India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation describes the pros and cons of different ongoing disease control programs going on in India.
Ongoing disease control programmes in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. Livestock sector alone contributes 4.11% towards overall National GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. The biggest impediment to growth of this sector, however, is the large-scale prevalence of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) in cattle, Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the productivity of animals. The presence of this disease not only deters the domestic economy but also foreign investment in the livestock sector. Although India have been free from disease like Rinderpest, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), presence of other economically important disease still threaten the very roots of livestock sector. This presentation describes various control programs that have been introduced by the Government of India, nationwide for controlling the infectious diseases of animals that have been or should be targeted for eradication or elimination, direct and indirect benefits from control programs, drawback issues and opportunities for the future.
There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
Ongoing disease control programmes in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. Livestock sector alone contributes 4.11% towards overall National GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. The biggest impediment to growth of this sector, however, is the large-scale prevalence of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) in cattle, Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the productivity of animals. The presence of this disease not only deters the domestic economy but also foreign investment in the livestock sector. Although India have been free from disease like Rinderpest, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), presence of other economically important disease still threaten the very roots of livestock sector. This presentation describes various control programs that have been introduced by the Government of India, nationwide for controlling the infectious diseases of animals that have been or should be targeted for eradication or elimination, direct and indirect benefits from control programs, drawback issues and opportunities for the future.
There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Causes of ovine’s mortality at the National ovine Center of Bétècoucou in Ben...Innspub Net
The management of animals in pasture at the National ovine Center in the breeding farm of Bétécoucou is confronted by some constraints that make the level of production remain low for several years. This study aims to identify the causes of animal’s mortality at the national ovine center of the Bétécoucou breeding farm in Benin. The biological material consisted of sheep from the National Ovine Center. It is a flock of pregnant ewes, lactating ewes, rams and lambs. The sampling unit is consisted of the small ruminants of the Bétècoucou breeding farm. The study included a population of 576 sheep of the center of which 41 rams, 21 male yearlings, 18 female yearlings, 301 pregnant and lactating ewes, 83 lambs and 112 ewes. The analyzed data relate to the feeding, livestock management, livestock buildings and watering animals at the National ovine Center. During the study, we recorded 38.46% mortality of lambs of the study sample and 15.46% mortality of the total study sample. Thus, we have shown that animal mortality at the center is not only related to pathologies but to feeding, livestock management, operations carried out on animals, consanguinity and livestock buildings.
The smallholder pig value chains development in Uganda (SPVCD) project: Where...ILRI
Presented by Danilo Pezo, Michel Dione and Emily Ouma at the Planning workshop on 'assessing the impact of African Swine Fever in smallholder pig systems and the feasibility of potential interventions, Kampala, Uganda, 13 May 2013
Boosting Uganda’s Investments in Livestock Development (2019-2023): Introduci...ILRI
Presented by Paul Lumu (MAAIF), Henry Kiara (ILRI), Harry Oyas (DVS Kenya), Klaas Dietze (FLI), Martin Barasa (VSF-G), Karl Rich (ILRI) and Peter Lule (ILRI) at the #BuildUganda Stakeholder Meeting, Kampala, Uganda, 7 June 2019
Distribution of cattle tick-borne haemoparasites in 54 Departments of Côte d’...Open Access Research Paper
The Rhipicephalus microplus tick is a major economic and veterinary concern on livestock production in tropical regions of the world. In Côte d’Ivoire, this invasive and proliferating tick has occupied almost the entire territory. To assess the prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in cattle following this invasion, a parasitological study was carried out in 179 farms in 54 departments. Blood and tick samples were collected from 895 cattle over one year of age, with 5 individuals per farm. Ten tick species were identified, of which Rhipicephalus microplus the most found. Microscopic analysis of blood smears identified 3 tick-borne haemoparasites: Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale and Babesia bovis, with prevalences between 4% and 24% according to departments. Only the Southern, Central, and Northern zones were infested with tick-borne haemoparasites of cattle. The highest prevalence of Babesia bovis (8%) was found in the Southern zone. Agboville’s department was the most infested by A. marginale (24%) and B. bovis (20%). Parasitological analyses revealed a low prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in Côte d’Ivoire. A molecular study should be conducted to confirm these results.
Issues in Veterinary Disease Diagnosis.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
Diagnosis of a disease or a problem is the first step towards solution/ treatment/ control/ prevention.
Diagnosis is successfully. important to determine Prevalence (True prevalence, apparent prevalence) and Incidence of the disease to estimate the disease burden so that prevention and control measures can be planned and implemented.
However, in few years with the invasion of pharmaco-politics in disease control the term got vitiated.
Epidemiological Approaches for Evaluation of diagnostic tests.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
Diagnosis of a disease or a problem is the first step towards solution/ treatment. Clinical Diagnosis or Provisional Diagnosis is the first step in diagnosis and is done after a physical examination of the patient by a clinician. Clinical diagnosis may or may not be true and to reach Final diagnosis Laboratory Investigations using gross and microscopic pathological observations and determining the disease indicators are required. The diagnostic tests may be Non-dichotomous Diagnostic Tests (when continuous values are given by the test in a range starting from sub-normal to above-normal range) and Dichotomous Diagnostic Tests (when results are given either plus or minus, disease or no-disease). To make non- Dichotomous diagnostic test a Dichotomous one you need to establish the cut-off values based on reference values or Gold Standard test readings or with the use of Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, Precision-Recall Curves, Likelihood Ratios, etc., and finally establishing statistical agreement (using Kappa values, Level of Agreement, χ2 Statistics) between the true diagnosis and laboratory diagnosis. Thereafter, the Accuracy, Precision, Bias, Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive value, and Negative Predictive value, of a diagnostic test are established for use in clinical practice. Diagnostic tests are also used to determine Prevalence (True prevalence, apparent prevalence) and Incidence of the disease to estimate the disease burden so that control measures can be implemented. There are several Phases in the development and use of a diagnostic assay starting from conceptualization of the diagnostic test, development and evaluation to determine flaws in diagnostic test use and Interpretation influencers. This presentation mainly deals with the epidemiological evaluation procedures for diagnostic tests.
Types of Trials in Medicine, vaccine efficacy or effectiveness trials and rel...Bhoj Raj Singh
The importance of learning about medicines’ and vaccines’ efficacy or effectiveness trials is not only necessary to those who are developing, producing or marketing these pharmaceutical products but to the users also because: The Emergency approval of Covid-19 vaccines and many other medicines in last few years has created so much fuss to understand the reality. The lesson learnt from Covid-19 vaccine(s) by vaccine production, marketing, vaccination and finally the revenue earned by vaccine developers and producers, and political gain by politicians, is proving deleterious to the society as several vaccine(s), useless or scarcely proven safe and useful, are going to infest and some have already infested the market (the health industry). So reading this presentation may be useful to you so that you may question the authorities if any is engaged in bluffing you. The presentation talks briefly about Prevention trials, Screening trials, Treatment trials, Feasibility studies, Pilot studies, Phases in clinical trial, Multi-arm multi-stage (MAMS) trials, Global Clinical Trials, Vaccine efficacy, Vaccine safety, Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), Serious Adverse Events (SAE), SEA rules, The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA), CDSCO Rules Governing Clinical Trials, Schedule Y, The Ethics Committee, Empowered Committee on Animal Health, Tracking Vaccine Quality, Pre-clinical and Clinical data, Proof of Concept, Biological License Application (BLA) and Clinical hold.
Detection and Characterization of Pathotypes, Serotypes, Biotypes, Phenotypes...Bhoj Raj Singh
This presentation of my lecture, to Epidemiology students, briefs about different methods for differentiating or finding similarities among isolates of pathogens required establishing causal associations in epidemiological disease diagnosis.
Epidemiology of antigenic, genetic and biological diversity amongst pathogens...Bhoj Raj Singh
This presentation briefly describes the Antigenic, genetic and biological diversity amongst pathogens, and their origin and emergence. It also discusses with their association with different forms associated with a disease/ outbreak. The presentation also enlists diversity in strains causing some common diseases of livestock in India.
Differentiation of field isolates (wild) from vaccine strains (Marker, DIVA &...Bhoj Raj Singh
Nowadays vaccination is often reported as the cause of disease outbreaks. To ward off this misconception (vaccines are made to save the masses not to risk their lives)or to understand vaccination failures, it is necessary to understand the difference between a field strain causing the disease and a vaccine strain having attenuated virulence. This presentation talks about DIVA and DISA vaccines too.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Globally and in India.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
LSD has emerged as a dairy industry devastating disease in India in the last four years. First noticed in Orrisa and is now present all over India. Recurring outbreaks are now noticed in Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and other states indicating that the disease is becoming endemic in India.
Molecular determinants of pathogenicity and virulence among pathogens.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation discusses the pathogenicity and virulence of pathogens, their determinants and their interaction with the host. It talks briefly about pathogenicity, virulence, adhesions, invasions, toxins, disease, pathogenesis, pathogenicity islands (PAIs), intracellular, extracellular, bacteria, virus, fungi, prion, metazoan worms, protozoa, tuberculosis, E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, Mycobacterium, cytotoxins, enterotoxins, exotoxins, neurotoxins, endotoxins, in-silico, in-Vitro, in-vivo, immunohistology, haemagglutinins, spike proteins, integrins, and phagolysosomes.
Molecular epidemiology and Disease causation.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This short presentation describes molecular epidemiology, differentiate it from genetic epidemiology, and also deals with ascertaining the cause of disease.
My research proposals, to porotect holy cow, rejected by the ICAR-IVRI in the...Bhoj Raj Singh
The presentation relates to my three research proposals, aimed at Protection of Holy cow, rejected at ICAR-ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India, in last five years
Clinical evaluation of newly advocated therapies for brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes. Duration: September 2019 to August 2021
A cross-sectional survey of Holy Cow Infectious Problems in Gaushalas (Gaushalas are protective shelters for stray cows in India). Duration: September 2022-August 2024
Explorative study on Epidemiological determinants associated with a drastic reduction in Milk Production of Dairy Animals with reference to communicable diseases. Duration: September 2022-August 2024
Animal Disease Control and Antimicrobial Resistance-A Message to Veterinary S...Bhoj Raj Singh
This presentation is for
• Introspection by all authorities before criticizing Veterinarians for an increase in AMR & to Doyens of Veterinary Science sitting mum when Vets are criticized!
• To realize that DAHD and State Animal/ Livestock Departments are:
– Fake data masters!
A realization to Doyens of Veterinary Science that they are:
– Spineless when their voice is the most needed!
– Don’t understand epidemiology to the least and make minimal attempts to improve Epidemiological understanding in veterinarians!
– The real negative thinkers!
– Suffering from an inferiority complex!
– Real killers of the holy cow!
– Interested to develop the best vet doctors but creating butchers!
– Real anti-nationals!
They talk of one health without understanding it!
– Much more!!!
Causes of Disease and Preserving Health in Different systems of Medicine.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This presentation deals with concepts of disease causation and methods used for the alleviation of those causes to ensure health. It has briefed the causes of diseases according to Ayurvedic medicine, Unani medicine, Siddham medicine, Naturopathy, Homeopathy, Chinese medicine, Touch therapy- Reiki, Mantra therapy, and Allopathy. It also summarizes the treatments and practices in different systems of medicine. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30883.22569
AMR challenges in human from animal foods- Facts and Myths.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This presentation talks about ÄMR: A public health threat, a “silent pandemic”.
Infections caused by Antimicrobial-drug-resistant (AMR) pathogens caused >1.27 million deaths worldwide in 2019 (low level or no surveillance) and increasing year after year which may be > million in coming decades. Covid-19 caused ~6.8 million deaths in >3 years but now the pandemic is ending but the AMR pandemic has no timeline for its ending. Many deaths are also attributed to AMR pathogens.
More antibiotic use (irrespective of the sector) = More AMR.
This presentation also talks about ways and means to mitigate the AMR pandemic. 1. Stopping the blame game. All are equally responsible for the emergence of AMR, the share of developed and educated communities is much more than poor and un-educated communities.
2. Working together: On-Line Real-Time AST Data Sharing Platform for different diagnostic and research laboratories doing AST routinely.
3. Implementing not only antibiotic veterinary and medical stewardship but antimicrobial production and distribution stewardship too.
4. Educating for Environmental health not only human, plant, and animal health.
5. AMR's solution is not in searching for alternatives to antibiotics but in establishing environmental harmony.
6. More emphasis on AMR epidemiology than on AMR microbiology and pharmacology.
7. Development of understanding that bacteria and other microbes are more essential for life on earth than the human race. Microbes can live without humans, but humans can’t without microbes.
Global-Health is of prime importance than economic growth/ greediness.
Herbal antimicrobials are considered as an important alternative to antibiotic and probable tools to mitigate emerging antimicrobial-drug-resistance (AMR). However, it is difficult to accept that microbes may not adapt to herbal antimicrobials as rapidly as to antibiotics. This is now well documented that herbal antimicrobial resistance is also common among common pathogenic microbes and genes are now known to encode herbal drug-resistance too. This lecture gives description how resistance to conventional antimicrobials impacts susceptibility of microbes for herbal antimicrobials. Lecture Scheduled on 21st February 2023, In: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Foodborne pathogens” sponsored under the ICAR-NAHEP-CAAST project by the MAFSU, Mumbai Veterinary College, at the Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-IVRI from 20th February to 25th February, 2023.
Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c...Bhoj Raj Singh
The presentation is extracted from the thesis talking about
1. The presence of Bcc organisms in the clinical infections of animals.
2. Ultrasound gels as a potential source of pathogens, especially Bcc.
3. Multidrug resistance in BCCs.
4. Lack of regulatory guidelines in Indian Pharmacopeia as existing in USP.
Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This presentation summarises major problems of Animal Disease Control Programs ongoing in India. India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation identifies problems at different levels of different ongoing disease control programs in India. The non-availability of authentic disease data and flaws in vaccine quality control are the biggest problems.
The presentation summarises important methods and protocols of Clinical Microbiology. It may be useful to learners of Clinical microbiology at the undergraduate label. The presentation describes the procedures for collecting clinical samples, transport, and testing. It also describes the different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and standards.
Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
Vaccines and Vaccine Quality, is a very sensitive topic, especially in India where quality matters little over quantity. There are numerous problems with no or little will to solve the vaccine quality riddle. Patriotism and truth have become obsolete traits in front of greed for power.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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1. Bhoj R Singh
Head, Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
2. As per recent statistics of 2019 India holds
(https://www.nddb.coop/information/stats/pop) 535.78
million livestock to be kept healthy and productive.
Buffalo= 109.9 million (No. 1 in world)
Cattle= 192.5 million (No. 1 in the world)
Yak= 0.1 million (No. 1 in the world)
Mithun= 0.4 million (No. 1 in the world with 80% of total)
Sheep = 74.3 million (No. 2 in the world)
Goat = 148.9 million (No. 2 in the world)
Pigs = 9.1 million (No. 7 in the world)
Horses & Ponies= 0.3 million (of >58 million in the world)
Camel= 0.3 million (No. 9 in the world)
Mules and Donkeys= 0.2 million (of >50 million in the world).
Poutry (Duck and chiken)= 851.8 million (No. 4 in the world)
3. As per National Accounts Statistics-2019, Central Statistical
Organisation, GoI Animal Husbandry, Dairying and
Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national
economy and in the socio-economic development of the
country.
20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood.
It also provides employment to about 8.8 % of the population in
India.
Livestock sector contributes 4.11% GDP and 25.6% of total
Agriculture GDP.
Importance Livestock
… FAO statistics
4. India holds 33.38% of the world's number of
cattle and buffaloes in 2020.
India is number one in
Milk Production (176.3 MMT), No. 1 in buffalo milk but at No. 2 in Cow milk
Carabeef Production (4.25 MMT)
Goat Milk Production (5 MMT)
Number 2 in
Bristle Production (a pig industry by-product),
Fish Production
Number 3 in
Sheep Production,
Egg Production (95.2 billion)
4th in
Chicken Production
5th in
Poultry Meat Production
Poultry Production
Meat production
8th in Duck production and 9th in Wool production (41.5 million Kg)
5. Sector Percentage of total output
Milk and Milk Products 65.05 per cent
Meat and Meat Products 19.83 per cent
Dung 6.93 per cent
Eggs 3.77 per cent
Increment in Livestock 3.35 per cent
Wool and Hair 0.2 per cent
Value Output from Livestock Rearing
6. Type of animal Average yield
Exotic/Cross-bred cow 7.71 kg/day
Indigenous/Non-descript
cow
2.93 kg/day
Buffalo 5.47 kg/day
Goat 0.47 kg/day
Limits
Average Yield per In-Milk Animal in 2017-18
Type of bird Average yield
Desi fowl (Backyard) 107.96 eggs/year
Improved fowl (Commercial) 282.02 eggs/year
Desi duck (Backyard) 109.39 eggs/year
Improved duck (Commercial) 199.84 eggs/year
Average Yield per Year per Bird in 2017-18
7. Due to FMD, Indian meat market is limited, export of
Carabeef is possible to Vietnam, Malaysia, Egypt,
Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Vietnam accounted for 48
percent of total Indian exports at 840 thousand metric
tons followed by Egypt (9.4 percent), Malaysia (9.3
percent), Indonesia (4.6 percent) and Saudi Arabia
(4.4 percent).
Though India is number 1 in Livestock population, it is at
12th place in as per Livestock production index- 2018
(https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/livestock_production_index/).
India hold about 16.5% of Dairy cows, highest in the
world produces ~50 MMT milk while USA holds 3.4% of
dairy cows produces >87 MMT milk (No. 1 in the world).
India is not even in top 20 countries as per average milk
production per cow and much behind of global average
(2200 Lt/ cow/annum).
8. 1. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS),
Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) & Lumpy skin disease in bovines,
Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in
sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the
productivity of animals.
2. The presence of animal diseases also deters domestic and foreign investment in
the livestock sector.
3. The economic impact of the diseases in livestock results from both morbidity
and mortality and the consequent production losses. This includes the direct
losses due to mortality, reduced production in terms of milk, meat, wool, hide
and skins, as well as indirect loss due to abortions, subsequent infertility,
sterility, and deterioration of semen quality.
4. Authenticity of data about disease reporting.
5. Cow Protection Acts
6. Non-involvement of Disease Control Experts and Epidemiologists in
planning and implementation of Disease Control Programs.
10. Smallpox was the first disease, and so far the only infectious disease
of humans, to be eradicated by deliberate intervention.
The world was officially declared free from Rinderpest in 2011.
(….79th OIE General Session,2011)
Many island nations including, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Malta and the
United Kingdom managed to eliminate rabies during the 20th century,
and recently much of the continental Europe.
(…..OIE)
India is a Guinea Worm disease free country.
(….WHO, 2000)
India is also free from CBPP, ASF and BSE
(…FAO)
Was declared Glanders free in 1993 but from 2007 outbreaks have been
reported in many states.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. The World Health
Organization (WHO) is
a specialized agency of the United
Nations that is concerned with
international public health.
Established on 7 April 1948,
headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland.
Agencies for the Animal
Disease Control
National institute of
veterinary epidemiology and
disease informatics,
established in 2013, placed at
Beangaluru.
CADRAD: Centre for Animal Disease Research and
Diagnosis (CADRAD) (CDDL from 2001-2): Established
on 10-03-1986 with The mandate for disease diagnosis and
development/standardization of diagnostic methods/ kits/ reagents.
5 RDDLs
Bengaluru,
Aundh (Pune),
Jallandhar,
Kolkata,
Guwahati
NIHSAD, Bhopal
NRCE, Hisar
19. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) is an intergovernmental
organization coordinating, supporting and promoting animal disease control.
Formerly known as Office International des Epizooties, established January 25,
1924, at Paris.
Agencies for the Agencies for the
Animal Disease Control
The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (AH&D) -
now renamed as Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying &
Fisheries (DADF) is one of the Departments in the Ministry of
Agriculture and came into existence on 1st February, 1991.
21. Animal Disease Control
programs in India
Sl.
No.
Component Budget
in Crores
1. Assistance to States for Control of Animal Disease (ASCAD). Allocation
for 2020-21
438
2. National Project on Rinderpest Surveillance & Monitoring
(NPRSM).
3. Foot & Mouth Disease control Program (FMD-CP) Since 2004 Now
under NADCP
4. Peste des Petits Ruminants Control Program (PPR-CP) Since 2010-
11
5. Brucellosis Control Program (Brucellosis-CP). Since 2010-11, Now
under NADCP
6. Classical Swine Fever Control Program (CSF-CP) since 2014-15
7 National Action Plan for Control and Eradication of Glanders in
India, 2019
8 National Animal Disease Control Program, Launched in 2019 for
FMD & Brucellosis
1300
23. Under this component, assistance is provided to
State/Union Territory Governments for control of
economically important and zoonotic diseases of
livestock and poultry.
Funds are given for immunization, strengthening State
Veterinary Biological Production Units, Diagnostic
laboratories & in-srervice training of veterinarians and
paravets.
Funds are also allocated for Canine rabies vaccination
& parasite control in cattle and buffaloes.
Assistance to States for Control
of Animal Disease (ASCAD).
24. Central Government provide funds for
Funds are provided for functioning of VCI (100%).
Funds to Run State Veterinary Councils (50%)
Funds states for running Continuing Veterinary
Education programs
25. Formerly known as National Project on Rinderpest
Eradication (NPRE). After India was declared Rinderpest free
country by OIE in 2006, & CBPP free (2007) this program is
statrted to maintain the disease free status through.
Conrinuous surveillanceand & monitoring for Rinderpest,
Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumnia (CBPP) and Bovine
Spongiform Encephalophaty (BSE.
National Project on Rinderpest
Surveillance & Monitoring (NPRSM).
26. This is web based animal disease reporting system
working up to village/ block level.
Objective is to record and monitor livestock disease
situation to initiate preventive and curative action in
timely and speedy manner.
Reporting units are set at block and district level
veterinary units.
The diseases reported through NADRS are
communicated to OIE and shown in DAHD annual
reports.
27. Peste des Petits Ruminats (PPR) is an acute highly contagious
disease of sheep and goats present worldwide and causes high
morbidity and mortality that may reach up to 100% and 90%,
respectively.
(Kumar et al., 2006, 2013a; Munir et al., 2013)
The disease is caused by Morbillivirus of family Paramyxoviridae
Characterized by pyrexia, occulo-nasal discharge, necrotising
and erosive stomatitis, pneumonia and enteritis.
(Singh et al., 2009)
This disease is also having some specific features like Rinderpest
such as rapid spread in susceptible population, maintenance of
virus in host.
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Control Programme (PPR-CP)
28. The first report of PPR was from Arasur, Tamil Nadu.
(Shaila et al., 1989)
The disease is endemic with 33% sero-prevalence in India.
(Pal et al., 2007; Balamurugan et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2013a)
The reported sero prevalence of PPR virus in India :-
Goats & sheep – 43.56% (Balamurugan et al..2012)
Cattle & buffaloes – 4.58% (Balamurugan et al..2012)
Economic losses due to PPR have been estimated to be 1,800
million INR annually in India.
(Singh et al…2009)
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Control Programme (PPR-CP)
30. PPR Control Program was started in 2010 with 100% central
assistance in vaccination of susceptible animals (sheep and goat)
and three subsequent generations.
In the first phase, states viz., Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Goa and Union Territories
like Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry were
covered.
The program is extended to all the states under the 12th year
Plan.
Strengthening of ELISA Labs and monitoring of the disease is
also carried on.
Aim: To make India free of PPR by 2025.
PPR-CP
31. Classical Swine Fever (commonly called as Swine Fever or
Hog Cholera) is a highly devastating viral disease of the pigs.
Caused by a Pestivirus from the Flaviviridae family.
Causes serious economic losses directly due to mortality,
retardation of growth, reproductive problems of affected pigs
and indirectly by bringing restrictions on exports of pork and
pork products.
The disease is enzootic in most of the pig producing states
and particularly in the North Eastern states of India.
Classical Swine Fever
Control Program (CSF-CP).
32. During the 10th year Plan, Government of India initiated
National Swine Fever Control Program.
The program mainly targeted North East India.
At present the north east Indian states receives 100% funding
for the CSF vaccines, While other states procure vaccines
through ASCAD a 75:25 funding between center and state.
The national control program with 100% central funding will be
implemented during later part of 12th Plan.
Depending on the vaccine availability, the scope will be enlarged
to cover entire country subsequently.
Classical Swine Fever
Control Program (CSF-CP).
33. Started with the entry of H5N1 influenza virus in India in 1986.
In 2020 a total of 9 outbreaks with 12 epicentres have been reported in
India resulting into culling of about 2 lakh birds.
Guidelines have been formed to monitor the disease in zoological parks
and migratory birds’ sanctuaries.
Assitance for Bird flu containment & control is provided under ASCAD
program.
It is mainly for surveillance & containment of bird flu for transparent
approach of disease reporting and alerting State Governments and
issuing advisories to poultry farmers in timely manner.
Upgrading laboratories to BSL-III, training of manpower and stockpiling
of necessities for disease containment.
Birds are culled within 1 km periphery of the epicentre.
Running Information, Education and Communication campaigns to
sensitize general public about Bird Flu.
Ban on Import of poultry & poultry products from HPAI having
countries.
34. Glanders is common in Indian subcontinent and is
caused by Burkholderia mallei (a potential warfare
and bioterrorism agent) earlier known as
Pseudomonas mallei.
No outbreak was reported in India from 1988 till
August 2006 when it was reported from Maharashtra.
India was declared free of Glanders long ago in 1993
but outbreaks started again in 2006-7 and now
reported from many different parts of the country. In
recent past Glanders is reported from NCT Delhi, UP,
UK, HP.
The program objective is Surveillance, Control and
eradication of Glanders.
Govt. has identified 16 Glanders free Compartments.
36. Action plan for states inflicted by Glanders
Surveillance: Intensive, physical & Clinical, of all susceptible animals
throughout the year covering all equids in villages, equine moving on
transport routes, fares, shows, stables to find out the carriers.
All animals tested positive using CFT/ ELISA or other
serological test be culled and disposed off following all zoo-sanitary
practices recommended.
All suspected animals (weak, debilitated, with nasal catarrh,
nodular growth in skin) and in-contact animals are to be quarantined till
tested.
Compensation for culling Horse Rs. 25000 and mule & donkeys Rs. 16000
37. With an outlay of Rs. 13343 Crore for 5 years (2019-2024) launched on 11-09-
2019 with objectives to 1) Control FMD with Vaccination by 2025 and
eradication by 2030, 2). Control Brucellosis in Livestock.
Reasons:
FMD causes economical loss to the tune of Rs. 20000 Crore every year.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disaese estmated to cause loss of Rs. 24000 Crore
every year.
Methodology:
1. Along with vaccination tagging of animals for systematic monitoring.
2. Third party telephonic survey of farmers about vaccination of their
animals.
3. Three laboratories for Vaccine quality control: a. IVRI Bangalore, b.
ICFMD, Bhubaneswar, c. CCS-NIAH Baghpat.
4. Systematic Sero-surveillance and sero-monitoring in all states
5. Outreach program for creating awareness among farmers at block level
Rs. 15000/ block/ year and at National level through Prashar Bharti.
39. FMD in India
434
165
902
422
701
310
238
109
132 124
159
42
7
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
FMD outbreaks in India as per DAHD
40. Brucellosis is highly contagious disease of cattle, buffalo,
sheep, goats, pig, dogs and human .
B. abortus biotype-1 in cattle and buffaloes and
B. melitensis biotype-1 in sheep, goats and man are the
predominant infective biotypes.
(Chand et al., 2012)
The disease is characterized by abortion, retained placenta,
orchitis, epididymitis and, rarely, arthritis, with excretion of the
organisms in uterine discharges and in milk
(OIE, 2008)
The first report of brucellosis was in 1942 from India.
Economic loss due to this disease is close to Rs. 350 million/year in
India. (PD ADMAS 2012)
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).
44. Bovine brucellosis is endemic in almost all the states of India.
Long term serological studies indicates 5% of cattle and 3% of
buffaloes are infected with brucellosis. (Rajasekhar et al…2002)
Formerly known as National Control Program on
Brucellosis, introduced during the 10th year Plan.
Renamed as Brucellosis Control Program during the 12th
year Plan.
It includes the vaccination of female calves between 6-8
months in all states. Adulthood vaccination will also be taken
up covering all un-vaccinated adult female bovines.
Biannual village level screening of pooled milk samples.
Mass screening & castration of infected bulls.
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).
45. Vaccination is done using B.abortus S19.
Bruvax (Indian Immunological Limited), live freeze dried S19
vaccine for cattle and buffalo calves of age 4 to 8 months, 2ml
S/C.
Brucella vaccine (Intervet India), cattle and buffalo calves of age
4 to 8 months, 5ml S/C.
Periodical survelliance using milk ring test for the pooled milk
samples and ELISA for random or herd screening.
Through this project not only animal cases are reduced but also
human cases.
….NIVEDI,
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).
46. It is an international program under Blue tongue Network.
It is a collaborative project aiming to enhance the netrwork by
providing expertise and resources in culicoides biology, vector
control and vaccinations.
IBVNet is a three year Indo-UK collaborative project jointly
funded by the UK Department for International
Development (DFID), the Biotechnology and Biological
Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Scottish
Government via the Combating Infectious Diseases of
Livestock for International Development (CIDLID)
initiative. It is coordinated by the Entomology group based at
The Pirbright Institute (TPI) and through the Indian
Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)
….www.bvnet.com
ALL INDIA NETWORK
PROGRAM- BLUE TONGUE
47. Blue tongue is endemic in India with 21 of 26 Blue tongue virus serotypes
recorded.
At least seven potential BTV vector species are reported from India.
* Culicoides actoni ….Smith
* Culicoides brevipalpis ….Delfinado
* Culicoides brevitarsis ….Kieffer
* Culicoides fulvus …Sen and Das Gupta
* Culicoides imicola ….Kieffer
* Culicoides oxystoma ….Kieffer
* Culicoides peregrinus ….Kieffer
48. Increased understanding of which Culicoides species are
involved in BTV transmission and how their ecology and
seasonality varies.
Develop tools that’s can be utilised to predict the likelihood and
severity of BTC outbreaks.
Provide a clearer understanding of epidemiology og BTV
outbreaks.
Installing trap sites using BioQuip UV LED ight sucion traps,
for extensive stud of the Vector.
Extensive training in Culicoides collection and identification for
all inda.
OBJECTIVES
….www.bvnet.com
49. Significant animal health issues and other direct and indirect
benefits compel us for eradication of animal diseases.
Veterinarians, animal health researchers and other para-
veterinary staff will have to take a leadership role in making
suitable control strategies for combating and eradicating
important infectious diseases of animals There is need for a
system for the monitoring as well as surveillance of
occurrence of disease.
By the firm commitment, will and dedication of animal health
professional the goal can be achieved.
The development in the field of scientific medical practices has
led to a much greater understanding of disease epidemiology
and will further help in eradication of several important diseases
of livestock and wild life in near future as well.
CONCLUSION