 12: 13-27.
[8] Davila P, and Clark LG, (1990) Scanning electron microscopy survey of leaf epidermis of Sorghastrum (Poaceae)
Andropogoneae. American Journal Botany 77: 499-511.
[9] Frasier CL, (2008) Evolution and systematics of the angiosperm order gentianales with an in-depth focus on loganiaceae and its
species-rich and toxic genus Strychnos. A Ph.D Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The
State University of New Jersey. 139 p.
[10] Gould FW (1969) Grass Systematics. Mc. Graw. Hill book company, New York. pp. 40 – 41.
[11] Gupta A and Chaudhuri M (1992) Domestic water purification for developing countries. Aqua Aquaaa 41: 290-298.
[12] Leeuwenberg AJM and Leenhouts PW (1980). In: Leeuwenberg, AJM (ed.), Engler and Prantl's Die natürlichen
Pflanzenfamilien. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, Germany. Family Loganiaceae, 28b (1): 211–237.
[13] Mejia T and Bisbey FA (2003) Silica bodies and hooked papillae in lemmas of Melica species (Gramineae: Pooideae) Botanical
Journal of Linaean Society 141: 447 – 463.
[14] Ogie-Odia EA, Mokwenye AI, Kekeri O and Timothy O (2010) Comparative vegetative and foliar epidermal features of three
Paspalum L. Species in Edestate, Nigeria. Ozean Journal of Applied Science 3(1): 29-38.
[15] Ogundipe OT (1990) Morphological and anatomical studies of some species of Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. (Poaceae). Ph.D.
Thesis. Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife. 350 p.
[16] Ogundipe OT and Olatunji OE (1991) The leaf anatomy of the species of Chochlospermum Kunth. (Cochlospermaceae) in West
Africa. Feddes Repatorium 120(3&4): 183-187.
[17] Olowodudejo JD (1993) Comparative epidermal morphology of West African species of Jathropha L. (Euphobiaceae). Botanical
Journal of the Linean Society 111: 139 – 154
[18] Padaki A and Parthasarathy N (2000). Abundance and distribution of lianas in tropical lowland evergreen forest of Agumbe,
central Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology 41(2): 143-154
[19] Putz FE and Holbrook NM (1991) Biomechanical studies of lianes. In: Putz FE and Mooney HA. (Eds) The biology of Lianes,
Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 73 – 97.
[20] Radford AE, Dickson WC, Massey JR and Bell RC (1974) Vascular Plant Systematics. Harper and Row Publishers, New York,
889 p.
[21] Rafatro H, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rasoanaivo P, Ratsimamangaurvergm S, Rakoto-Ratsimamanga A, et al. (2000) Reversal
activity of the naturally-occurring chemosensitizer malagashanine in Plasmodium malaria. Biochemical Pharmacology 59: 1053-
1061.
[22] Samuelsson, G (1992) Drugs of natural origin: a textbook of pharmacology. Swedish Pharmaceutical Press, Stockholm. 358 p.
[23] Stenglein SA, Colares MN, Arambarri, AM, Novoa MC, Vizcaino CE, et al. (2003) Leaf epidermal microcharacters of the old
world species of Lotus (Leguminoseae: Loteae) and their systematic significance. Australia Journal of Botany 51: 459-469.
[24] Van Andel T (2000) Non-timber forest products of the north-west district of Guyana Part II: a field guide. Tropenbos Guyana,
Georgetown. 315 p.
4. Leaf Epidermal Analysis For Diagnosis...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 112
Table 1: The Strychnos species collection from CRNP in Nigeria
Strychnos spp. I.D number G.P.S data Collector/s
Strychnos indeterminate SID 1 N 05°21´49.2″
E008°26.20.1″
Oduoye, O.T;
Daramola, B.O
Strychnos indeterminate SID 2 N 05°50´49.7″
E008°25´26. 3″
Oduoye, O.T
Strychnos indeterminate SID 3 N 05°21´10.12″
E008°24´.20.3″
Oduoye, O.T
Strychnos indeterminate SID 4 N 05°21´50.2″
E008°26´22.3″
Oduoye, O.T
Strychnos indeterminate SID 5 N 05°23´46.22″
E008°24´02.3″
Oduoye, O.T
Strychnos indeterminate SID 6 N 05°46´49.2″
E008°25´25.33″
Oduoye, O.T
Strychnos indeterminate SID 7 N 05°21´49.32″
E008°26´.23.13″
Oduoye, O.T
Strychnos indeterminate SID 8 N 05°21´50.22″
E008°27´.23.11″
Oduoye, O.T
Strychnos indeterminate SID 9 N 05°23´36.22″
E008°26´20.3″
Oduoye, O.T
Strychnos indeterminate SID 10 N 06°51. 853´
E007°24.573´
Oduoye, O.T
Table 2a: Leaf epidermal features of Strychnos
Strychno
s
LS AWP
CWT
ECS ECN MECN ECL ECW
SID 1
Adaxi
al
straight
1(1.25 ±
0.057)1.5
polygonal
240(255.6
5 ±
1.813)270
256
7(11.6 ±
0.816)20
6(8.30 ±
0.317)10
Abaxi
al
straight
1(1.25 ±
0.057)1.5
polygonal
240(264.3
5 ±
2.683)280
264
12(21.35 ±
1.16)28
5(11.25 ±
0.707)17
SID 2
Adaxi
al
straight
1(1.25 ±
0.057)1.5
polygonal
240(255.6
5 ±
1.813)270
256
7(11.60 ±
0.816)20
6(8.3 ±
0.317)10
Abaxi
al
straight
1(1.23 ±
0.057)1.5
polygonal
240(264.3
5 ±
2.683)280
264
12(21.35 ±
1.16)28
5(11.25 ±
0.707)17
SID 3
Adaxi
al
straight
2(2.5 ±
0.109)3
polygonal
140(167.1
5 ±
2.75)180
167
10(16.80 ±
1.02)25
4(8.35 ±
0.568)13
Abaxi
al
straight
2(2.5 ±
0.109)3
irregular
98(102.05
±
0.438)106
102
18(23.95 ±
0.795)31
6(9.60 ±
0.387)12
SID 4
Adaxi
al
straight
1.5(1.75 ±
0.057)2
polygonal
128(159.5
5 ±
2.23)170
160
15(19.15 ±
0.504)25
5(10.5 ±
0.698)15
Abaxi
al
straight
1.5(1.8 ±
0.056)2
irregular
90(96.95
±
0.72)100
97
15(21.35 ±
0.712)26
5(8.45 ±
0.400)12
SID 5
Adaxi
al
undulat
e
1.5(1.8 ±
0.056)2
polygonal
150(155.9
5 ±
0.737)160
156
8(15.9 ±
0.959)20
5(9.75 ±
0.593)14
Abaxi
al
curved
1(1.225 ±
0.057)1.5
polygonal
152(157.2
±
0.627)162
157
10(20.55 ±
1.255)28
6(9.75 ±
0.491)13
5. Leaf Epidermal Analysis For Diagnosis...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 113
SID 6
Adaxi
al
straight
1.5(1.8 ±
0.056)2
penta to
polygonal
200(213.1
0 ±
1.306)220
213
7(15.05 ±
1.123)22
4(8.80 ±
0.555)14
Abaxi
al
curved
1.5(1.85 ±
0.0526)2
polygonal
to
irregular
180(192.0
5 ±
1.639)205
192
9(18.65 ±
1.127)26
4(7.25 ±
0.464)11
SID 7
Adaxi
al
straight
2(2.575 ±
0.0908)3
polygonal
128(132.6
5 ±
0.646)138
133
12(19.2 ±
0.869)25
6(9.55 ±
0.535)14
Abaxi
al
curved
1(1.25 ±
0.057)1.5
polygonal
246(251 ±
0.684)257
251
7(15.25 ±
1.279)25
4(6.3 ±
0.411)9
SID 8
Adaxi
al
curved
2(2.50 ±
0.096)3
polygonal
170(175.3
±
0.788)180
175
9(14.25 ±
0.882)20
5(9.00 ±
0.637)15
Abaxi
al
curved
1(1.25 ±
0.057)1.5
polygonal
to
irregular
90(94.25
±
0.688)100
94
12(19.65 ±
1.212)30
4(8.050 ±
0.573)13
SID 9
Adaxi
al
curved
1(1.875 ±
0.0497)2
polygonal
155(158.3
5 ±
0.466)162
158
11(20.25 ±
1.559)30
5(10.10 ±
0.657)15
Abaxi
al
straight
1.5(1.775 ±
0.057)2
polygonal
to
irregular
87(90.1 ±
0.502)94
90
10(22.50 ±
1.688)38
8(10.45 ±
0.444)14
SID 10
Adaxi
al
straight
1(1.25 ±
0.057)1.5
polygonal
195(200.2
±
0.742)205
200
8(11.75 ±
0.486)315
5(7.95 ±
0.359)11
Abaxi
al
curved
1(1.25 ±
0.057)1.6
polygonal
to
irregular
152(157.8
5 ±
0.654)162
158
10(17.45 ±
0.869)23
5(8.65 ±
0.509)12
Leaf surface – LS, Epidermal Cell number ECN, Epidermal Cell shape ECS, Cell wall thickness CWT,
Anticlinal wall pattern AWP, Mean Epidermal Cell number MECN, Epidermal Cell length ECL, Epidermal cell
width ECW. Measurement: minimum (mean ± s.e.) maximum (µm).
Table 2b: Leaf epidermal features of Strychnos contn‟d
Strychn
os
LS SL SW SN ST SI % TT TL TD CO
SID 1
Adaxi
al
0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0
ST
R
Abaxi
al
5(6.80
±
0.247)
1.5(1.825
±
0.0547)2
24(29.90
±
0.992)37
paracytic 10.16
simple
unicellula
r
20(53.4
±
4.05)75
1
SID 2
Adaxi
al
0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0
ST
R
Abaxi
al
5(6.80
±
0.247)
1.5(1.825
±
0.0547)2
24(29.90
±
0.992)37
paracytic 10.20
simple
unicellula
r
20(53.4
±
4.05)75
1
SID 3
Adaxi
al
0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0
ST
R
Abaxi
al
5(6.05
±
0.17)7
2(2.6 ±
0.100)3
11(12.95
±
0.235)15
paracytic 11.30
simple
uncellular
65(125.4
5 ±
5.89)155
2 0
SID 4
Abaxi
al
4(5.05
±
0.153)
6
2(2.7 ±
0.147)4
4(6.3 ±
0.25)8
paracytic 5.83
simple
uncellular
12(18.40
±
1.057)25
3 0
SID 5
Abaxi
al
5(5.85
±
0.167)
7
2(2.45 ±
0.114)3
13(16.7 ±
0.534)20
paracytic 9.60
simple
unicellula
r
12(70.55
±
7.38)122
5 0
6. Leaf Epidermal Analysis For Diagnosis...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 114
SID 6
Abaxi
al
3(3.55
±
0.114)
4
2(2.5 ±
0.115)3
20(23.05
± 0.48)26
paracytic 10.72 0 0 0 0
SID 7
Abaxi
al
4(4.95
±
0.170)
6
1(1.675 ±
0.0908)2
15(17.45
±
0.387)20
paracytic 6.50 0 0 0 0
SID 8
Abaxi
al
5(5.90
±
0.191)
7
2(2.375 ±
0.095)3
5(10.900
±
0.652)16
paracytic 10.37
simple
unicellula
r
4(7.6 ±
0.43)10
1
ST
R
SID 9
Adaxi
al
0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0
ST
R
Abaxi
al
5(6.35
±
0.274)
8
2(2.60 ±
0.10)3
8(11.00 ±
0.0.340)1
4
paracytic 10.88
simple
unicellula
r
10(106.3
±
7.910)14
0
3
ST
R
SID10
Abaxi
al
4(4.65
±
0.109)
5
3(4.15 ±
0.182)5
17(19.45
±
0.352)22
paracytic 10.97 0 0 0 0
Leaf surface – LS, Stomata length - SL, Stomata width- SW, Stomata number – SN, Stomata type – ST,
Stomata index- SI, Trichome type – TT, Trichome length – TL, Trichome density per view – TD, Cuticular
ornamentation – CO, Striation – STR, 0 = Absent/ not found; Measurement: minimum (mean ± s.e.)
maximum (µm).
Table 3: PCA with three principal components contributing up to 84 % from 16 characters
Total Variance Explained
Comp
onent
Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared
Loadings
Rotation Sums of Squared
Loadings
Total % of
Variance
Cumulativ
e %
Total % of
Variance
Cumulative
%
Total % of
Variance
Cumulative
%
1 3.869 38.687 38.687 3.869 38.687 38.687 3.697 36.972 36.972
2 2.970 29.700 68.386 2.970 29.700 68.386 3.014 30.141 67.113
3 1.629 16.293 84.680 1.629 16.293 84.680 1.757 17.567 84.680
4 .662 6.615 91.295
Table 4: PCA of Strychnos anatomy showing communalities and Component Matrix
Communalities Component
Initial Extraction 1 2 3
Stomata Index 1.000 .807 .140 .139 .427
Epidermal cell number 1.000 .854 .006 .292 -.047
Epidermal cell length 1.000 .916 .219 -.114 .022
Epidermal cell width 1.000 .909 .259 .104 .056
Stomata length 1.000 .887 .239 .114 -.162
stomata width 1.000 .820 -.074 -.038 .470
Stomata number 1.000 .918 .083 .336 .135
Cell wall thickness 1.000 .699 .030 -.189 .214
Trichome length 1.000 .863 .226 -.079 .028
Trichome density 1.000 .796 .133 -.219 -.299
7. Leaf Epidermal Analysis For Diagnosis...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 115
Figure 1: Chart showing the variation of Epidermal Cell Number (ECN), Mean Stomata Number
(MSN) and Mean Trichome Length (MTL) for ten Strychnos indeterminate species.
Figure 2: Clustering analysis showing the relationship of Strychnos indeterminate from CRNP using 36
characters
8. Leaf Epidermal Analysis For Diagnosis...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 116
Figure 3: Scree plot of Eigenvalue against 10 components.
Figure 4: The first three component plot in rotated space, obtained from PCA.
Figure 5: Scatter plot of epidermal cell number and Stomata index from first component obtained from PCA
(group centroids).
9. Leaf Epidermal Analysis For Diagnosis...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 117
Figure 6: Paracytic stomata distribution among 10 Strychnos species
Plate 1: Photographs of Strychnos organ Morphology: Strychnos leaves, liana and host plant (a - e), Strychnos
paired hook (f) Strychnos inflorescence (g) and Strychnos fruit (h).