Presented by Nantima, N., Twinamasiko, J., Nasinyama, G.W., Ademun, R., Serugga, J. and Rutebarika, C.S. at the PENAPH First Technical Workshop, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 11–13 December 2012.
Participatory epidemiology in animal and human healthILRI
Hendrickx, S. and Pissang, C. 2010. Participatory epidemiology in animal and human health. Paper presented at a symposium on intersectoral collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions in low-resource societies, "Where medics and vets join forces”, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, 5 November 2010.
A concise class lecture for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers covering the functional anatomy of reproductive organs of domestic animals and pet animals.
The Role of the Veterinarian in One Health ProgramDr. Fakhar
Today’s veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and needs of every species of animal and they also play a critical role in environmental protection, food safety, animal welfare and public health.
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
Vitamin B12 is also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of brain and nervous system and the formation of blood. It is one of eight B vitamins.
All ruminants (including sheep, cattle and goats) require cobalt in their diet for the synthesis of vitamin B12.
A comprehensive training manual of dairy farming.Who wish to start dairy farming or this guide is also very useful for dairy technologist ,veterinarian or dairy farming consultant. As calf management begins before birth, a few days before the calf is born, the pregnant cow is transferred to a maternity paddock, which should be near the homestead (for closer observation), well watered and free from physical objects. The signs of imminent parturition (calving) include filling of udder with milk and is turgid, vulva swollen with a string of mucus hanging from vagina. Insemination records can also be used to estimate the expected calving date.
Participatory epidemiology in animal and human healthILRI
Hendrickx, S. and Pissang, C. 2010. Participatory epidemiology in animal and human health. Paper presented at a symposium on intersectoral collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions in low-resource societies, "Where medics and vets join forces”, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, 5 November 2010.
A concise class lecture for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers covering the functional anatomy of reproductive organs of domestic animals and pet animals.
The Role of the Veterinarian in One Health ProgramDr. Fakhar
Today’s veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and needs of every species of animal and they also play a critical role in environmental protection, food safety, animal welfare and public health.
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
Vitamin B12 is also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of brain and nervous system and the formation of blood. It is one of eight B vitamins.
All ruminants (including sheep, cattle and goats) require cobalt in their diet for the synthesis of vitamin B12.
A comprehensive training manual of dairy farming.Who wish to start dairy farming or this guide is also very useful for dairy technologist ,veterinarian or dairy farming consultant. As calf management begins before birth, a few days before the calf is born, the pregnant cow is transferred to a maternity paddock, which should be near the homestead (for closer observation), well watered and free from physical objects. The signs of imminent parturition (calving) include filling of udder with milk and is turgid, vulva swollen with a string of mucus hanging from vagina. Insemination records can also be used to estimate the expected calving date.
Free Download of World's Biggest Veterinary Dictionary" BLACK'S VETERINARY DICTIONARY" of 790 Pages .Black’s Veterinary Dictionary, first published in 1928, owes its existence to the late Professor William C. Miller, who was also responsible for the 1935 edition. When on the teaching staff of the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh, he saw the need for such a book and modelled it on Black’s Medical Dictionary. Professor Miller held the chair of animal husbandry at the Royal Veterinary College, London, and completed a distinguished career by becoming Director of the Animal Health Trust’s equine research station at Newmarket. Editorship from the 1953 to 1995 editions was in the hands of Geoffrey P. West MRCVS, veterinary writer and journalist.
To Get More Useful Veterinary Resources Please Visit Us www.growelagrovet.com
Animal Disease Control Programs in India.pptBhoj Raj Singh
India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation describes the pros and cons of different ongoing disease control programs going on in India.
note about Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumia a devastating disease of goats in Africa and Somalia in particular.
waa qoraal kusaabsan xanuun kamid ah xanuunada ugu badan ee ku dhaca xoolaha soomalida magiciisuna waa Sambab, geesa jebiye iyo kuwo kale.
vetrinary parasitology
Introduction
Epidemiology: Distribution, Susceptible host/ Reservoirs Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and different diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Pathology
Laboratory confirmation
Differential diagnosis
Control / Prevention: Vector Control
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Control of outbreak
Treatment
الإتجاهات الحديثة في تربية الدواجن الأخرى:
3- تربية الرومي (الجزء الثاني):
جهازي التناسل في أنثى وفي ذكر الرومي يشبهان مثيليهما في الدجاج، ويتم النضوج الجنسي بعمر 28 - 30 أسبوع في كلا الجنسين، حيث يبدأ إنتاج البيض عند الإناث، الذي يستمر حوالي 25 - 26أسبوعاً (دورة الإنتاج في الهجن التجارية).
يفشل التزاوج الطبيعي في هجن الرومي التجارية، لأن وزن الديك ثقيل وصدره عريض، لذلك يتم التناسل عبر التلقيح الإصطناعيً حصراً، ويبدأ تلقيح الإناث عندما تظهر أول بيضة في القطيع، وتلقح الإناث خلال ساعة على الأكثر من جمع السائل المنوي، ومرة واحدة في الأسبوع، ويتم ذلك ليلاً من قبل كادر متخصص ومدرب بشكل جيد جيداً.
دجاجة الحبش تعتبر من إناث الطيور الجيدة للرقاد وحضن البيض طبيعياً، وتحضن حوالي 15 بيضة في كل رقاد، وفترة حضن البيض 28 يوماً ويتوقع الحصول على نسبة فقس 60 – 80 %. لكن المفاقس الآلية هي المستخدمة في المشاريع التجارية لحضن وفقس البيض، حيث يوضع بيض الفقس لمدة 25 يوماً في الحضانة و 3 أيام في الفقاسة.
يربى الرومي بثلاثة طرق: سرحية، نصف سرحية أو مكثفة في الحظائر.
أيً كان نوع التربية، تكون طريقة تحضين الصيصان متماثلة في الأسابيع الأولى من العمر (لغاية 4 – 6 أسابيع)، وتتم حصراً في الحظائر.
لحماية طيور الرومي والمستهلكين والعاملين في المداجن المخصصة لتربيتها في النظم المكثفة، يجب تطبيق برامج صارمة للأمن الحيوي، مصممة بشكل جيد لوقايتها من لأمراض المختلفة.
Goat Farming and Fodder cultivation in Bengali for dissemination of knowledge...Sharadindu Shil
technical details of goat farming and fodder cultivation in west bengal situations.. for extension activities and enterpreneurship development in animal husbandry.
Free Download of World's Biggest Veterinary Dictionary" BLACK'S VETERINARY DICTIONARY" of 790 Pages .Black’s Veterinary Dictionary, first published in 1928, owes its existence to the late Professor William C. Miller, who was also responsible for the 1935 edition. When on the teaching staff of the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh, he saw the need for such a book and modelled it on Black’s Medical Dictionary. Professor Miller held the chair of animal husbandry at the Royal Veterinary College, London, and completed a distinguished career by becoming Director of the Animal Health Trust’s equine research station at Newmarket. Editorship from the 1953 to 1995 editions was in the hands of Geoffrey P. West MRCVS, veterinary writer and journalist.
To Get More Useful Veterinary Resources Please Visit Us www.growelagrovet.com
Animal Disease Control Programs in India.pptBhoj Raj Singh
India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation describes the pros and cons of different ongoing disease control programs going on in India.
note about Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumia a devastating disease of goats in Africa and Somalia in particular.
waa qoraal kusaabsan xanuun kamid ah xanuunada ugu badan ee ku dhaca xoolaha soomalida magiciisuna waa Sambab, geesa jebiye iyo kuwo kale.
vetrinary parasitology
Introduction
Epidemiology: Distribution, Susceptible host/ Reservoirs Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and different diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Pathology
Laboratory confirmation
Differential diagnosis
Control / Prevention: Vector Control
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Control of outbreak
Treatment
الإتجاهات الحديثة في تربية الدواجن الأخرى:
3- تربية الرومي (الجزء الثاني):
جهازي التناسل في أنثى وفي ذكر الرومي يشبهان مثيليهما في الدجاج، ويتم النضوج الجنسي بعمر 28 - 30 أسبوع في كلا الجنسين، حيث يبدأ إنتاج البيض عند الإناث، الذي يستمر حوالي 25 - 26أسبوعاً (دورة الإنتاج في الهجن التجارية).
يفشل التزاوج الطبيعي في هجن الرومي التجارية، لأن وزن الديك ثقيل وصدره عريض، لذلك يتم التناسل عبر التلقيح الإصطناعيً حصراً، ويبدأ تلقيح الإناث عندما تظهر أول بيضة في القطيع، وتلقح الإناث خلال ساعة على الأكثر من جمع السائل المنوي، ومرة واحدة في الأسبوع، ويتم ذلك ليلاً من قبل كادر متخصص ومدرب بشكل جيد جيداً.
دجاجة الحبش تعتبر من إناث الطيور الجيدة للرقاد وحضن البيض طبيعياً، وتحضن حوالي 15 بيضة في كل رقاد، وفترة حضن البيض 28 يوماً ويتوقع الحصول على نسبة فقس 60 – 80 %. لكن المفاقس الآلية هي المستخدمة في المشاريع التجارية لحضن وفقس البيض، حيث يوضع بيض الفقس لمدة 25 يوماً في الحضانة و 3 أيام في الفقاسة.
يربى الرومي بثلاثة طرق: سرحية، نصف سرحية أو مكثفة في الحظائر.
أيً كان نوع التربية، تكون طريقة تحضين الصيصان متماثلة في الأسابيع الأولى من العمر (لغاية 4 – 6 أسابيع)، وتتم حصراً في الحظائر.
لحماية طيور الرومي والمستهلكين والعاملين في المداجن المخصصة لتربيتها في النظم المكثفة، يجب تطبيق برامج صارمة للأمن الحيوي، مصممة بشكل جيد لوقايتها من لأمراض المختلفة.
Goat Farming and Fodder cultivation in Bengali for dissemination of knowledge...Sharadindu Shil
technical details of goat farming and fodder cultivation in west bengal situations.. for extension activities and enterpreneurship development in animal husbandry.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Participatory disease searching using participatory epidemiology techniques in agropastoral and pastoral areas of Mbarara District, Uganda
1. PARTICIPATORY DISEASE SEARCHING USING
PARTICIPATORY EPIDEMIOLOGY TECHNIQUES
IN AGROPASTORAL AND PASTORAL AREAS
OF MBARARA DISTRICT, UGANDA
Nantima N., Twinamasiko J, Nasinyama G.
W, Ademun R., Serugga J, Rutebarika C.S.
6. BACKGROUND N
Livestock
•Contributes-8% of the agric. GDP, KAABONG
1.6% of the GDP ABIM
KOTIDO
MOROTO
•Country has rich and diverse APAC DOKOLO
LIRA
AMURIA
KATAKWI
animal genetic resource with-
NAKAPIRIPIRIT
KABERAMAIDO
AMOLATAR
SOROTI
NAKASONGOLA KUMI
BUKEDEA
KAMULI PALLISA
GA
NAKASEKE
KALIRO
•Cattle-11.4 million,
KIBOGA BUDAKA
UN
KIBAALE
LUWEERO
KAY
NAMUTUMBA
IGANGA
MUBENDE JINJA
MITYANA
•Goats-14.3 million, IBANDA
SEMBABULE
KABULA
MPIGI
•Sheep-3.482 million
KIRUHURA
MASAKA
MBARARA
NTUNGAMO ISINGIRO RAKAI
•Poultry-42.133 million
•Pigs-3.584 million 100 0 100 200 Miles
Mostly in cattle corridor KEY
Cattle Corridor districts
Districts
Lakes
7. Objective
• Application of Participatory Disease Searching
in animal disease surveillance in agro pastoral
and pastoral areas of Uganda
8. Specific objectives of study
• To collect and analyse animal health data of
major animal diseases of cattle
• To sensitise extension staff and some
members of the pastoral and agro pastoral
communities on the mainstreaming of
Participatory Epidemiology (PE) tools for
disease surveillance
• To form a basis for a proactive and improved
reporting system for animal diseases.
• To compare the results of PE and
conventional epidemiological studies
9. Methodology
Study area-Rugaga sc,
Isingiro county,
Mbarara district
Practice Agropastoral
and pastoral farming
Keep cattle mainly
indigenous long
horned cattle and
grow bananas
10. Methods
Participatory Epidemiology Study
• Two parishes were purposively selected in
Rugaga sub county each representing a
management system (agro pastoral and
pastoral)
• 10 villages were randomly selected from a
total of 19 villages in the two parishes
12. Methods
Conventional survey
• Sample size determined using standard
methods as in Martin et al., 1987
• A sample size of 384 heads of cattle was
determined assuming a 50% estimated sero-
prevalence using FMD as an important disease
at 95% confidence interval with an allowable
error of 5%
• Rugaga subcounty has about 8,000 H/C
13. Methods
Conventional survey
• Laboratory samples collected
• Serum, whole blood and faecal samples
• Testing of samples at NADDEC
• Samples tested for CBPP –CFT and c-ELISA
• Brucellosis using -ELISA,
• FMD using –ELISA (3ABC and Blocking)
• Tick Borne Diseases-microscopy
• Faecal samples-Floatation methods
14. Clinical Disease Monitoring
• Analysis of existing data received at the study
sub county using the passive reporting system
during the past 2 years
• Clinical disease monitoring-consisted of
proactively examining herds reported sick to
local veterinary staff and those reported
during PM inspection and keeping these
records for three months prior and after the
study (#6 months)
18. Results from Matrix scoring
• Generally, matrix scoring demonstrated good
agreement between the 10 informant groups
• Disease signs ranged from low, moderate and
high levels of agreement (W=0.04-0.933) among
the 10 informant groups
• The strongest association was in Tsetse flies with
Tryps. W=0.933, lameness W=0.732 with FMD
• Moderate was observed for abortion, ticks and
diarrhoea and least for the rest.
19. Results from Matrix scoring
• Ekipumpuru/ Trypanosomosis-associated
with presence of biting flies and tsetse flies,
diarrhoea, abortion, death, emaciation, poor
hair coat and reduced milk production.
• Ezwa/FMD -was attributed to wounds on feet
(W=0.73)-highly significant but low with
abortion, death, emaciation, high cost of
treatment, ticks, tsetse flies, diarrhoea and
cough.
20. Results from Matrix scoring
• Ruhaha/CBPP demonstrated medium
agreement with indicators such as death,
emaciation, high cost of treatment and cough
• Enjooka/Worms-demonstrated low
agreement with amongst the 10 groups for all
disease signs
• Amashiyo/ECF was associated with ticks
W=0.35
21. Results from Seasonal Calendars
SEASON
Diseases Akanda Eitumba (Rain) Ekyanda Musenene
(less severe dry)
(Very dry) (Rain)
Jan Feb Marc Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Tryp ••• •••
0 (0-7) •••• 0 (0-4) •••
6 (0-9) 9 (0-21)
Ezwa •• • ••••••
(FMD), 2 (0-6) 1 (0-3) ••••• 0 (0-4)
10 (0-26)
Ruhaha ••••••
(CBPP), 2 (0-6) 0 (0-4) ••••• 0 (0-3)
10 (0-26)
Enjooka • •
(worms), 0 (0-8) 1 (0-9) 0 (0-10) 1 (0-11)
Amashiyo 0 (0-8) •• •
(ECF) 2 (0-10) 0 (0-7) 1 (0-12)
22. Results from Seasonal Calendars
• Ekipumpuru/ Trypanosomosis was associated
with rainy seasons
• Ezwa/FMD incidence was reported to be high
during dry seasons
• Ruhaha/CBPP was reported to occur during
dry season
• Enjooka/Worms and Amashiyo/ECF were less
associated to occur during rainy season
24. Results from Conventional Survey
• Brucellosis had the highest sero-prevelance of
77% followed by FMD at 20%
• Suprisingly, trypanosomosis that was
regarded most important during PE was not
identified by conventional testing of blood
samples nor Tick Borne Diseases such as ECF
and Anaplasomosis
25. Results from Clinical monitoring and
reports from sub county
Disease No. of cases No. of cases
(May –July Jan 2009-April 2010
2009) –most (most frequently
occurring reported)
Lumpy Skin Disease 22 20
Trypanosomosis NA 760
East Coast Fever 9 41
Other TBDs 22 11
Eye Infections 0 30
Brucellosis 0 5
Mastitis 0 4
Other diseases 2 74
26. Results from Clinical monitoring and
reports from sub county
• Lumpy Skin Disease, East Coast Fever and
other Tick Borne Diseases were the most
occurring diseases during and after the study
period.
• Trypanosomosis, East Coast Fever and eye
infections were the most frequently reported
during the previous year.
27. DISCUSSION
• PE is a useful tool for investigation of livestock
diseases especially in pastoral and agro
pastoral communities
• Communities have a good knowledge of the
common diseases affecting their herds
28. DISCUSSION
• Results from PE from the different villages
were similar especially from pair wise ranking
• The occurrence of contagious diseases such as
CBPP and FMD during the dry season makes
sense because that is when there is a lot of
animal movement in search of water and
pasture during dry season that brings
animals together increasing disease
transmission.
29. DISCUSSION
• The difference between PE results and
laboratory results may be due to disease control
practice by pastoralists
• Anecdotal information shows that cattle owners
in this area use a lot of chemotherapeutics and
acaricides. Therefore, no parasites in the samples
could have meant regular usage of those drugs.
• Also samples tested using the most basic
methods commonly used for detection of
current disease rather than previous exposure.
30. DISCUSSION
• Lack of clarity on the criteria used in determining
the most important disease amongst groups
during PE could have biased the participants
responses.
• Some livestock farmers described the most
important diseases as those that plagued the
herd continually while others associated
importance with economic loss
• Thus it is important to agree on the criteria at the
beginning
31. DISCUSSION
• Another source of error during PE could have
arisen from most recent disease. Livestock
owners tended to mention the most recent
disease as very important because it was very
fresh in their minds
32. CONCLUSION
• PE is good because it helps livestock owners
to discuss diseases that have occurred even if
the signs are no longer evident at the time of
investigation
• This study provided useful information
regarding the financial and socioeconomic
impact of livestock diseases to the livelihoods
of the livestock keeping communities.
33. Acknowledgement
• Sponsors of the study –DFID and AU-IBAR
• ILRI-for participating in the study and for
organising and sponsoring this workshop
• University of Chiang Mai and the Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine that organised the workshop
• The government and people of Thailand
• FAO
• Institutions in Uganda that participated in the
study -MAAIF, NaLIRRI, MUK-COVAB & MoLG
34. References
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Analysis of seasonal incidences of cattle disease vectors and rainfall in southern
Sudan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 1675, 1-10.
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primary animal health project in Somaliland. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 26,
175-186.
• Heffernan, C. (1994). Health care for Tibetan Agro-pastoralists in : Application of
rural rapid appraisal techniques. RRA notes Number 20, Special issue on livestock.
• Martin, S. W, Meek, A. H, & Willeburg (Eds.). (1987). Epidemiology principles and
methods: Iowa State University Press/Ames.
• Theis, J., & Grady, M. (1991). Participatory rapid appraisal for community
development. A training mannual based on experiences in the Middle East and
North Africa.
• Twinamasiko, E. K. (2002). Development of an appropriate programme for the
control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Uganda (PHD), Reading
University, London, United Kingdom.
•