This document provides an overview of energy auditing techniques for lighting systems in small commercial facilities. It discusses lighting concepts, common lighting system components, lamp types, and strategies for evaluating lighting efficiency opportunities. The goal is to help energy auditors understand lighting systems and identify areas for potential energy savings through lighting upgrades, controls, or retrofits. Key areas of focus include lighting power density, lamp efficacy and lifetime, appropriate applications of different lamp types, and control strategies.
This document provides an introduction and overview of lighting engineering concepts. It begins with a course contents listing topics like introduction to lighting engineering, batteries, magnetic circuits, and power plants. The main section describes lighting metrics such as luminous flux, illuminance, luminance and the inverse square law. It also covers light sources and their spectral distributions as well as color characteristics like correlated color temperature and color rendering index. The document concludes with an overview of lighting control applications including one-way circuits, infrared and RF systems, timers, time switches and dimmers.
This document provides an overview of assessing and improving the energy efficiency of lighting systems in commercial buildings. It begins with introductions to lighting terminology and common lighting system types such as fluorescent, LED, and high-intensity discharge lamps. The document then discusses evaluating existing lighting installations, including examining the types of lighting systems, fixtures, and reflectors currently used. It concludes by outlining opportunities for improving energy efficiency through upgrades to more efficient lighting equipment or improved lighting design.
The document provides an overview of lighting systems and energy conservation measures related to lighting. It discusses the types of lamps commonly used in commercial lighting, including incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, and LED lamps. It also covers lighting fundamentals such as lumens, illuminance, efficacy, color rendering index, and color temperature. Key energy conservation measures for lighting systems include installing more efficient lamps and using lighting controls.
The document provides information about LED lighting and criteria for evaluating LED luminaires. It discusses LED technology advantages like long lifetimes and energy savings. It then details various quality criteria for LED dies, packages, modules, and luminaires. These criteria include input power, light output, efficacy, light distribution, color temperature, color rendering index, chromaticity variation over time, and lumen maintenance. The document aims to educate consumers on universal quality criteria to allow fair comparison of LED luminaire claims and performance.
Latest Developments in Light Sources and Control EquipmentEngineers Australia
Peter Portelli discusses the latest developments in light sources and control equipment from OSRAM Australia. OSRAM activities span general lighting, automotive lighting, ballasts and luminaires, display/optic light sources, opto semiconductors, LED systems, production machinery, and production management and components (PM&C). Present trends prioritize smaller luminaires, energy efficiency, lighting controls, and color quality. Influences include bans on incandescent lamps and regulations on efficiency. New technologies discussed include LEDs, compact fluorescents, high-intensity discharge lamps, and control gear developments.
LED lighting uses less energy and saves money compared to traditional lighting sources. LEDs produce light through electroluminescence, emitting photons when electrons and holes recombine within the semiconductor material. LED lights have long lifespans of over 50,000 hours and provide flexibility through various color temperatures and control options. LED lighting is more efficient and environmentally friendly than incandescent, fluorescent, or halogen lighting.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of energy efficient lighting. It discusses building lighting energy and codes, different lighting types and their life cycle costs, efficiency considerations, and the appropriate amount of light for different needs. It also covers lighting terminology, electromagnetic spectrums, color temperature, color rendering index, rated lamp life, lighting sources, ballasts, reflectors, high intensity discharge lamps like mercury vapor, metal halide, high pressure sodium, and low pressure sodium.
This document provides information about OMS, a lighting company based in Central and Eastern Europe. It summarizes key details about the company's history and capabilities, including that it has over 16 years of experience, exports to 122 countries, and has a large production campus. The document also outlines the company's brand portfolio and customized lighting solutions. It describes the company's focus on innovation through its own R&D center and keeping up with new lighting trends.
This document provides an introduction and overview of lighting engineering concepts. It begins with a course contents listing topics like introduction to lighting engineering, batteries, magnetic circuits, and power plants. The main section describes lighting metrics such as luminous flux, illuminance, luminance and the inverse square law. It also covers light sources and their spectral distributions as well as color characteristics like correlated color temperature and color rendering index. The document concludes with an overview of lighting control applications including one-way circuits, infrared and RF systems, timers, time switches and dimmers.
This document provides an overview of assessing and improving the energy efficiency of lighting systems in commercial buildings. It begins with introductions to lighting terminology and common lighting system types such as fluorescent, LED, and high-intensity discharge lamps. The document then discusses evaluating existing lighting installations, including examining the types of lighting systems, fixtures, and reflectors currently used. It concludes by outlining opportunities for improving energy efficiency through upgrades to more efficient lighting equipment or improved lighting design.
The document provides an overview of lighting systems and energy conservation measures related to lighting. It discusses the types of lamps commonly used in commercial lighting, including incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, and LED lamps. It also covers lighting fundamentals such as lumens, illuminance, efficacy, color rendering index, and color temperature. Key energy conservation measures for lighting systems include installing more efficient lamps and using lighting controls.
The document provides information about LED lighting and criteria for evaluating LED luminaires. It discusses LED technology advantages like long lifetimes and energy savings. It then details various quality criteria for LED dies, packages, modules, and luminaires. These criteria include input power, light output, efficacy, light distribution, color temperature, color rendering index, chromaticity variation over time, and lumen maintenance. The document aims to educate consumers on universal quality criteria to allow fair comparison of LED luminaire claims and performance.
Latest Developments in Light Sources and Control EquipmentEngineers Australia
Peter Portelli discusses the latest developments in light sources and control equipment from OSRAM Australia. OSRAM activities span general lighting, automotive lighting, ballasts and luminaires, display/optic light sources, opto semiconductors, LED systems, production machinery, and production management and components (PM&C). Present trends prioritize smaller luminaires, energy efficiency, lighting controls, and color quality. Influences include bans on incandescent lamps and regulations on efficiency. New technologies discussed include LEDs, compact fluorescents, high-intensity discharge lamps, and control gear developments.
LED lighting uses less energy and saves money compared to traditional lighting sources. LEDs produce light through electroluminescence, emitting photons when electrons and holes recombine within the semiconductor material. LED lights have long lifespans of over 50,000 hours and provide flexibility through various color temperatures and control options. LED lighting is more efficient and environmentally friendly than incandescent, fluorescent, or halogen lighting.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of energy efficient lighting. It discusses building lighting energy and codes, different lighting types and their life cycle costs, efficiency considerations, and the appropriate amount of light for different needs. It also covers lighting terminology, electromagnetic spectrums, color temperature, color rendering index, rated lamp life, lighting sources, ballasts, reflectors, high intensity discharge lamps like mercury vapor, metal halide, high pressure sodium, and low pressure sodium.
This document provides information about OMS, a lighting company based in Central and Eastern Europe. It summarizes key details about the company's history and capabilities, including that it has over 16 years of experience, exports to 122 countries, and has a large production campus. The document also outlines the company's brand portfolio and customized lighting solutions. It describes the company's focus on innovation through its own R&D center and keeping up with new lighting trends.
This document provides an overview of a lighting company called OMS. It summarizes that OMS is a leading lighting producer in Central and Eastern Europe with over 16 years of experience. It has a large production campus covering over 92,000 square meters and exports 98% of its products to 122 countries. OMS focuses on innovation through its own R&D center and developing new lighting technologies and solutions. It offers customized lighting solutions across different brand and product segments to meet various application needs.
This document provides an overview of energy-efficient lighting options for farms that can help reduce electricity costs and improve sustainability. It discusses key lighting concepts such as light quantity, quality, and efficiency. Efficient lighting technologies like LEDs, fluorescent lamps, and skylights can lower energy use and costs through higher efficiency and longer lifespan compared to traditional incandescent or halogen bulbs. Selecting the right lighting fixtures, ballasts, lamps, and controls based on the specific lighting needs of a farm operation is important to maximize productivity and savings.
Picor, a Vicor company located in North Smithfield, Rhode Island, provides highly integrated, silicon-centric power conversion and power management solutions. Picor's silicon-centric productss complement Vicor's power technology and adhere to Vicor core strategy of innovation and performance.
Museums to Net Zero Buildings - Lessons Learned with LED Lighting Cindy Foster-Warthen
This document provides a summary of an AIA continuing education presentation on designing with LED lighting. It discusses key characteristics to consider when selecting LED luminaires such as color temperature, color rendering and dimming capabilities. It also reviews challenges of LED lighting such as heat management and product quality issues. The presentation includes case studies of LED lighting installations at the National Museum of American History and for a Calder sculpture. It concludes that specifications should require LED product information to ensure quality of light and components.
This document discusses improving energy efficiency in industrial heating systems through various projects. It describes how efficiency increasing projects can optimize existing processes with low investment costs, improve existing processes, or upgrade systems for higher sustainable efficiency gains. A key method discussed is heat recovery from excess heat sources through technologies like economizers and condensing boilers to pre-heat water and recover latent heat in flue gases. Case studies show these projects can significantly increase energy efficiency and production without increasing energy consumption.
Simulation of a Two Stage High Power Factor Driver for White Power LedIJMER
In this paper, an integrated double buck–boost (IDBB) converter is proposed as a high-power-factor offline power supply for power-LED lamps. The IDBB converter features just one controlled switch and two inductors and is able to supply a solid-state lamp from the mains, providing high power factor and good efficiency. In this paper, the IDBB converter is analyzed, and a design methodology is proposed. It is demonstrated that, with a careful design of the converter, the filter capacitances can be made small enough so that film capacitors may be used. In this way, the converter mean time between failures can be made as high as that of the solid-state lamp. A design example for a 70-W converter supplied from a 230 V/50 Hz mains for street lighting applications is shown. MATLAB is applied to execute the whole circuit simulations. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the power factor of the closed-loop IDBB converter is 0.993 and the output voltage of the designed controller can be stably maintained at 200V.
This document summarizes the key features and specifications of the Sony VPL-DX120 data projector. It provides 2600 lumens of brightness and has an XGA resolution LCD panel. It supports HDMI and RGB computer inputs and has a high contrast ratio of 2500:1. The recommended lamp replacement time is 7000 hours in low lamp mode. The projector has convenient features like auto keystone correction and an integrated 1W speaker.
Jamel gantt depth knowledge of lightingJamel Gantt
Jamel Gantt uses high-end devices and is well-versed in HDR digital photography. The HDR photos exceptionally take your listed residence in the most amazing lighting. This is the nearest your customer can come to individually experiencing the beauty of the property you’re trying to sell. His goal is to showcase your listed properties in a way that really converse to the customers. We accomplish this goal for all our customers.
This document discusses IBTS LED outdoor lighting products and their performance compared to high-pressure sodium lamps. It provides details on IBTS LED street lights, including product categories, performance comparisons on efficiency, illuminance, lifespan and costs. Transformer and cable cost estimates are given for a 3km road using either 250W HPS lamps or 115W IBTS LED street lights, showing savings of approximately RMB 748,000 using the LED lights.
The document discusses mesopic vision and its importance in lighting design. It describes the three states of human eye response - scotopic, mesopic, and photopic. Mesopic vision occurs at low light levels, between scotopic and photopic, and the eye has a peak sensitivity to light in the blue-green region of the spectrum. This mesopic effect is quantified using the S/P ratio and effective luminance factor (ELF). Considering mesopic vision can improve the efficacy of LED lighting systems compared to high pressure sodium lamps, with energy savings for street lighting applications. Tables show typical S/P ratios and ELF values are affected by light source spectrum.
This document provides specifications for the Sony VPL-DX140 data projector. It can produce 3,200 lumens of light output and has an XGA resolution of 1024x768 pixels. It features a BrightEra LCD panel, 2500:1 contrast ratio, and a long-lasting 210W lamp with a recommended replacement time of up to 7000 hours in low mode. Input connections include HDMI and RGB for computers and video devices.
This document provides specifications for the Sony VPL-DW120 data projector. It can produce 2600 lumens of light output and has a WXGA resolution of 1280x800 pixels. It features a BrightEra LCD panel, manual zoom and focus, HDMI input, and a long-lasting lamp with a recommended replacement time of up to 7000 hours in low mode. The projector has various power saving modes and an auto keystone feature for easy setup.
1. laney overview of green building revised 1-11-11laneycollege
The document discusses sustainable building practices and their relationship to reducing fossil fuel consumption and climate change impacts. It covers topics like green building rating systems, using renewable and recycled materials in construction, optimizing energy and water efficiency, installing renewable energy systems, and passively designing buildings for optimal ventilation, daylighting, and thermal comfort. The goal is to minimize environmental impacts and reduce a building's carbon footprint over its entire lifecycle from materials to construction to operation.
1. laney overview of green building revised 1-11-11laneycollege
This document provides an overview of sustainability and the built environment as it relates to green building. It discusses how green building aims to minimize environmental impacts through approaches like using less toxic and recycled materials, improving energy and water efficiency, and generating renewable energy. It outlines various green building rating systems and highlights specific practices like passive solar design, water conservation fixtures, insulation, renewable energy sources, and using low-VOC paints and finishes to improve indoor air quality. The goal is to reduce fossil fuel consumption, waste generation, and a building's overall environmental footprint.
Cavallo point sustainability focus short- sonoma state 7-25-09 finallaneycollege
Fort Baker in California was established in 1897 by the U.S. Army to support coastal defenses. Buildings were constructed from 1902-1905. The objective is to adaptively develop the site as a world-class lodge and conference center while minimizing impacts. Historic buildings will be rehabilitated according to preservation standards, and non-historic buildings will be replaced with sustainable, compatible designs to achieve LEED certification. The project will create a center for learning through partnerships and bring experts to the site.
The document provides an agenda and details for a volunteer orientation for GRID Alternatives' Solar Affordable Housing Program. The agenda includes introductions, an overview of GRID Alternatives and their solar installation process, electrical systems basics, site analysis techniques, safety reviews, and a demonstration of the full installation process. Logistics for volunteer participation and upcoming installation opportunities are also outlined.
Green building codes, programs & rating systemslaneycollege
This document summarizes information on green building codes, programs, rating systems, and concepts in California. It discusses California's goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and require zero net energy homes by 2020-2030. It also describes several green building rating systems, including LEED, Green Point Rated, One Planet Communities, and the 2030 Challenge. The document emphasizes the importance of taking a holistic, lifecycle approach to green building that considers impacts beyond code minimums, such as embodied energy, pollution, and effects on future generations.
Green building aims to minimize waste, conserve resources, and improve indoor air quality through practices like waste management, energy efficiency, and using local, sustainable materials. It focuses on five objectives: waste management, conservation, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and community connectivity. Green building has grown since the 1950s, as home sizes and waste generation have increased while natural resources and old growth forests have decreased. Building green can help address these issues through techniques like recycling construction waste, using renewable materials, and implementing water and energy efficiency strategies.
Laney indoor environmental quality edited version may 2010laneycollege
This document provides an overview of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and strategies to improve indoor air quality (IAQ). It discusses why IAQ is important for health, lists common indoor pollutants like VOCs and strategies to reduce them through materials selection and ventilation. Specific strategies covered include using low-VOC products, formaldehyde-free materials, controlling moisture, and implementing third-party product certifications and construction practices to improve IEQ and occupant health and productivity.
This presentation gives a brief intro about 2 new lighting technologies - LED and Induction. It gives a comparison between these technologies and suggested application.
This power point presentation discusses conserving lighting systems. It provides introductions to lighting fundamentals and terminology. The key components of lighting systems are described including different types of lamps and their features. Lighting control methods and conservation strategies are outlined. Maintaining system performance through cleaning fixtures, using correct replacement components, and checking pre-sets is recommended.
This document provides an overview of a lighting company called OMS. It summarizes that OMS is a leading lighting producer in Central and Eastern Europe with over 16 years of experience. It has a large production campus covering over 92,000 square meters and exports 98% of its products to 122 countries. OMS focuses on innovation through its own R&D center and developing new lighting technologies and solutions. It offers customized lighting solutions across different brand and product segments to meet various application needs.
This document provides an overview of energy-efficient lighting options for farms that can help reduce electricity costs and improve sustainability. It discusses key lighting concepts such as light quantity, quality, and efficiency. Efficient lighting technologies like LEDs, fluorescent lamps, and skylights can lower energy use and costs through higher efficiency and longer lifespan compared to traditional incandescent or halogen bulbs. Selecting the right lighting fixtures, ballasts, lamps, and controls based on the specific lighting needs of a farm operation is important to maximize productivity and savings.
Picor, a Vicor company located in North Smithfield, Rhode Island, provides highly integrated, silicon-centric power conversion and power management solutions. Picor's silicon-centric productss complement Vicor's power technology and adhere to Vicor core strategy of innovation and performance.
Museums to Net Zero Buildings - Lessons Learned with LED Lighting Cindy Foster-Warthen
This document provides a summary of an AIA continuing education presentation on designing with LED lighting. It discusses key characteristics to consider when selecting LED luminaires such as color temperature, color rendering and dimming capabilities. It also reviews challenges of LED lighting such as heat management and product quality issues. The presentation includes case studies of LED lighting installations at the National Museum of American History and for a Calder sculpture. It concludes that specifications should require LED product information to ensure quality of light and components.
This document discusses improving energy efficiency in industrial heating systems through various projects. It describes how efficiency increasing projects can optimize existing processes with low investment costs, improve existing processes, or upgrade systems for higher sustainable efficiency gains. A key method discussed is heat recovery from excess heat sources through technologies like economizers and condensing boilers to pre-heat water and recover latent heat in flue gases. Case studies show these projects can significantly increase energy efficiency and production without increasing energy consumption.
Simulation of a Two Stage High Power Factor Driver for White Power LedIJMER
In this paper, an integrated double buck–boost (IDBB) converter is proposed as a high-power-factor offline power supply for power-LED lamps. The IDBB converter features just one controlled switch and two inductors and is able to supply a solid-state lamp from the mains, providing high power factor and good efficiency. In this paper, the IDBB converter is analyzed, and a design methodology is proposed. It is demonstrated that, with a careful design of the converter, the filter capacitances can be made small enough so that film capacitors may be used. In this way, the converter mean time between failures can be made as high as that of the solid-state lamp. A design example for a 70-W converter supplied from a 230 V/50 Hz mains for street lighting applications is shown. MATLAB is applied to execute the whole circuit simulations. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the power factor of the closed-loop IDBB converter is 0.993 and the output voltage of the designed controller can be stably maintained at 200V.
This document summarizes the key features and specifications of the Sony VPL-DX120 data projector. It provides 2600 lumens of brightness and has an XGA resolution LCD panel. It supports HDMI and RGB computer inputs and has a high contrast ratio of 2500:1. The recommended lamp replacement time is 7000 hours in low lamp mode. The projector has convenient features like auto keystone correction and an integrated 1W speaker.
Jamel gantt depth knowledge of lightingJamel Gantt
Jamel Gantt uses high-end devices and is well-versed in HDR digital photography. The HDR photos exceptionally take your listed residence in the most amazing lighting. This is the nearest your customer can come to individually experiencing the beauty of the property you’re trying to sell. His goal is to showcase your listed properties in a way that really converse to the customers. We accomplish this goal for all our customers.
This document discusses IBTS LED outdoor lighting products and their performance compared to high-pressure sodium lamps. It provides details on IBTS LED street lights, including product categories, performance comparisons on efficiency, illuminance, lifespan and costs. Transformer and cable cost estimates are given for a 3km road using either 250W HPS lamps or 115W IBTS LED street lights, showing savings of approximately RMB 748,000 using the LED lights.
The document discusses mesopic vision and its importance in lighting design. It describes the three states of human eye response - scotopic, mesopic, and photopic. Mesopic vision occurs at low light levels, between scotopic and photopic, and the eye has a peak sensitivity to light in the blue-green region of the spectrum. This mesopic effect is quantified using the S/P ratio and effective luminance factor (ELF). Considering mesopic vision can improve the efficacy of LED lighting systems compared to high pressure sodium lamps, with energy savings for street lighting applications. Tables show typical S/P ratios and ELF values are affected by light source spectrum.
This document provides specifications for the Sony VPL-DX140 data projector. It can produce 3,200 lumens of light output and has an XGA resolution of 1024x768 pixels. It features a BrightEra LCD panel, 2500:1 contrast ratio, and a long-lasting 210W lamp with a recommended replacement time of up to 7000 hours in low mode. Input connections include HDMI and RGB for computers and video devices.
This document provides specifications for the Sony VPL-DW120 data projector. It can produce 2600 lumens of light output and has a WXGA resolution of 1280x800 pixels. It features a BrightEra LCD panel, manual zoom and focus, HDMI input, and a long-lasting lamp with a recommended replacement time of up to 7000 hours in low mode. The projector has various power saving modes and an auto keystone feature for easy setup.
1. laney overview of green building revised 1-11-11laneycollege
The document discusses sustainable building practices and their relationship to reducing fossil fuel consumption and climate change impacts. It covers topics like green building rating systems, using renewable and recycled materials in construction, optimizing energy and water efficiency, installing renewable energy systems, and passively designing buildings for optimal ventilation, daylighting, and thermal comfort. The goal is to minimize environmental impacts and reduce a building's carbon footprint over its entire lifecycle from materials to construction to operation.
1. laney overview of green building revised 1-11-11laneycollege
This document provides an overview of sustainability and the built environment as it relates to green building. It discusses how green building aims to minimize environmental impacts through approaches like using less toxic and recycled materials, improving energy and water efficiency, and generating renewable energy. It outlines various green building rating systems and highlights specific practices like passive solar design, water conservation fixtures, insulation, renewable energy sources, and using low-VOC paints and finishes to improve indoor air quality. The goal is to reduce fossil fuel consumption, waste generation, and a building's overall environmental footprint.
Cavallo point sustainability focus short- sonoma state 7-25-09 finallaneycollege
Fort Baker in California was established in 1897 by the U.S. Army to support coastal defenses. Buildings were constructed from 1902-1905. The objective is to adaptively develop the site as a world-class lodge and conference center while minimizing impacts. Historic buildings will be rehabilitated according to preservation standards, and non-historic buildings will be replaced with sustainable, compatible designs to achieve LEED certification. The project will create a center for learning through partnerships and bring experts to the site.
The document provides an agenda and details for a volunteer orientation for GRID Alternatives' Solar Affordable Housing Program. The agenda includes introductions, an overview of GRID Alternatives and their solar installation process, electrical systems basics, site analysis techniques, safety reviews, and a demonstration of the full installation process. Logistics for volunteer participation and upcoming installation opportunities are also outlined.
Green building codes, programs & rating systemslaneycollege
This document summarizes information on green building codes, programs, rating systems, and concepts in California. It discusses California's goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and require zero net energy homes by 2020-2030. It also describes several green building rating systems, including LEED, Green Point Rated, One Planet Communities, and the 2030 Challenge. The document emphasizes the importance of taking a holistic, lifecycle approach to green building that considers impacts beyond code minimums, such as embodied energy, pollution, and effects on future generations.
Green building aims to minimize waste, conserve resources, and improve indoor air quality through practices like waste management, energy efficiency, and using local, sustainable materials. It focuses on five objectives: waste management, conservation, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and community connectivity. Green building has grown since the 1950s, as home sizes and waste generation have increased while natural resources and old growth forests have decreased. Building green can help address these issues through techniques like recycling construction waste, using renewable materials, and implementing water and energy efficiency strategies.
Laney indoor environmental quality edited version may 2010laneycollege
This document provides an overview of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and strategies to improve indoor air quality (IAQ). It discusses why IAQ is important for health, lists common indoor pollutants like VOCs and strategies to reduce them through materials selection and ventilation. Specific strategies covered include using low-VOC products, formaldehyde-free materials, controlling moisture, and implementing third-party product certifications and construction practices to improve IEQ and occupant health and productivity.
This presentation gives a brief intro about 2 new lighting technologies - LED and Induction. It gives a comparison between these technologies and suggested application.
This power point presentation discusses conserving lighting systems. It provides introductions to lighting fundamentals and terminology. The key components of lighting systems are described including different types of lamps and their features. Lighting control methods and conservation strategies are outlined. Maintaining system performance through cleaning fixtures, using correct replacement components, and checking pre-sets is recommended.
Comprehensive presentation on the different types of lighting technology used with sight glasses. It compares LED, halogen, and other styles of sight glass lighting.
This document provides an overview of lighting systems and terms. It discusses different types of light sources like incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, discharge lamps, and their key features. It covers lighting terms such as illuminance, luminous efficacy, color rendering index. It also discusses control gear, luminaires and some good lighting practices for energy efficiency. The key points are that lighting accounts for 2-10% of industrial power, innovation in lighting offers energy savings opportunities, and proper lamp and luminaire selection along with operational practices can improve energy efficiency at the design stage.
Energy One Incorporated is an energy efficiency solutions distributor that specializes in commercial and industrial energy efficiency technologies like advanced lighting, solar PV, solar hot water, and wind power generation products. It has a portfolio of over 10,000 products and claims to be able to provide customers with payback periods of less than three years. Energy One leverages its experience in lighting to deliver customer energy retrofits with quick payback and incorporates complementary technologies when practical. It serves markets like restaurants, offices, manufacturing, and more with tailored solutions.
Tri-State Electric is an electrical contracting firm that has been in business for over 25 years. They provide electrical services and act as a light system integrator for commercial and public spaces, focusing on energy efficient solutions. Tri-State Electric serves Fortune 500 companies and specializes in LED lighting installation that provides long life, high brightness, and significant energy savings over traditional fluorescent lighting.
The document discusses lighting design for commercial buildings. It covers several key points:
1. Lighting accounts for 20-40% of total energy consumption in commercial buildings. Proper lighting design offers opportunities for energy efficiency.
2. Different tasks require different types and amounts of light. The quality of light is as important as the quantity. Energy efficiency can be achieved by providing the right quality and quantity of light.
3. A lighting design considers several factors like lamp selection, luminaire selection, integration with daylight, controls, code compliance and more. Proper lighting design involving a lighting designer can optimize energy efficiency and lighting needs.
Principles of Energy conservation and auditssuserca5764
Energy audits are a systematic approach to measure and conserve energy usage. They identify all energy streams in a facility, quantify energy consumption, and indicate areas for improvement. Conducting energy audits helps comply with energy regulations and assess present energy usage patterns to optimize consumption levels. Different types of audits exist, from preliminary audits focusing on major equipment to detailed audits involving comprehensive analysis and engineering solutions. Lighting typically accounts for a large portion of commercial building energy usage, so audits examine lighting systems and opportunities to upgrade with more efficient technologies.
Energy performance assessment of lighting systemsSajid Sheikh
This document provides an overview of assessing the energy performance of lighting systems through calculating the Installed Load Efficiency Ratio (ILER). It defines key lighting terms and describes the procedure for measuring illuminance levels throughout an interior to determine the average maintained illuminance. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate how to determine the ILER of a lighting system by measuring factors like floor area, circuit watts, and average illuminance. The ILER is then compared to target values to identify areas for potential improvement to lighting efficiency. Good practices for energy efficient lighting are also outlined.
Custom lighting solutions are our standard. This document discusses ways to save energy and money through efficient lighting solutions, including switching lights off when not needed, installing the right light levels, using high efficiency light sources like LEDs, controllable lighting through dimming and detection, and planning lighting appropriately for the space and usage. A lighting consultant can analyze an existing installation, make recommendations for upgrades or retrofits to fixtures and light sources, and calculate potential cost savings and return on investment.
Light source, Choice of lighting, Luminance requirements, and Energy
conservation avenues
Lighting is an essential service in all the industries. The power consumption by the industrial
lighting varies between 2 to 10% of the total power depending on the type of industry.
Innovation and continuous improvement in the field of lighting, has given rise to tremendous
energy saving opportunities in this area.
Lighting is an area, which provides a major
This presentation discusses energy efficient LED lighting products from Minda NexGenTech Ltd. It notes that LED lights consume 30-50% less electricity than traditional lights and have significant savings in operation and maintenance. LED lights do not contain mercury or emit hazardous chemicals. The presentation provides technical specifications and benefits of LED street lights, home lighting systems, and lights for corporate use. It highlights opportunities to reduce energy consumption and costs by replacing existing lighting with LED options and using LEDs in new buildings. Customers of Minda NexGenTech are also mentioned.
Intertek is an international provider of quality and safety services with over 322 laboratories and offices in 109 countries. They offer lighting photometry testing services for various types of residential, commercial, and automotive lighting products. Their testing capabilities include lumen output, efficacy, color temperature, and life testing according to various industry standards like IESNA, ENERGY STAR, and UL.
Lighting Design - Theory and CalculationsIsham Rashik
Types of lamps, how lamps/luminaires can be mounted and its varieties, basic terminologies associated with illumination engineering, essentials and how lightings are designed for rooms and its classroom example for getting a clear picture of lighting design concept.
This document discusses lighting design essentials, including types of lamps and basic lighting terminology and calculations. It describes various lamp types like incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, CFL, and LED lamps. It also defines key lighting terms such as luminous flux, luminous efficacy, illuminance, luminance, and utilization factor. Finally, it outlines the basic steps for performing lighting design calculations, which involve selecting a luminaire, determining the required number and spacing of luminaires based on the room's illumination level, area, and reflection coefficients.
OSRAM SYLVANIA is committed to developing energy efficient LED lighting systems. The document discusses OSRAM SYLVANIA's vision for LEDs, the LED value chain, benefits of LEDs such as long life and energy efficiency compared to other lighting technologies, and market segments being impacted by LEDs such as outdoor, indoor, and signage lighting. It provides examples of LED applications and concludes that LEDs have started transforming general lighting by penetrating initial market segments and will evolve to be a common lighting technology.
SHAJIM Engineering is located in Pakistan and specializes in green technologies including lighting, hardware/software solutions, security, renewable energy, and energy assessments. The company distributes leading brands and uses DIALux software to design lighting plans and optimize lighting quality before installation. Key considerations in lighting design include illumination levels, energy efficiency, budget, daylight integration, and control strategies.
This document provides an overview of LED lighting technologies and their advantages over traditional lighting sources. It discusses the basic components and types of LED lights including downlights, panels, flood lights, and portable lights. It provides detailed comparisons of LEDs to incandescent, fluorescent, compact fluorescent, and metal halide lights in terms of energy efficiency, lifespan, environmental impact, light quality, and other factors. Specification sheets and their proper use in recommending LEDs are also covered.
The document discusses factors that impact indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and human health and well-being. Natural lighting and plants in the workplace can make people feel good. Proper ventilation is important to prevent mold growth, as moisture is the key factor enabling mold. The amount of fresh air needed for ventilation depends on the size, use, and occupancy of the space.
This document discusses various natural and sustainable building materials and techniques, including adobe, cob, strawbale, rammed earth, bamboo, and others. It notes that buildings account for a large portion of resource usage globally. Natural building aims to use materials and methods that work with nature rather than against it. The document also covers innovations in green materials science for building, such as biomimicry and plant-based plastics that require less energy than traditional polymers.
The document discusses GreenPoint Rated, a green building certification program. It provides an overview of GreenPoint Rated's goals of promoting green building practices, describes key aspects of green building like taking a whole-systems approach and choosing environmentally preferable materials, and gives examples of material-related measures that can earn points in the GreenPoint Rated system.
The document provides an agenda for a green building training. The agenda includes field trips, quizzes, and presentations on topics like green materials, life cycle analysis, green certifications, green specifications, and LEED rating systems. It also discusses concepts like greenwashing, defines what makes a material green, and summarizes standards for green building product certification.
This week they completed the second roof foam insulation and plywood skin on the Passive House project in Pt Reyes, CA. They also finished exterior pink foam insulation, roof shingles, gutters, and front entry framing. On the inside, they sealed holes drilled for utilities in the exterior sheathing. Next week they will test the air sealing after sealing the new holes. The meeting to design the HRV system took 3 hours compared to typical 2-4 hours for standard HVAC, because no one has built a Passive House in this area before so it requires more planning.
This document contains the results of an annual simulation of a Vaillant solar system for a single family home. It shows that:
- In April, the solar contribution provided 99% of the total energy consumption and the solar fraction for domestic hot water was 100%.
- Over the course of the year, the solar system is estimated to have provided 11,820,403 Btu of energy and avoided 2,370 kg of CO2 emissions.
The document discusses various uses of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems, including:
1) Powering offshore navigational aids to eliminate fossil fuel transport, and powering agricultural pumps and applications.
2) Large PV systems used by utility companies to meet peak demand and reduce the need for new power plants.
3) Portable PV panels and refrigerators used in remote African villages to transport vaccines.
Ebd sample energy audit report with detailed scopelaneycollege
The home energy audit identified several issues contributing to energy loss and inefficient performance at the Williams residence. Air leakage, accounting for 36% of energy loss, was the primary concern along with duct leakage at 13% and old, single pane windows at 20%. Recommended solutions included air sealing, wall and floor insulation, duct sealing in the crawlspace, and replacing windows. Measured air changes per hour of 2.21 exceeded the recommended level of 0.35, indicating a very drafty home. Utility bills showed high spending on gas, making it the main focus area. The audit provided data on energy loss sources and improvement potential, identifying air leakage and ductwork as priorities to address for major energy and cost savings. Safety issues
The document summarizes key topics related to building science including energy, water, indoor air quality, and materials. It discusses the physical forces at work in buildings, the importance of energy use and efficiency, how water affects buildings, strategies for healthy indoor air quality, and considerations for green building materials.
This document provides guidance on achieving LEED for Homes certification. It emphasizes understanding the LEED program and process, using integrative design, modeling energy performance early and often, prioritizing elements like siting and the building envelope, and setting clear expectations with all parties involved. Integrative design is highlighted as crucial for reducing costs while improving sustainability. Key roles like those of the green rater and energy consultant are also outlined.
The document provides the project manual for the Gamble-Boyer Residence located at 5310 Lovall Valley Rd in Sonoma, CA. It includes specifications for the project divided into 16 divisions covering general requirements, site work, concrete, masonry, metals, wood, thermal and moisture protection, doors and windows, finishes, specialties, equipment, furnishings, mechanical, and electrical work. It also lists the table of contents and provides more detail on general requirements, procedures and controls, cutting and patching, project meetings, and submittals.
Climate change and the sustainable built environmentlaneycollege
With over 6.6 billion people living predominantly in urban areas, the document discusses Earth's carrying capacity and how it is determined. It then provides data on the ecological footprints of various countries and regions. Several graphics show trends of increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels, and effects on glaciers, coral reefs, and wildlife. The text discusses the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to address climate change and its economic and health impacts. It outlines California's goals to reduce emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.
The document discusses various uses of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems, including:
1) Powering offshore navigational aids to eliminate fossil fuel transport, and powering agricultural pumps and applications.
2) Large PV systems used by utility companies to help meet peak demand and reduce the need for new power plants.
3) Mounting PV arrays on sound barriers and integrating them into roofing materials.
4) Using portable PV panels and refrigerators powered by solar to transport vaccines in remote African villages.
Passive solar, passive cooling and daylightinglaneycollege
This document discusses the history and principles of passive solar design. It explains that passive solar design has been used since ancient times to heat buildings using sunlight without mechanical systems. Key aspects of passive solar design include apertures to admit sunlight, thermal mass to store heat, and distribution of stored heat. The document also covers passive cooling techniques like shade trees, overhangs, and natural ventilation. Daylighting strategies are discussed as well, such as skylights and clerestories, which provide natural light while reducing energy use. The overall goal of passive design is to efficiently use sunlight and natural ventilation to provide thermal comfort in an environmentally friendly way.
Energy the carbon imperative - shorter version revised 3-17-11laneycollege
The document discusses carbon dioxide emissions and their impact on global climate change. It notes that CO2 emissions from human activities are around 7 billion tons per year, while the natural carbon cycle can absorb around 50 billion tons per year. It also discusses strategies for reducing CO2 emissions in California through goals set in legislation like Assembly Bill 32.
3. water conservation domestic & review landscaping pracitceslaneycollege
This document discusses strategies for conserving water in homes and landscapes. It begins by outlining objectives around water efficiency and familiarizing with relevant rating systems. It then analyzes domestic water usage and identifies opportunities to distribute hot water efficiently through insulation, circulation pumps, and location of water heaters. High efficiency fixtures like toilets and showerheads are recommended. For landscaping, the document promotes efficient irrigation, drought tolerant plants, mulching, rainwater harvesting, and greywater systems. It concludes by reviewing points available in water efficiency categories of LEED and Green Point rating systems.
3. water conservation domestic & review landscaping pracitceslaneycollege
This document discusses various strategies for conserving water in residential buildings. It covers strategies related to plumbing systems, fixtures, landscaping, and certification programs like LEED. Some key strategies mentioned include installing high-efficiency toilets and fixtures, insulating hot water pipes, using drought-tolerant landscaping, capturing rainwater for irrigation, and implementing greywater recycling systems. The document also provides an overview of points available in green building rating systems like LEED and Green Point Rating as they relate to water conservation.
The document discusses several principles of ecological design including environmental ethics, the triple bottom line of social equity, environmental impact, and financial reward. It provides examples of green building projects like Dockside Green in Vancouver, BC, which used brownfield redevelopment, vegetated systems, wastewater reuse, and renewable energy. Other case studies discussed include the Harvard Blackstone Renovation and the California Academy of Sciences roof habitat project. Design criteria for ecological reference, balanced capacity, and sustainable yield are also outlined.
Design ecology a 21st century strategylaneycollege
This document discusses the negative impacts of existing infrastructure like straight drainage lines and impervious surfaces, which result in flooding, poor water quality, loss of habitat, and other issues. It then presents integrated systems like bioswales, green roofs, living walls, greywater systems, rainwater harvesting, infiltration swales, and natural swimming pools as more sustainable alternatives that can improve water quality, reduce flooding, create habitat, and provide other benefits. These systems are presented with examples from various projects. Resources for further information on topics like low impact development, stormwater management, and graywater standards are also listed.
The document discusses sustainable water practices like greywater reuse and composting toilets. It provides information on California's greywater regulations, types of greywater systems, and estimated water and cost savings from greywater reuse. It also lists additional resources for learning about greywater systems and composting toilets.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Laney lighting pec
1. Energy Auditing Techniques for
Small Commercial Facilities
2010
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9/20 9/22 9/24 9/26 9/28 9/30 10/2 10/4
Ryan Stroupe, Pacific Energy Center
Jim Kelsey P.E., kW Engineering
Richard Young, Food Service Technology Center
Lighting Systems
2. Learning Objectives
• Understand lighting concepts and terms
• Understand lamp efficiencies
• Know where find lamp/ballast wattages
• Understand lighting power density from T-24
• Understand appropriate applications for different sources
• Understand light quality concerns
• Understand lighting control strategies
• Understand O&M opportunities
• Understand energy saving calculations for lighting
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 3
Energy Auditor Role and Activities
• Survey and catalog lighting systems in a facility
• Recognize efficiency opportunities
• Distinguish over-illumination or under-illumination
• Asses other light quality issues
• Compare space to code compliant LPD
• Recommend lighting control strategies
• Use light meters and monitoring equipment
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 4
3. Why is Lighting Important?
• Represents 35% of electric energy in CA commercial buildings.
• For some facilities can be nearly 50% of electric energy use.
• Many DR strategies are related to lighting.
• Less of a focus for facility engineers and commissioning providers
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 5
Intention of Lighting Systems
• Illuminate spaces for specific tasks
• Illuminate surfaces or objects
www.nlm.nih.gov
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 6
4. Directional vs. Ambient Lighting
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 7
Lighting System Components
• Luminaire
– The complete lighting unit
• Lamp
– The light source; bulb
• Ballast
– Power regulator
• Reflector
– Component that directs/distributes
light
• Diffuser/Lens/Louver
– Shields eye from glare
– Evens out light distribution
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 8
5. Spectral Power Distribution
• Describes color distribution of light source across visible spectrum
• Vertical scale is power
• Horizontal scale is wavelength
Source: Philips Lighting
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 9
Inverse Square Law
• Resultant illuminance is inversely
I
proportional to the square of E=
distance from source to surface D2
• Double distance from source = ¼ E= Target Illuminance (fc)
illuminance I= Source Intensity (cd)
D= Distance from Source to Target
• Applies only to point sources
2H
H
100 fc 25 fc
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 10
6. Lighting Concepts
Term Units
• Luminous Flux Lumens
• Illuminance Foot-candle/Lux
• Power watts
• Efficacy lumens/watt
• Lighting Power Density watts/ft2
• Lamp Life hours
• Lumen Depreciation given as a % of initial lumens
• Correlated Color Temperature Kelvin degrees
• Color Rendering Index 0-100 scale (unit-less)
• Ballast Factor given as % of luminous output
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 11
Unit Sphere and Steradian
• One candle source
• One foot radius with
1’- 0” x 1’- 0” opening
• One meter radius with 1
meter x 1 meter opening
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 12
7. Luminous Flux
• Total amount of light emitted by
a source in all directions
• Measured in lumens
• Used to rate the output of lamps
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 13
Illuminance
• The density of light falling
on a surface
• Requires an area unit
• Measured in lumens per ft2
(footcandles)
• Also measured in lux
(lumens per meter2)
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 14
8. Efficacy
• A measure of lamp (and ballast) performance
• Describes system conversion efficiency of power to light
• Is light output over input power
• Units are lumens/watt
• Varies by lamp (and ballast) type
Light out
Power in
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 15
Lighting Power Density
• A measure of the power intensity of lighting systems
• Is lighting power over the area of a room or building
• Units are watts/square foot
• Energy code provides limits by space use or building type
Light power
Area
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 16
9. Lamp Life
• Total operating time that ½ of test set remains burning
• Tested under consistent temperatures and time/start
– 77F°
– 3 hrs/start for fluorescents
– 10 hrs/start for HID sources
– 12 hr/start data available from some manufacturers
– Number of starts adversely affect lamp life; longer runs than test
will allow lamps to outlast their rated life expectancy.
• Measured in hours
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 17
Lumen Depreciation
• Given as a percentage of initial lumens
• Factors include lamp aging and dirt accumulation
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 18
10. Light Source Chromaticity
• Refers to Correlated Color
Temperature (CCT)
• Measurement of coolness or
warmness of a light source
• Measured in degrees
Kelvin (º K)
• The higher the chromaticity,
the cooler the source appears
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 19
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
• Method of determining how well a light source
renders colors reflected by objects
• Used to compare color performance for light
sources of the same color temperature
• 0-100 point scale
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 20
11. Underwriters Laboratory
• Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) is an independent, not-
for-profit product safety testing and certification organization.
• Look for the UL label to insure that the lighting products you
purchase are safe to install
• Testing includes
– Risk of fire
– Electric shock
– Injury to persons
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 21
Lamp Types
• Incandescent
• Halogen
• Fluorescent
• High Intensity Discharge
– Metal halide
– Mercury vapor
– High Pressure Sodium
– Low Pressure Sodium
• Induction lamps
• Light Emitting Diodes
• Neon
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 22
12. Incandescent Lamps
• Efficacy 6-24 l/w
• Kelvin temperature 2700K°
• Color Rendering Index 100
• Lamp life 750-2000 hours
• Lumen depreciation <20%
• Start to full brightness immediate
• Re-strike time immediate
• Dimming ability Yes
• Strengths
– First cost
–
–
Color rendering
Instant on
This lamp type is
– Very good lumen maintenance
– Ease of dimming a good candidate
– Not ambient temperature dependent
• Weaknesses for replacement!
– Low efficacy
– Short lamp life
– High lamp surface temperature
– Limited color
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 23
Incandescent Lamp Operation
• Resistive load; electricity passes
through a filament
• 90% of energy applied produces heat
• Light becomes redder with dimming
• Lamp life is reduced at higher
wattages
• Best applications:
– Where lamp/fixture may be damaged
– Extremely cold or hot environments
– Residential
Spectral power distribution
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 24
13. Halogen Lamps
• Efficacy 8-35 l/w
• Kelvin temperature 2900K°
• Color Rendering Index 100
• Lamp life 2000-6000 hours
• Lumen depreciation <5%
• Start to full brightness immediate
• Re-strike time immediate
• Dimming ability Yes
• Strengths
– Directional source
– First cost
– Color rendering
– Instant on
– Excellent lumen maintenance
– Ease of dimming
– Not ambient temperature dependent
• Weaknesses
– Low efficacy
– Relatively short lamp life
– High lamp surface temperature
– Limited color
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 25
Tungsten Halogen Cycle
Filament in quartz capsule surrounded by halogen gas and operates at higher temperature
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 26
14. Fluorescent Lamps
• Efficacy 60-100 l/w
• Kelvin temperature 2700-7500K°
• Color Rendering Index 50-98
• Lamp life 7500-30,000 hours
• Lumen depreciation 10-30%
• Start to full brightness 0-5 seconds
• Re-strike time immediate
• Dimming ability Yes, with proper ballast
• Strengths
– High efficacy
– Long lamp life
– Wide range of colors
– Very good lumen maintenance
– Cool lamp surface temperature
– Area source
• Weaknesses
– Sophisticated lamp/ballast combination
– Does not perform well in hot/cold environments
– Has warm-up time
– Older technologies hum and flicker
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 27
Fluorescent Lamp Operation
• Low pressure, gas discharge source
where light is produced by fluorescence
of phosphor coating when excited by
UV radiation from mercury arc.
• Ballast is required
• Comes in wide variety of shapes
• Light becomes bluer with dimming
• Best applications:
– Ambient lighting
– Where energy use is a concern
– Where lights on on for long periods
– Day lit environments
Spectral power distribution
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 28
15. Ballast Issues
• Component that regulates electricity to the lamp
– Provides required voltage for lamp start-up
– Limits current to lamp during operation
• Types
– Electromagnetic (magnetic)
• Steel or iron core
• 60hz output
• May hum
• Older ballasts (before 1973) may have PCBs
– Electronic
• More energy efficient (10-25% better than magnetic)
• Solid state components
• 20-40Khz output
• Reduced flicker
• Quiet operation
• Easier to install
• Lighter weight
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 29
Ballast Features
• Number of lamps powered (up to 4 lamps on one ballast)
• Start time
– Rapid start
– Instant start
– Programmed start
• Dimming capabilities
• Parallel wiring (will still work if one lamp fails in a two lamp fixture)
• Ballast Factor
– Relative luminous output of a lamp(s) operated on a ballast with
respect to the same lamp(s) driven on a reference ballast
– Used to describe ballasts that under- or over-drive lamps
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 30
16. Fluorescent Lamp Types
• T (Tubular)
• U-shape
• Circline
• Flat
• 2D
• Compact
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 31
Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature
F32T8/835/HO
• F32T8 •HO
–HO High output
– Fluorescent
–RS Rapid start
– 32 input power in watts
–ES Energy saving
– Tubular lamp type
–CW Cool white
– 8 1/8” inches in diameter or 1”
–WW Warm white
• 835 –SS Super Saver
– 80-89 CRI –ECO Ecologic
– 3500 Kelvin Temp –D Daylight
Note: Lamp coding may vary by manufacturer
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 32
17. T-12 Fluorescents
• About 60 l/w with magnetic ballasts
• Changing to T-8s with electronic ballasts is a 20-40%
improvement in efficacy
• Larger T-12 lamp prevents light from exiting fixture
• Still accounts for nearly 50% of all fluorescents in US
This lamp type is
a good candidate
for replacement!
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 33
High Efficiency, 3rd Gen. or Super T-8s
• Excellent efficacy up to 95 l/w at mean life
• Good lumen maintenance 93% at 12,000 hrs
• Long lamp life in excess of 18,000 hours
• CRI 80 or better
This new fluorescent lamp
type is the only T-8 linear
fluorescent that qualifies
for PG&E’s Deemed
Incentive Program
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 34
18. Identifying Magnetic Ballasts
• Use the flicker checker
• Much easier than opening fixture
• Under electronic ballasts
– Looks like shades of gray
– rotating in one direction
• Under magnetic ballasts
– Has color
– Rotating in both directions
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 35
T-5 Fluorescents
• Excellent efficacy up to 90 l/w at mean life
• Good lumen maintenance 95%
• Long lamp life in excess of 20,000 hours
• CRI 80 or better
• Notes:
– Thinner lamp allows light fixture to be more efficient
– With reflector provides high light output
(encroaches on HID market)
– Metric length and lamp holder size makes retrofits difficult
– Variety of colors available (3000-4000K)
– This fluorescent lamp type qualifies for PG&E Incentive
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 36
19. Cold Cathode Fluorescent
• Operate at a much higher voltage and lower
current than conventional fluorescent lamps.
• The higher voltage overcomes the need to heat
the tube while the lower arc current greatly
extends the life of the discharge electrodes.
• Cold cathode lamps are typically ten to 30
percent more efficient than a comparable hot
cathode fluorescent lamp.
• Cold cathode lights have a life expectancy
more than twice that of typical compact
fluorescent lamps and do not suffer accelerated
degradation with variations in supply voltage.
• This fluorescent lamp type qualifies for PG&E
Incentives* for incandescent replacement
(fluorescent must be 2 to 8 watts).
*Check PGE.com for updates and incentive details
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 37
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
• Efficacy 28-84 l/w
• Kelvin temperature 2700-5000K°
• Color Rendering Index 82-86
• Lamp life 10,000-20,000 hours
• Lumen depreciation <30%
• Start to full brightness 0-5 minutes
• Re-strike time immediate
• Dimming ability Yes, with proper ballast
• Notes:
– May come with integrated ballast
– Ballast must be ventilated; Do not enclose lamp
– This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 38
20. Compact Fluorescent Lamps
• Strengths
– High efficacy
– Compact size
– Long lamp life
– Good CRI
– Wide range of colors
– Good lumen maintenance
– Cool lamp surface temperature
– High frequency operation
• Weaknesses
– Higher first cost (over incandescent)
– Position sensitive
– Does not perform well in hot/cold environments
– Has warm-up time
– Expensive to dim
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 39
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Shapes
Source: IESNA ED-150 Instructor Guide, 1995
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 40
21. High Intensity Discharge Sources
• Used to light surfaces some distance from source
• Applications
– Street lights
– Exterior lighting of buildings
– Warehouse lighting
– High-bay retail
• Types
– Mercury Vapor
– Metal Halide
– High Pressure Sodium
– Low Pressure Sodium
• Alternatives
– Induction lamps
– T-5 Fluorescent
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 41
Mercury Vapor
• Efficacy 30-65 l/w
• Kelvin temperature 5600-7000K
• Color Rendering Index 15-40
• Lamp life 10,000-16,000 hours
• Lumen depreciation 30-50%
• Start to full brightness 3-5 minutes
• Re-strike time 5 minutes
• Dimming ability yes, with special ballast
• Strengths
– Long lamp life
• Weaknesses This lamp type is
– Only incandescents are more inefficient
– Poor color rendering a good candidate
– Poor lumen maintenance
– Long strike time and re-strike time for replacement!
– New outdoor installations are illegal under some state laws.
– Mercury lamp ballasts are noisy
– Lamps are quite voltage sensitive
– A special dimming ballast is required to dim mercury lamps.
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 42
22. Metal Halide Lamps
• Efficacy 50-110 l/w
• Kelvin temperature 3000-6000K
• Color Rendering Index 65-92
• Lamp life 6000-20,000 hours
• Lumen depreciation 10-30%
• Start to full brightness 2-10 minutes
• Re-strike time 3-20 minutes
• Dimming ability with difficulty
• Strengths
– High efficacy
– Long lamp life
– Good lumen maintenance
– Good color rendering for HID source
• Weaknesses
– Has warm-up time
– Long re-strike time
– Color shifts with age
– Lamp position sensitivity
– Expensive to dim
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 43
Metal Halides Features
• Pulse Start
– Probe start provides brief, high-power pulse for lamp start up
– Up to 50% improvement in efficacy
– Reduced strike and re-strike time
– High lumen maintenance
– Improved color stability
– Longer lamp life
– This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives
• Bi-level control
– Switch lamps to lower energy-saving level
– Continuous dimming is more difficult due to flicker, color shift & lamp shutdown
– Can be controlled based on occupancy
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 44
23. High Pressure Sodium Lamps
• Efficacy 50-120 l/w
• Kelvin temperature 2100-2200
• Color Rendering Index 21-65
• Lamp life 16,000-24,000 hours
• Lumen depreciation 10-20%
• Start to full brightness 4-6 minutes
• Re-strike time 1 minute
• Dimming ability with difficulty
• This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives
• Strengths
– High efficacy
– Long lamp life
– Good lumen maintenance
– Universal burning position
• Weaknesses
– Has warm-up time
– Re-strike time
– Poor CRI
– Expensive to dim
– Color shifts with age
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 45
Induction Lamps
• Efficacy 60-80 l/w
• Kelvin temperature 3000K-4100K
• Color Rendering Index 80
• Lamp life 100,000 hours
• Lumen depreciation 20-25%
• Start to full brightness Some warm up
• Re-strike time immediate
• Dimming ability No
• This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives
• Strengths
– Extremely long lamp life
– Tolerates varied temperatures
– On/off cycling does not affect lamp life
– No color shift over lamp life
• Weaknesses
– Not as efficient as high-efficiency fluorescents
– Have yet to collect enough long-term performance data
– Lumen depreciation is significant
– Unable to dim
– Immediate strike and re-strike
– High first cost
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 46
24. Light Emitting Diodes
• Efficacy 20-60 l/w*
• Kelvin temperature 3000K-4500K
• Color Rendering Index 20-70
• Lamp life 50,000-100,000 hours
• Lumen depreciation 10-30%?
• Start to full brightness immediate
• Re-strike time immediate
• Dimming ability Yes
• This lamp type qualifies for PG&E incentives
• Applications
– Exit signs
– Traffic lights
– Signage
– Safety lights (theaters)
– Replace Neon
* test data in labs is much higher (130 l/w)
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 47
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• Strengths
– Adequate light at low wattage for some applications
– LED exit signs require 2-25% of the wattage of
incandescent exit signs
– LED exit signs require 25-50% of the wattage of
CFL exit signs
– Rugged
– Extremely long lamp life; some claims of up to 25 year life
– 1/3 the life cycle cost of incandescents over a ten year life
• Weaknesses
– Low efficacy ( 20-60 L/W)
– White LEDs have lower efficacy than colored LEDS Not
appropriate for all applications
– Have yet to collect enough long-term performance data
– Currently-manufactured LEDs are rated for operating
temperatures of 25 degrees C; at lower temperatures they
produce more light and at higher temperatures, less.
– Signs should be changed when light levels drop below
accepted standards
– Require DC power
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 48
25. Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Operation
Hard Plastic
Phosphor coating (optional)
Semi-Conductor
Anvil
Base Pins
• Produce light by electroluminescence
• Solid state light source
• Semiconductor chip Image license: GNU Free Documentation License.
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 49
LED - SPD Curve
• Continuous
curve
• Blue weighted
• Varies for color
LEDs
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2007
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 50
26. Lamp Comparison Matrix
Source Efficacy Lamp Life Color Voltage Temperature
Lamp Family LLD CRI Dimmable2
Type (lm/W) (rated hours) Temp.1 Sensitive2 Sensitive2
Incandescent Point 15 1,000 95% W 100 Y Y N
Halogen
Point 20 3,000 100% W 100 Y Y N
Incandescent
Fluorescent Linear 95 25,000 95% WMC 86 Y N Y
Compact
Area 70 12,000 86% WMC 86 S N Y
Fluorescent
Pulse Start
Point 100 20,000 85% WM 70 S N N
Metal Halide
Ceramic
Point 90 20,000 85% WM 92 S N N
Metal Halide
High Pressure
Point 110 24,000 90% W 21 N N N
Sodium
Induction
Area 80 100,000 75% WM 80 N N N
Lamps
White LEDs Projection 40 50,000 70% MC 75 Y N Y
1 - W (Warm), M (Mid-range), C (Cool) Note: Values are representative of lamp family performance
2 - Y (Yes), S (Special Cases), N (No)
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 51
Mean Lamp/Ballast System Efficacy
Halogen PAR38
Incandescent A19
Halogen IR PAR38
White LED
CFL PL13 2-pin - Mag
CFL 15W Screw-in
CFL 26W Double - GEB
Lamp (and Ballast) Type
CFL 42W Triple - GEB
MH 400W - Mag
MH 100W - Elec, pulse
MH 400W - Mag, pulse
CMH 400W - Mag, pulse
MH 400W - Elec, pulse
CMH 400W - Elec, pulse
T12 - Mag
Biaxial - GEB, prog
T5HO - GEB, prog
Basic T8 - GEB, ins
Super T8 - EE, prog
T5 - EE, ins
Super T8 - EE, ins
0 20 40 60 80 100
Efficacy [mean lm/W]
*GEB: Generic Electronic Ballast, EE: Extra Efficient Ballast, ins: instant start, prog: programmed start, pulse: pulse start
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 52
27. Daylighting
• Efficacy 80-250 l/w
• Kelvin temperature 5,400-10,000K
• Color Rendering Index 100 (best source)
• Lamp life Infinite, but daily cycle
• Lumen depreciation None
• Notes:
– Savings dependant on reducing electric lighting load
– Associated with increased productivity, reduced sick days…
– Some heat introduced with daylight
– Indirect light is ideal (less glare and heat)
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 53
Recommended Illuminance Levels
These are recommendations not code requirements
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 54
28. De-Lamping Opportunities
• Efficient lighting systems often provide more light
– New lamps and ballasts may provide higher lumen output
– Ballast may have high ballast factor
– Reflectors may be added
– Fixtures may be cleaner
• Older buildings designed for higher illuminance
• Many spaces over-illuminated for appropriate task
• Task/low ambient lighting strategies
• Scotopic lighting provides better visual acuity and higher perceived
brightness
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 55
Lighting Controls
• Objectives
– In all cases reduce the hours of operation of lighting equipment
– In some cases reduce the power draw of lighting equipment
• Types
– Manual switches
– Schedule controls/Sweeps
– Timers
– Occupancy sensors
– Manual dimmers
– Daylight controls/Photosensors
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 56
29. Scheduled Controller/Sweep
• Controlled through building
automation system (BAS)
• Ideal for spaces with regular use
• Best option is manual ON,
controlled OFF
• Applications
– Open office space
– Schools
– Retail spaces
– Manufacturing
• This control equipment qualifies for
the PG&E Incentive
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 57
Data from Timer Controls
Retail Example Retail Store Stockrooms
Men's Ware Visual Lingerie Shoes
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 58
30. Time Clocks
• Allows lights to run in a
space for a limited time
• Essentially a timed switch
• Simple controller
• Inexpensive
• Types:
– Mechanical
– Electronic
• Applications:
– Stock/Storage rooms
– Laundry rooms
– Service areas
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 59
Occupancy Sensors
• Ideal for spaces with irregular use
and unoccupied at least ½ operating
hours
• Sensors located in spaces
• May be tied to BAS
• Two main sensor types
– Infrared
– Ultrasonic
• Applications
– Rest rooms
– Stock rooms
– Conference rooms
– Garages
• This control equipment qualifies for
PG&E Incentive
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 60
31. Passive InfraRed Sensor Attributes
http://www.wattstopper.com/pdf/Sensor_Broch_Final.pdf
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 61
Ultrasonic Sensor Attributes
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 62
32. Data from Occupancy Controls
Garage Example
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9/20 9/22 9/24 9/26 9/28 9/30 10/2 10/4
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 63
Interior Daylight Controls
• Ideal for interior spaces
with a daylight factor >2%
• Sensors located in spaces
• May be tied to BAS
• Two main strategies
– Photocells
– Photosensors
• Applications
– Single-story buildings
– Perimeter office spaces
– Schools
– Big-box retail
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 64
33. Data from Daylighting Controls
Grocery Store Example
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 65
Exterior Lighting Controls
• Sensor typically located
above fixture
• Photocells switch lights
off when there is adequate
daylight
• This control equipment
qualifies for the PG&E
Incentive
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 66
34. Summary of Lighting Opportunities
• Change out inefficient lighting
– Replace incandescent lamps
– Replace halogens used as ambient sources
– Replace T-12 fluorescents
– Replace magnetically ballasted fluorescents
– Replace mercury vapor lamps
– Used LED for exit signs and signage
• De-lamp in over-illuminated spaces or service areas
• Add lighting controls
– Sweeps
– Timers
– Occupancy sensors
– Daylighting/photosensor controls
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 67
Lighting Operations & Maintenance
• Re-lamp whole building on a regular schedule
• Replace flickering, dim and burned-out lamps
• Clean diffusers, lenses and lamps
• Trim bushes and trees away from outdoor lighting
• Verify controls
– Check scheduled off times for sweeps
– Tune/commission occupancy sensors
– Tune/commission photosensors for daylight controls
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 68
35. Other Lighting Issues
• Consider light system performance
– Consider luminaire efficiency not just lamp efficacy
– Remember distance from source impact light levels
– Spacing of luminaires is a factor
– Lighter wall and ceiling colors are advantageous
• Consider scotopic sources
• High efficiency systems reduce cooling loads
• Glare is a concern especially with computers
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 69
Lighting Tools and Resources
• Flicker checker
• Illuminance meter
• Lighting loggers
• Occupancy loggers
• Luminance meter
• Measuring tape/Disto
• Circuit tracer
• Recommended illuminance level table
• Lighting fixture wattage tables
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 70
36. Key Points to Remember
• Relative lighting efficacies
• Where to find light system wattages
• How to calculate Lighting Power Density
• How to use meters and test equipment
• Appropriate control strategies for different situations
• Lighting O&M opportunities
• Where to find lighting incentive information
• How to calculate energy savings potential
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 71
References and Resources
• Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 2003 Edition
– http://www.newbuildings.org/lighting.htm
• Lighting Fundamentals Handbook
– Free through EPRI http://my.epri.com/
• Table of Standard Fixture Wattages
www.entergy-texas.com/content/Energy_Efficiency/documents/Small_CommercialWattageTable_020504.xls
www.entergy- texas.com/content/Energy_Efficiency/documents/Small_CommercialWattageTable_020504.xls
• Occupancy Sensor Design and Application Guide
http://www.wattstopper.com/getdoc/419/OSappsNewDesignFinal.pdf
• California Energy Code, Title 24
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/
• PG&E Lighting Incentives
http://www.pge.com/mybusiness/energysavingsrebates/rebatesincentives/ref/lighting/
http://www.pge.com/mybusiness/energysavingsrebates/rebatesincentives/ref/lighting/
2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 72