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Passive solar, passive cooling and daylighting
- 1. Passive Solar, PassiveCooling and Daylighting
- 2. OBJECTIVESLearn about :Thehistory of Passive SolarEnergy efficient designEnergy end usesPassive Heating and Passive CoolingDaylightingRenewables
- 3. The History ofPassive Solar
- 4. 5th Century BCGreeceDiminished fuel sources brought design changes.Community Planning employed passive solar design.
- 5. Passive Solar inAncient GreeceAristotle noted, builders made sure to shelter the north side of the house to keep out the cold winter winds. And Socrates, who lived in a solar-heated house, observed, "In houses that look toward the south, the sun penetrates the portico in winter" which keeps the house heated in winter.
- 6. Cross section ofa Roman heliocaminus. The term means "sun furnace."
- 7. Roman heliocaminusThe Romansused the term to describe their south-facing rooms. They became much hotter in winter than similarly oriented Greek homes because the Romans covered their window spaces with mica or glass while the Greeks did not.
- 8. Solar Greenhouses fromAncient Rome to 18th Century EuropeWith the fall of the Roman Empire, so too came the collapse of glass for centuries in either buildings or greenhouses.Canvas covered the glass in the evenings to hold in heat.
- 9. 19th Century SolarRemodel with attached greenhouse
- 10. American Solar Heritage:Anastasi Indians
- 11. Pueblo Indians’ SkyCityContinuously inhabited since the 12th century
- 12. Southwest AdobeOrientation, control& thermal mass
- 13. Adobe = ThermalMass
- 14. The colonial "saltbox" house, typical of New England architecture of the 18th century.
- 15.
- 16. The solar-heated RoseElementary School in Tucson Arizona. It obtained over 80% of its heat from solar energy for an entire decade, beginning in 1948.
- 17. Village Homes subdivisionbuilt in the late 1970s in Davis, California. The layout of the subdivision allowed every house to face the winter sun.
- 18.
- 19. Generation and useof energy (electric, gas, oil, coal) are major contributors to air pollution and global climate change.
- 20. And pollution ofour rivers…….MOUNTAIN TOP REMOVAL
- 21. Improving energy efficiencyand using renewable energy sources are effective ways to improve air quality and reduce the impacts of global warming
- 24. Energy efficiency isa cornerstone of any green building project.
- 25. Passive SolarPassive solarbuildings aim to maintain interior Thermal comfort.Passive solar building designis one part of green building design, and doesnot include active systems such as Mechanical ventilation or Photovoltaics.
- 26. Passive Solar DesignThe47-degree difference in the altitude of the sun at solar noon between winter and summer forms the basis of passive solar design.Passive solar building design revolves around 5 main aspects;Aperature: The set of windows and overhangs that determine how much sun enters the building.Absorber: The material that the sun’s ray come into contact with.Thermal Mass: The material that stores the sun’s thermal energy for re-release after sundown.Distribution: The means by which the thermal energy is released to the living/working spaces.Control: The techniques used to control the collection and distribution of the sun's thermal energy.
- 27.
- 28. Passive Solar DesignThemes:Direct Gain: Sunlight shines into and warms the living space.Indirect Gain: Sunlight warms thermal storage, which then warms the living space.Isolated Gain: Sunlight warms another room (sunroom) and convection brings the warmed air into the living space.
- 29. Passive Solar HeatPassivesolar design can reduce heating temperatures by 30-50%Windows need to be incorporated within 30 degrees of due south
- 30. indirect gain systems Inthe indirect gain, a storage mass collects and stores heat directly from the sun and then transfers heat to the interior space. There are several indirect gain passive solar systems :
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- 34. Passive Solar DesignAspects
- 35. PASSIVE COOLINGPlant deciduoustrees for shade
- 36. Natural ventilation isa key cooling strategy
- 37. Install window overhangsand awningsDeciduous Shade TreesPrimarily shade windows and paved areasKeep trees an appropriate distance from the house and utility lines
- 38. Deciduous shade treesoffer the best solution for keeping out low-angle sunlight from west and south windows in summer.
- 39. Shade trees canreduce summer air-conditioning costs by 25 – 40%.
- 40. Trees can createa microclimate that is up to 15 degrees cooler than the surrounding area.
- 41. Trees also cleanthe air, create habitat and play areas for children as well as add aesthetic beauty to the neighborhood.
- 42.
- 43. Overhangs are importantparts of passive solar heating and natural cooling.
- 44.
- 45. Help keep theheat of the sun out during the summer.
- 46.
- 47.
- 48. Adjustable or demountableawnings made of fabric or metal
- 49. Allow heat toenter during the winter.
- 50.
- 51.
- 52. Productivity, Health andWell BeingThis?
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- 56. Modeling with theHeliodon
- 57. Heliodon at PG&EEnergy Center
- 58. Daylight modeling withHeliodonDaylight after construction
- 59. Daylighting Saves Energyand Improves Productivity
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- 62.
- 64. Solar Tubes:Inexpensive, Easyto install …
- 66.
- 67. Daylighting on alarge scale
- 69. REVIEW OBJECTIVESLearn about :The history of Passive SolarEnergy efficient designPassive Heating Passive CoolingDaylighting
Editor's Notes
- #5 The ancient Greeks were the first civilization to employ passive solar design in community planning. As their empire expanded, their source of fuel, firewood, diminished, and this forced them to build with passive solar.
- #8 The Romans’ south-facing rooms became much hotter in winter than similarly oriented Greek homes because the Romans covered their window spaces with mica or glass while the Greeks did not.
- #9 The ancient Romans not only used window coverings to hold in solar heat for their homes but also relied on such solar heat traps for horticulture so that plants would mature quicker, produce fruits and vegetables out of season, and allow for the cultivation at home of exotic plants from hotter climates. With the fall of the Roman Empire, so to came the collapse of glass for either buildings or greenhouses. Only with the revival of trade during the 16th century came renewed interest in growing in solar-heated greenhouses exotics brought back from the newly-discovered lands of the East Indies and the Americas. Trade also created expendable incomes that allowed the freedom to take up such genteel pursuits as horticulture once more.
- #10 A 19th-century solar remodel: Architect Humphrey Repton turned a dull interior (left view) into a vibrant home by opening up the house to a south-facing greenhouse.
- #12 AMERICAN SOLAR HERITAGEAmerican solar architecture began with its indigenous heritage. Acoma, built by the Pueblo Indians in the 12th century AD and continuously inhabited since then., serves as an excellent example of their sensitivity to building with the climate in mind. The "Sky City," built atop a plateau, consists of three long rows of dwelling units running east to west. Each dwelling unit has two or three tiers stacked one behind the other as to allow each one full exposure to the winter sun. Most doors and windows open to the south to catch the warm solar rays of winter. The walls are built of adobe. The sun strikes these heat-absorbing south wall more directly in winter than during summer time. The sun's heat travels through the adobe slow enough to reach the interior as night falls, heating the house through the night. Insulating the ceiling with straw keeps the horizontal roof, vulnerable to the rays of the high summer sun, from allowing too much heat to enter the house.
- #13 Spaniards who settled in the American southwest often built to take advantage of the winter sun : they aligned their homes east to west so the main portion of the house faced south. Shutters outside the windows were closed at night to help keep from escaping the solar heat that had flowed in all day during wintertime
- #15 Settlers in New England considered the climate when they built their homes. They often chose "saltbox" houses that faced toward the winter sun and away from the cold winds of winter. These structures had two south-facing windowed stories in front where most of the rooms were placed and only one story at the rear of the building. The long roof sloped steeply down from the high front to the lower back side, providing protection from the winter winds. Many saltbox houses had a lattice overhang protruding from the south facade above the doors and windows. Deciduous vines growing over the overhang afford shade in summer but dropped their leaves in winter, allowing sunlight to pass through and penetrate the house.
- #17 Tucson-based architect Arthur Brown designed in 1948 the world's first solar-heated public building. Since students attended class between 9 AM and 3 PM, Brown did not have to worry about storing solar energy since no one needed heat at night or in the very early morning. To keep costs down, he used the roofing supports to separate the space between the ceiling and the roof into channels. In this way, the roof itself served as the solar collector. The school's fan that had forced gas heated air through the building, now pushed air through the channels. The sun's energy heated the air and a second fan distributed that heat into the classrooms when needed. The solar system provided the school with 86% of its heat. But in 1958, with energy cheap and the school district decided to expand the campus, the authorities chose a gas-fired furnace instead. Cheap energy running highly reliable and easy to use heating and cooling systems led to an almost universal disinterest in solar design.
- #18 Just as in ancient Greece, rising fuel costs in the 1970s forced many to turn to the sun again for help. The Village Homes subdivision's layout uncannily compares to the planning of solar cities in ancient Greece and Asia Minor. But as fuel prices dropped in the mid-1980s, people once more turned their backs from the sun. With electric and fuel prices again on the rise, history offers many lessons that can help smooth our transition to an enduring Solar Age
- #19 As we know, the impact of buildings on resources is huge in the US and the world. Buildings are the number one users of energy.
- #20 As we have seen, the generation and use of energy (electric, gas, oil, coal) are major contributors to air pollution and global climate change.
- #21 The Understory » EPA Puts Halt to Hundreds of Mountaintop Removal PermitsSource: understory.ran.orgRainforest Action Network works to protect the Earth's rainforests and support the rights of their inhabitants through education, grassroots organizing, and non-violent direct action.Many projects with permits are still on the books and need to be addressed.Mountaintop-removal coal mining is the greatest environmental tragedy ever to befall our nation. This radical form of strip mining has already flattened the tops of 500 mountains, buried 2,000 miles of streams, devastated our country's oldest and most diverse temperate forests, and blighted landscapes famous for their history and beauty. Using giant earthmovers and millions of tons of explosives, coal moguls have eviscerated communities, destroyed homes, and uprooted and sickened families with coal and rock dust, and with blasting, flooding and poisoned water, all while providing far fewer jobs than does traditional underground mining.Since then, the Corps has been working overtime to oblige impatient coal barons by quickly issuing the pending permits. Each such permit amounts to a death sentence for streams, mountains and communities. Taken together, these pending permits threatened to lay waste to nearly 60,000 acres of mountain landscape, destroy 400 valleys and bury more than 200 miles of streams.The Corps already had issued a dozen permits before the White House stepped in, and coal companies have begun destroying some of these sites. The bulldozers are poised for action on the rest. Typical of these is Ison Rock Ridge, a proposed 1,230-acre mine in southwest Virginia that would blow up several peaks and threaten a half-dozen communities, including the small town of Appalachia.
- #23 According to the US Department of Energy, these are the areas where we use that energy in our homes. Of course this will vary depending on the region and the time of year.
- #24 And this is why we are here- Solutions! Green buildings can reduce energy use, CO2 emissions, water use and solid waste.
- #25 The Environmental Technology Center (ETC) is a building that teaches the art and science of energy-efficient and environmentally responsible design. With passive solar design, passive cooling, and highly efficient heating and lighting, it is projected to use 80% less energy than a standard building its size.Note* No PV panels on roof
- #26 The solar path in passive designThe ability to achieve these goals simultaneously is fundamentally dependent on the seasonal variations in the sun's path throughout the dayThis occurs as a result of the inclinationInclinationInclination in general is the angle between a reference plane and another plane or Axis_of_rotation of direction.... of the earth's axis of rotation in relation to its orbitORBitORBit is a CORBA compliant Object Request Broker. The current version is called ORBit2 and is compliant with Common Object Request Broker Architecture ver..... The sun pathSun pathSun path refers to the apparent significant seasonal-and-hourly positional changes of the sun as the Earth rotates, and orbits around the sun.... is unique for any given latitude. Generally the sun will appear to rise in the east and set in the west.In Northern Hemisphere non-tropical latitudes farther than 23.5 degrees from the equator:The sun will reach its highest pointNoonNoon is the time exactly halfway through the day, written 12:00 in the 24-hour clock and 12:00 noon in the 12-hour clock.... toward the South (in the direction of the equator)As winter solsticeSolsticeA solstice is either of the two times of the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator: in technical words, when the celestial equator and ecliptic reach their largest separation.... approaches, the angleAzimuthAzimuth is the horizontal component of a direction , measured around the horizon usually from the north toward the East, i.e.... at which the sun risesSunriseSunrise, also called sunup in some American English dialects, is the time at which the first part of the Sun appears above the horizon in the east.... and setsSunsetSunset, also called sundown in some American English dialects, is the time at which the Sun disappears below the horizon in the west.... progressively moves further toward the South and the daylight hours will become shorterThe opposite is noted in summer where the sun will rise and set further toward the North and the daylight hours will lengthen The converse is observed in the Southern Hemisphere, but the sun rises to the east and sets toward the west everywhere.In equatorial regions at less than 23.5 degrees, the position of the sun at solar noonNoonNoon is the time exactly halfway through the day, written 12:00 in the 24-hour clock and 12:00 noon in the 12-hour clock.... will oscillate from north to south and back again during the year.In regions closer than 23.5 degrees from either north-or-south pole, during summer the sun will trace a complete circle in the sky without setting whilst it will never appear above the horizon six months later, during the height of winter.The 47-degree difference in the altitude of the sun at solar noon between winter and summer forms the basis of passive solar design. This information is combined with local climatic data (degree dayDegree dayA degree day is a measure of heating or cooling. Totalised degree days from an appropriate starting date are used to plan the planting of crops and management of pests....) heating and cooling requirements to determine at what time of the year solar gain will be beneficial for thermal comfortThermal comfortHuman thermal comfort is defined by ASHRAE as the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding environment ...., and when it should be blocked with shading. By strategic placement of items such as glazing and shading devices, the percent of solar gain entering a building can be controlled throughout the year.One passive solarPassive solarPassive solar is a term referring to those technologies that can be employed to convert natural sunlight into usable heat, to cause air-movement for ventilation or cooling, or to store the heat for future use, without the use of electrical or m... sun path design problem is that the sun is in the same relative position six weeks before, and six weeks after, the solstice, BUT due to "thermal lag" from the thermal massThermal massThermal mass, in the most general sense, is any mass that absorbs and holds heat. In the architectural sense, it is any mass that absorbs and stores heat during sunny periods when the heat is not desirable in the living space of a building, an... of the Earth, the temperature and solar gain requirements are quite different before-and-after the summer-and-winter solstice. Movable shutters, shades, shade screen, or window quilts can accommodate day-to-day and hour-to-hour solar gain and insulation requirements.Careful arrangement of rooms completes the passive solar design. A common recommendation for residential dwellings is to place living areas facing solar noon and sleeping quarters on the opposite side.. A heliodonHeliodonA heliodon is a device for adjusting the angle between a flat surface and a beam of light to match the angle between a horizontal plane at a specific latitude and the solar beam.... is a traditional movable light device used by architects and designers to help model sun path effects. In modern times, 3D computer graphics can visually simulate this data, and calculate performance predictions.
- #27 The solar path in passive designThe ability to achieve these goals simultaneously is fundamentally dependent on the seasonal variations in the sun's path throughout the dayThis occurs as a result of the inclinationInclinationInclination in general is the angle between a reference plane and another plane or Axis_of_rotation of direction.... of the earth's axis of rotation in relation to its orbitORBitORBit is a CORBA compliant Object Request Broker. The current version is called ORBit2 and is compliant with Common Object Request Broker Architecture ver..... The sun pathSun pathSun path refers to the apparent significant seasonal-and-hourly positional changes of the sun as the Earth rotates, and orbits around the sun.... is unique for any given latitude. Generally the sun will appear to rise in the east and set in the west.In Northern Hemisphere non-tropical latitudes farther than 23.5 degrees from the equator:The sun will reach its highest pointNoonNoon is the time exactly halfway through the day, written 12:00 in the 24-hour clock and 12:00 noon in the 12-hour clock.... toward the South (in the direction of the equator)As winter solsticeSolsticeA solstice is either of the two times of the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator: in technical words, when the celestial equator and ecliptic reach their largest separation.... approaches, the angleAzimuthAzimuth is the horizontal component of a direction , measured around the horizon usually from the north toward the East, i.e.... at which the sun risesSunriseSunrise, also called sunup in some American English dialects, is the time at which the first part of the Sun appears above the horizon in the east.... and setsSunsetSunset, also called sundown in some American English dialects, is the time at which the Sun disappears below the horizon in the west.... progressively moves further toward the South and the daylight hours will become shorterThe opposite is noted in summer where the sun will rise and set further toward the North and the daylight hours will lengthen The converse is observed in the Southern Hemisphere, but the sun rises to the east and sets toward the west everywhere.In equatorial regions at less than 23.5 degrees, the position of the sun at solar noonNoonNoon is the time exactly halfway through the day, written 12:00 in the 24-hour clock and 12:00 noon in the 12-hour clock.... will oscillate from north to south and back again during the year.In regions closer than 23.5 degrees from either north-or-south pole, during summer the sun will trace a complete circle in the sky without setting whilst it will never appear above the horizon six months later, during the height of winter.The 47-degree difference in the altitude of the sun at solar noon between winter and summer forms the basis of passive solar design. This information is combined with local climatic data (degree dayDegree dayA degree day is a measure of heating or cooling. Totalised degree days from an appropriate starting date are used to plan the planting of crops and management of pests....) heating and cooling requirements to determine at what time of the year solar gain will be beneficial for thermal comfortThermal comfortHuman thermal comfort is defined by ASHRAE as the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding environment ...., and when it should be blocked with shading. By strategic placement of items such as glazing and shading devices, the percent of solar gain entering a building can be controlled throughout the year.One passive solarPassive solarPassive solar is a term referring to those technologies that can be employed to convert natural sunlight into usable heat, to cause air-movement for ventilation or cooling, or to store the heat for future use, without the use of electrical or m... sun path design problem is that the sun is in the same relative position six weeks before, and six weeks after, the solstice, BUT due to "thermal lag" from the thermal massThermal massThermal mass, in the most general sense, is any mass that absorbs and holds heat. In the architectural sense, it is any mass that absorbs and stores heat during sunny periods when the heat is not desirable in the living space of a building, an... of the Earth, the temperature and solar gain requirements are quite different before-and-after the summer-and-winter solstice. Movable shutters, shades, shade screen, or window quilts can accommodate day-to-day and hour-to-hour solar gain and insulation requirements.Careful arrangement of rooms completes the passive solar design. A common recommendation for residential dwellings is to place living areas facing solar noon and sleeping quarters on the opposite side.. A heliodonHeliodonA heliodon is a device for adjusting the angle between a flat surface and a beam of light to match the angle between a horizontal plane at a specific latitude and the solar beam.... is a traditional movable light device used by architects and designers to help model sun path effects. In modern times, 3D computer graphics can visually simulate this data, and calculate performance predictions.
- #33 The requirements for the water wall are again a large glazed area and an adjacent massive heat storage. However , the storage is now water, or another liquid, contained in a variety of containers, each representing different heat exchange surface-to-storage mass ratios. Larger storage volumes provide greater and longer-term heat storage capacity , while smaller container volumes provide greater heat exchange surfaces and thus faster distribution .
- #34 The second indirect gain solar building type is the mass wall, in which the sun`s rays are intercepted directly behind the collector glazing by a massive wall that serves as heat storage. A Trombe wall is a masonry or concrete wall covered externally with a glass skin. A small air space of 4-8 inches is left between the wall and the glazing. Solar radiation passes through the glass and is absorbed by the mass wall. The glazing should have exterior insulating shutters for nighttime use in order to prevent the heat gained from being returned back to the outside. The mass is heated during the day and releases its warmth to the interior during the evening and night hours. Vents may also be placed in the wall to permit heat to flow directly into the room during the day.The required elements of the mass wall building type involve only a large glazed collector area and a storage mass directly behind it. The material property to consider in deciding on storage construction is the method of distribution inherent in massing materials with different heat storage capacities and emission properties. Radiant distribution from a storage mass to an occupies space can be almost immediate, or it can be delayed up to 12 hours, depending on the depth and time lag property of the storage material chosen. Distribution of air by natural convection is also viable with the mass wall system since the volume of air in the interventing space between glazing and storage mass is being heated to high temperatures and seeks constant means of escape.
- #53 Denver Infill project major remodel, Denver’s central business district.St. Charles Town Company recently purchased 1800 Glenarm and is in the process of a "green" renovation of the entire building into office condominiums.
- #54 Top lighting and side lighting examples of bringing natural light to the interior of a space.Note: View windows are considered 2’6” to 7’6”. Windows above 7’6” are not view windows, but give exceptionally good daylighting, due to the reflective quality of the ceiling.
- #55 Brings light deeper into the interior of a space.And uses the reflective quality of the ceiling.
- #56 The Model 126 Heliodon is used as a: - Interactive hands-on teaching tool - Architectural design tool for testing and comparing alternative designs - Presentation tool to explain the virtues of a specific design 48" (1.2m) diameter Formica covered table - Seven lamp hoops for all 12 monthly positions - Hoops are manually rotated to hourly positions ADVANTAGES - Conceptually ClearArchitectural models tested on the Model 126 Heliodon are not rotated or tilted, but remain fixed on a horizontal ground plane. This fixed-earth design simulates one's perspective, from Earth, of the sun's motion across the sky, resulting in exceptional conceptual clarity.
- #57 HeliodonIt supports and enhances design processes involving: - Building forms - Optimal building orientation - Shading systems - Solar collecting systems (passive, active, and photovoltaic) - Day-lighting (direct beam component) - Landscape designs that welcome the winter sun and reject the summer sun
- #60 Velux skylight
- #61 Tracking devices are now being incorporated into skylights to get more efficiency from the same penetration.
- #62 Indiana University library space illuminated by central skylight
- #63 Daylighting design for art gallery. Art gallery illuminated by skylights
- #64 Plastic dome, flashing assembly, reflective tubing, and lense that looks like a recessed light lens. They come in 8”, 12” and 18” sizes.
- #65 No added framing and drywall needs like typical skylights.Fits between joist bays and can adjust to fit your needs.
- #66 Great for spaces like closets, dark hallways and interior areas without windows.
- #67 Daylighting is saves energy and is important in large structures. This is Madrid’s Barajas Airport.
- #68 Madrid’s Barajas Airport
- #69 Let’s quickly review what we have covered today. I will be passing out a quiz on the material from today’s class. Please bring back your completed quiz next month for a review to start the class. Next month we will be continuing with this session on Energy, and taking a field trip to Sonoma Mountain Village to see one of the top sustainably-designed projects in the world. In the afternoon we have a specialist on Home Performance, which is one of the fastest growing and most important fields in our industry. We also have a presentation on Passive houses, which is the next step beyond green building. Today’s presentations our on our website – www.And next month’s will be posted in advance for those of you who like to print up the presentation for note taking.Please don’t forget to all fill out and hand in the evaluations. These are very helpful to our tailoring the class towards making the classes as valuable to you as possible.