This document discusses the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It begins by defining biological science as the study of life and living organisms. It then lists several objectives of teaching biological science, including developing students' scientific outlook, curiosity about their surroundings, and respect for nature. The document also discusses the values of teaching biological science, which include encouraging curiosity and knowledge, and keeping an open mind. It emphasizes that teaching biological science should help students become responsible democratic citizens and appreciate diverse perspectives. Overall, the document provides an overview of the goals and importance of teaching biological science.
This document outlines the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It discusses the nature and scope of biology, including that it is the study of living organisms, their structure, function, evolution, etc. It describes some key aims of teaching biology such as helping students understand life processes, health, agriculture and more. The document also discusses some foundational values of science like curiosity, open-mindedness, and using evidence-based inquiry. One of the main aims of teaching biology is to help students become responsible democratic citizens by teaching them not just facts but also how to apply science responsibly.
Aims & objectives of teaching biological scienceBeulahJayarani
The document discusses the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It begins by defining biology as the study of life and living organisms, including their various structures, functions, growth, evolution and interactions. It then outlines several key objectives of teaching biology, including helping students acquire knowledge of biological facts and principles, develop scientific skills and attitudes, and appreciate the relationships between science, technology and society. Overall, the goals are to encourage curiosity about the natural world and nurture critical thinking skills.
Unit i aims and objectives of teaching biological scienceDrCShanmugaPriya
This unit discusses (understand) the aims and objectives of teaching Biological Science, instructional objectives for a lesson in Biological Science, and how to teach demonstrate (gain mastery of) the teaching skills in Biological Science and apply various methods in the teaching of Biological Science and
use various resources in teaching Biological Science.
This document outlines the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It discusses the nature and scope of biology, including that it is the study of living organisms, their structure, function, evolution, etc. It describes some key aims of teaching biology such as helping students understand life processes, health, agriculture and more. The document also discusses some foundational values of science like curiosity, open-mindedness, and using evidence-based inquiry. One of the main aims of teaching biology is to help students become responsible democratic citizens by teaching them not just facts but also how to apply science responsibly.
This document discusses the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It begins by defining biological science as the study of life and living organisms. It then lists several objectives of teaching biological science, including developing students' scientific outlook, curiosity about their surroundings, and respect for nature. The document also discusses the values of teaching biological science, which include encouraging curiosity and knowledge, and keeping an open mind. It emphasizes that teaching biological science should help students become responsible democratic citizens and appreciate diverse perspectives. Overall, the document provides an overview of the goals and importance of teaching biological science.
This document outlines the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It discusses the nature and scope of biology, including that it is the study of living organisms, their structure, function, evolution, etc. It describes some key aims of teaching biology such as helping students understand life processes, health, agriculture and more. The document also discusses some foundational values of science like curiosity, open-mindedness, and using evidence-based inquiry. One of the main aims of teaching biology is to help students become responsible democratic citizens by teaching them not just facts but also how to apply science responsibly.
Aims & objectives of teaching biological scienceBeulahJayarani
The document discusses the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It begins by defining biology as the study of life and living organisms, including their various structures, functions, growth, evolution and interactions. It then outlines several key objectives of teaching biology, including helping students acquire knowledge of biological facts and principles, develop scientific skills and attitudes, and appreciate the relationships between science, technology and society. Overall, the goals are to encourage curiosity about the natural world and nurture critical thinking skills.
Unit i aims and objectives of teaching biological scienceDrCShanmugaPriya
This unit discusses (understand) the aims and objectives of teaching Biological Science, instructional objectives for a lesson in Biological Science, and how to teach demonstrate (gain mastery of) the teaching skills in Biological Science and apply various methods in the teaching of Biological Science and
use various resources in teaching Biological Science.
This document outlines the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It discusses the nature and scope of biology, including that it is the study of living organisms, their structure, function, evolution, etc. It describes some key aims of teaching biology such as helping students understand life processes, health, agriculture and more. The document also discusses some foundational values of science like curiosity, open-mindedness, and using evidence-based inquiry. One of the main aims of teaching biology is to help students become responsible democratic citizens by teaching them not just facts but also how to apply science responsibly.
मनोविज्ञान एवं शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में मूल्यांकन महत्वपूर्ण प्रक्रिया है। बिना मूल्यांकन के शिक्षा तथा मनोविज्ञान ही नहीं अपितु मनुष्य का समग्र जीवन ही व्यर्थ है। मूल्यांकन निरंतर तथा विस्तृत रूप से चलने वाली प्रक्रिया है। जिसमे किसी मापन की उपयोगिता के सम्बन्ध में निर्णय लिया जाता है अथवा मापन का परिणामों को मूल्य प्रदान किया जाता है। मूल्यांकन के अंतर्गत किसी वस्तु, घटना, या व्यक्ति से सम्बंधित किसी पक्ष का मूल्य निर्धारित किया जाता है। अत मूल्यांकन द्वारा परिमाणात्मक तथा गुणात्मक दोनों प्रकार की सूचनाएँ प्राप्त होती हैं।
मूल्यांकन= मापन (परिमाणात्मक सूचना) + मूल्य निर्धारण (गुणात्मक सूचना)
का समापन तब होता है जब आकलन के पश्चात् अधिगम में सुधार हेतु प्रयत्न किये जाते हैं।
The science which deals with the study of living objects is called Biology. Thus the subject involves the studies of all kinds of micro-organisms, plants and animals. Biology is related to mankind ever since the origin of man, therefore this branch of science stands first in order of studies as compared to other branches of science. Ever since the origin of life man is eager to know about various phenomenon of life processes such as health and disease, birth, growth and death. However, man depends on plants and animals for food, shelter and clothing which are immediate needs of life, come from Biology. Perhaps it was the elementary need of man to know about the living beings, so that maximum benefits can be drawn out of them. Though biology involves study of life, but now a days it is mostly centralised with the study of agriculture, animal husbandry, health and microbiology and related branches. Today study of any branch of science is not possible in isolation as it also involves principles of physics, chemistry and various other branches.
Social sciences and discipline सामाजिक विज्ञान और अनुशासनabhisrivastava11
This document discusses the scope and importance of social sciences. It defines social sciences as the academic disciplines dealing with the study of social life and interactions of groups and individuals. It notes that studying social sciences provides information to help create better societies by understanding how societies work, why they exist, and how they have functioned historically. The document outlines many areas of focus within the core social sciences disciplines of education, politics, economics, law, sociology, psychology, journalism, management, and linguistics that are important to research.
Understanding disciplines and subjects.pptxDiksha Verma
Nature and role of discipline and knowledge in school curriculum
Paradigm shift In the nature of discipline
Emergence of school subjects and disciplines from philosophical, social and political context
Needed changes in the discipline oriented textbooks
MODERN TRENDS IN CURRICULAR MOVEMENTS IN STATE LEVEL IN TEACHING NATURAL SCIE...Dadu Brutally Innocent
The document discusses modern trends in science curriculum and the role of the State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) in India. It outlines several trends in science education including the establishment of state science education institutes, developing indigenous curricula, emphasizing conceptual learning over facts, and developing low-cost science materials. It describes SCERT's functions in developing curricula, training teachers, and implementing educational reforms. SCERT plays an important role in curriculum development and qualitative improvements in school education. The document also discusses trends toward individualized, interdisciplinary, and social issues-oriented approaches to curriculum construction.
क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान की परिभाषा
शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान की परिभाषा
क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान का उपयोग Use Of Action Research
Types of Research अनुसंधान के प्रकार
Types of Action Research क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान के प्रकार
Individual Action Research
व्यक्तिगत क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान
Collaborative Action Research
सहयोगात्मक क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान
School-Wide Action Research
स्कूल-व्यापी क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान
District-Wide Action Research
जिला-व्यापी क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान
Process of Action Research क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान की प्रक्रिया
Steps of Action Research क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान के चरण
Characteristics of Action Research क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान के विशेषताएँ
1. Biology is the branch of science that studies life and living organisms. It has been classified into botany, which is the study of plants, and zoology, which is the study of animals.
2. Biological science is an interdisciplinary field that is rapidly expanding as new disciplines are discovered. It incorporates learning from other fields like physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
3. As an empirical science, biological theories are always tentative and subject to change as new evidence emerges from experiments or theoretical developments.
NCF 2005
national curriculum framework 2005
राष्ट्ट्रीय पाठ्यचयाड रुपरेखा 2005
एनसीएफ 2005 का विकास
मार्गदर्शी सिद्धान्त Guiding Principles
प्रमुख सुझाव Key suggestions
1. ज्ञान को स्कूल के बाहरी जीवन से जोड़ा जाए।
2. पढाई को रटन्त प्रणाली से मुक्त किया जाए।
3. पाठ्यचर्या पाठ्यपुस्तक केन्द्रित न रह जाए।
4. कक्षाकक्ष को गतिविधियों से जोड़ना ।
5. राष्ट्रीय मूल्यों के प्रति आस्थावान विद्यार्थी तैयार हो।
6.परीक्षा को अधिक लचीला बनाना ।
CONTENT OUTLINE
▰INTRODUCTION
▰MAIN OBJECTIVES
▰SALIENT FEATURES
▰MATERIAL’S PRODUCED
▰MERITS
▰DEMERITS
PHILOSOPHY BEHIND HPP
▰Physics is for everyone.
▰A coherent selection within physics is possible.
▰Doing physics goes beyond physics.
▰Individual require a flexible course.
▰A multimedia system simulates better learning.
▰The time has come to teach science as one of the humanities.
▰Physics course should be rewarding to take.
▰Physics course should be rewarding to teach.
COURSE OUTLINE OF HARVARD PROJECT PHYSICS
▰CONCEPTS OF MOTION
▰MOTION IN THE HEAVENS
▰THE TRIUMPH OF MECHANICS
▰LIGHT AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
▰MODELS OF THE ATOM
▰THE NUCLEUS
MATERIAL’S PRODUCED
▰Textbook (Project Physics Text)
▰Tests
▰Handbook
▰Students Guide
▰Brief film loops
▰Student laboratory manual
CONCLUSION
▰The Harvard Project Physics curriculum is a masterpiece. Although this
was created in the 1960's and mainly in use during the 1970’s.
▰The adaptability of the materials would allow teachers incorporate new
teaching idea while still using the framework of Project Physics.
▰With a great deal of hands on activities and a focus on literacy, the
curriculum would meet the goals set forth by most school districts today.
▰HPP is a course that altered how all future science curriculums would be
developed.
Educational psychology is the study of human behavior and learning processes in educational settings. It draws from the fields of psychology and education to understand individual and group behavior in educational contexts as well as design effective teaching methods and learning environments. Specifically, educational psychology helps teachers understand students' cognitive and social development, apply principles of learning and motivation, address individual differences, and create positive classroom environments that foster optimal learning. Overall, the goal of educational psychology is to improve educational outcomes by equipping teachers with knowledge about human development, learning, and instructional best practices.
विज्ञान की वह शाखा जिसके अंतर्गत हम समस्त जीवधारियों की संरचना , कार्यों , विकास, उद्भव , पहचान वितरण एवं उनके वर्गीकरण का अध्ययन करते है उसे जीव विज्ञान (बायोलॉजी) कहते हैं|
मनोविज्ञान एवं शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में मूल्यांकन महत्वपूर्ण प्रक्रिया है। बिना मूल्यांकन के शिक्षा तथा मनोविज्ञान ही नहीं अपितु मनुष्य का समग्र जीवन ही व्यर्थ है। मूल्यांकन निरंतर तथा विस्तृत रूप से चलने वाली प्रक्रिया है। जिसमे किसी मापन की उपयोगिता के सम्बन्ध में निर्णय लिया जाता है अथवा मापन का परिणामों को मूल्य प्रदान किया जाता है। मूल्यांकन के अंतर्गत किसी वस्तु, घटना, या व्यक्ति से सम्बंधित किसी पक्ष का मूल्य निर्धारित किया जाता है। अत मूल्यांकन द्वारा परिमाणात्मक तथा गुणात्मक दोनों प्रकार की सूचनाएँ प्राप्त होती हैं।
मूल्यांकन= मापन (परिमाणात्मक सूचना) + मूल्य निर्धारण (गुणात्मक सूचना)
का समापन तब होता है जब आकलन के पश्चात् अधिगम में सुधार हेतु प्रयत्न किये जाते हैं।
The science which deals with the study of living objects is called Biology. Thus the subject involves the studies of all kinds of micro-organisms, plants and animals. Biology is related to mankind ever since the origin of man, therefore this branch of science stands first in order of studies as compared to other branches of science. Ever since the origin of life man is eager to know about various phenomenon of life processes such as health and disease, birth, growth and death. However, man depends on plants and animals for food, shelter and clothing which are immediate needs of life, come from Biology. Perhaps it was the elementary need of man to know about the living beings, so that maximum benefits can be drawn out of them. Though biology involves study of life, but now a days it is mostly centralised with the study of agriculture, animal husbandry, health and microbiology and related branches. Today study of any branch of science is not possible in isolation as it also involves principles of physics, chemistry and various other branches.
Social sciences and discipline सामाजिक विज्ञान और अनुशासनabhisrivastava11
This document discusses the scope and importance of social sciences. It defines social sciences as the academic disciplines dealing with the study of social life and interactions of groups and individuals. It notes that studying social sciences provides information to help create better societies by understanding how societies work, why they exist, and how they have functioned historically. The document outlines many areas of focus within the core social sciences disciplines of education, politics, economics, law, sociology, psychology, journalism, management, and linguistics that are important to research.
Understanding disciplines and subjects.pptxDiksha Verma
Nature and role of discipline and knowledge in school curriculum
Paradigm shift In the nature of discipline
Emergence of school subjects and disciplines from philosophical, social and political context
Needed changes in the discipline oriented textbooks
MODERN TRENDS IN CURRICULAR MOVEMENTS IN STATE LEVEL IN TEACHING NATURAL SCIE...Dadu Brutally Innocent
The document discusses modern trends in science curriculum and the role of the State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) in India. It outlines several trends in science education including the establishment of state science education institutes, developing indigenous curricula, emphasizing conceptual learning over facts, and developing low-cost science materials. It describes SCERT's functions in developing curricula, training teachers, and implementing educational reforms. SCERT plays an important role in curriculum development and qualitative improvements in school education. The document also discusses trends toward individualized, interdisciplinary, and social issues-oriented approaches to curriculum construction.
क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान की परिभाषा
शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान की परिभाषा
क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान का उपयोग Use Of Action Research
Types of Research अनुसंधान के प्रकार
Types of Action Research क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान के प्रकार
Individual Action Research
व्यक्तिगत क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान
Collaborative Action Research
सहयोगात्मक क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान
School-Wide Action Research
स्कूल-व्यापी क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान
District-Wide Action Research
जिला-व्यापी क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान
Process of Action Research क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान की प्रक्रिया
Steps of Action Research क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान के चरण
Characteristics of Action Research क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान के विशेषताएँ
1. Biology is the branch of science that studies life and living organisms. It has been classified into botany, which is the study of plants, and zoology, which is the study of animals.
2. Biological science is an interdisciplinary field that is rapidly expanding as new disciplines are discovered. It incorporates learning from other fields like physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
3. As an empirical science, biological theories are always tentative and subject to change as new evidence emerges from experiments or theoretical developments.
NCF 2005
national curriculum framework 2005
राष्ट्ट्रीय पाठ्यचयाड रुपरेखा 2005
एनसीएफ 2005 का विकास
मार्गदर्शी सिद्धान्त Guiding Principles
प्रमुख सुझाव Key suggestions
1. ज्ञान को स्कूल के बाहरी जीवन से जोड़ा जाए।
2. पढाई को रटन्त प्रणाली से मुक्त किया जाए।
3. पाठ्यचर्या पाठ्यपुस्तक केन्द्रित न रह जाए।
4. कक्षाकक्ष को गतिविधियों से जोड़ना ।
5. राष्ट्रीय मूल्यों के प्रति आस्थावान विद्यार्थी तैयार हो।
6.परीक्षा को अधिक लचीला बनाना ।
CONTENT OUTLINE
▰INTRODUCTION
▰MAIN OBJECTIVES
▰SALIENT FEATURES
▰MATERIAL’S PRODUCED
▰MERITS
▰DEMERITS
PHILOSOPHY BEHIND HPP
▰Physics is for everyone.
▰A coherent selection within physics is possible.
▰Doing physics goes beyond physics.
▰Individual require a flexible course.
▰A multimedia system simulates better learning.
▰The time has come to teach science as one of the humanities.
▰Physics course should be rewarding to take.
▰Physics course should be rewarding to teach.
COURSE OUTLINE OF HARVARD PROJECT PHYSICS
▰CONCEPTS OF MOTION
▰MOTION IN THE HEAVENS
▰THE TRIUMPH OF MECHANICS
▰LIGHT AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
▰MODELS OF THE ATOM
▰THE NUCLEUS
MATERIAL’S PRODUCED
▰Textbook (Project Physics Text)
▰Tests
▰Handbook
▰Students Guide
▰Brief film loops
▰Student laboratory manual
CONCLUSION
▰The Harvard Project Physics curriculum is a masterpiece. Although this
was created in the 1960's and mainly in use during the 1970’s.
▰The adaptability of the materials would allow teachers incorporate new
teaching idea while still using the framework of Project Physics.
▰With a great deal of hands on activities and a focus on literacy, the
curriculum would meet the goals set forth by most school districts today.
▰HPP is a course that altered how all future science curriculums would be
developed.
Educational psychology is the study of human behavior and learning processes in educational settings. It draws from the fields of psychology and education to understand individual and group behavior in educational contexts as well as design effective teaching methods and learning environments. Specifically, educational psychology helps teachers understand students' cognitive and social development, apply principles of learning and motivation, address individual differences, and create positive classroom environments that foster optimal learning. Overall, the goal of educational psychology is to improve educational outcomes by equipping teachers with knowledge about human development, learning, and instructional best practices.
विज्ञान की वह शाखा जिसके अंतर्गत हम समस्त जीवधारियों की संरचना , कार्यों , विकास, उद्भव , पहचान वितरण एवं उनके वर्गीकरण का अध्ययन करते है उसे जीव विज्ञान (बायोलॉजी) कहते हैं|
वह प्रक्रिया, जिससे किसी आबादी में, जो किसी विशिष्ट स्थान पर एक साथ वास करते हों, एक बहुत ही लंबे समय में बदलाव आते हैं, उसे जैव विकास (एवोल्यूशन) कहते हैं।
The document discusses the development of achievement tests, including:
1) It outlines the process of preparing a good annual achievement test paper which involves developing a design framework, preparing a table of specifications or blueprint, and using that blueprint to create the test.
2) It provides examples of tables that could be used for the specification including weighting course content, objectives, question types, marks, time, and difficulty levels.
3) It notes some limitations of achievement tests in that they cannot perfectly test all educational goals and individual differences, and reliability can be affected by personal factors in test construction.
जीव विज्ञान शिक्षण-वार्षिक योजना, इकाई योजना, पाठ योजना.pdfPushpa Namdeo
This presentation deals with the format related to year plan, unit plan and lesson plan. This presentation will be useful for trainee teachers.
The presentation is in Hindi.
Development of research proposal
Concept of Research Proposal- its components,identifying and formulating research questions, hypothesis, objectives, methodological considerations, justifying potential conclusion, significance of the proposed research.
Basic steps involved in research proposal
1. जीव ववज्ञान अर्थ एवं प्रकृ वि
डॉ.आर. पुष्पा नामदेव
सहायक प्राध्यापक
विक्षा ववभाग
2. ववज्ञान
•विज्ञान व्यिवथित ज्ञान का संचय है। यह एक कुशल अन्िेषण है जो वनवित
पद्धवत के आधार पर सम्पन्न होता है।
•“विज्ञान संसार की ओर देखने की एक वनवित पद्धवत है।” - िेनबर्ग एिं शेबत
3. जीि विज्ञान
•विज्ञान की िह शाखा है, वजसके अंतर्गत जीि धाररयों का अध्ययन वकया जाता है |
अिागत:“जीिन का अध्ययन”
Biology
जीि विज्ञान
Bio
(जीवन)
Logy
(अध्ययन)
4. • जीि विज्ञान शब्द का प्रयोर् सिगप्रिम लैमाकग (Lamarck) और उनके सािी विविनौस
(Treviranus) नामक िैज्ञावनकों ने 1801 में शुरू वकया िा |
जीि विज्ञान के एक क्रमबद्ध ज्ञान के रूप में विकास प्रवसद्ध ग्रीक के दाशगवनक अरथतु के काल में
हुआ िा |
ग्रीक के दाशगवनक अरथतु ने ही सिगप्रिम पौधों और जंतुओंके जीिन के विन्न - विन्न पक्षों के
विषय में अपने विचार प्रकट वकये र्ये |
इसीवलए अरथतु को जीि विज्ञान का जनक माना जाता है | और इन्हें जंतु विज्ञान के जनक िी
माना जाता हैं |
5. •जीिविज्ञान एक प्राकृवतक विज्ञान है वजसमें सिी प्रकार के जीिों की रचना एिं
जैविक प्रवक्रयाओंका अध्ययन वकया जाता है | इसके अंतर्गत जीिों की
आकार, संरचना , विकास ,िृवद्ध , नामकरण , िर्ीकरण, वितरण के साि जीिों
से संबंवधत सिी प्रकार के विषयों का अध्ययन वकया जाता है |
6. •जीव ववज्ञान को दो भागों में बांटा गया(अरस्िु):
1.जन्तु विज्ञान – जन्तुओंका अध्ययन
2. िनथपवत विज्ञान : पादपों का आध्यान
लीवनयस वैज्ञावनक को आधुवनक िर्ीकरण का िी वपता कहा जाता हैं |
इनके द्वारा जीि धाररयों को दो खंडो में वििावजत वकया र्या
1. जन्तु जर्त
2. पादप जर्त
7. जीि विज्ञान की अन्य शाखाएँ
• भ्रूण विज्ञान (Embryology)
• िवर्गकी (Taxonomy)
• आनुिांवशकी (Genetics)
• सक्ष्म विज्ञान (Micro Biology)
• जीि रसायन (Bio-chemistry)
• कृवष विज्ञान(agriculture Science)
• आनुिांवशक अवियंिण (Genetic Engineering)
• वचवकत्सा विज्ञान (Medical Science)
• आकाररकी (Morphology)
• ऊवतकी (Histology)
• कोवशका विज्ञान (Cytology)
• एन्जाइमोलोजी (Enzymology)
• प्रवतरोध विज्ञान (Immunology)
• जैि प्रौद्योवर्की(biotechnology)
• िन विज्ञान (Forestry)
• जीिाश्म विज्ञान (Palaentology)
• पाररवथिवतकी (Ecology)
8. जीि विज्ञान की प्रकृवत
जीि विज्ञान के अंतर्गत िैज्ञावनक प्रकृवत को समझने का प्रयास वकया जाता है।जीि विज्ञान की प्रकृवत को
वनम्न वबन्दुओंके माध्यम से थपष्ट वकया जा सकता है:
• यह सत्य पर आधाररत होता है
• इसके द्वारा तथ्यों का विश्लेषण वकया जाता है।
• यह प्रकृवत के अिलोकन की एक विवशष्ट विवध है।
• यह तेजी से विथतार करते ज्ञान का िंडार है।
• यह संशयिाद को प्रोत्साहन देता है।
9. •यह दृढ़ वनिय की मांर् करता।
•यह वशक्षा प्रावि का एक अंतर विषय क्षेि है।
•यह िैज्ञावनक विवध का अनुसरण है।
•इसमें संज्ञा कम एिं वक्रया अवधक है।
•यह अंतरराष्ट्रीय उद्यम है।
•यह सदैि अनंवतम रहता है।
10. • इसमें पररकल्पना का प्रमुख थिान होता है।
• यह पक्षपात रवहत विचारधारा है।
• यह िथतुवनष्ठ मापकों पर वनिगर होता है।
• यह पररमाणिाची वनष्ट्कषों की खोज है।
• यह अन्िेषण के वलए एक उपार्म है एिं ज्ञान वनमागण करने की एक प्रवक्रया है ।
• यह समथया का थपष्ट हल है।