This study investigated the participation of the GABAergic system in regulating glutamate release from frontal cortex synaptosomes in a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which mimics multiple sclerosis in humans. The results showed reduced GABAergic inhibition of glutamate release and impaired GABA regulation of synapsin I phosphorylation in synaptosomes from EAE rats compared to controls. Specifically, GABA had no effect on glutamate release or synapsin I phosphorylation in EAE rats, suggesting alterations in the GABAergic system may contribute to cortical pathology in EAE.
Preclinical Screening for Neurodegenerative Disease (Parkinsonism)Drx Burade
This file includes the general introduction of Parkinson's, sign and symptoms of Parkinson's, treatment of Parkinson's and the main content that is the Preclinical Screening models for Neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson's
Preclinical Screening for Neurodegenerative Disease (Parkinsonism)Drx Burade
This file includes the general introduction of Parkinson's, sign and symptoms of Parkinson's, treatment of Parkinson's and the main content that is the Preclinical Screening models for Neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson's
The current slide focuses on different screening models for neurodegenerative diseases along with a brief description of the diseases where the slides are to the points and brief with detailed evaluation.
The current slide focuses on different screening models for neurodegenerative diseases along with a brief description of the diseases where the slides are to the points and brief with detailed evaluation.
lecture 12 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes DSM-IV TR psychiatric disorders including Post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, anterior cingulate
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Risk Factors , Signs and Symptoms of GAD, DSM V Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, ICD 10 CriteriaF41.1 Generalized anxiety disorder, Prevalence and Age of Onset, Treatment, Self-help Strategies For GAD
IN-VIVO SCREENING METHODS FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE.pptxGautamSosa
Neurodegenerative diseases are conditions where nerve cells in the brain and peripheral nervous system gradually degenerate and die, leading to cognitive decline, movement disorders, and sometimes death. Examples include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis and Huntington's disease. Treatment focuses on symptom management, as there are currently no cures for these conditions. Efficacy evaluation of any drug for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis in in-vivo animal studies, first step is to learn the in-vivo screening model of particular disease.
Dietary Administration of Diquat for 13 Weeks Does Not Result in a Loss of Do...EPL, Inc.
Dietary Administration of Diquat for 13 Weeks Does Not Result in a Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNpc) of C57BL/6J Mice
I found some variation in NET transporter gene sequences in a depressive patient sample but they were few in number for study by the resequencing technology. It requires more in a number of patients sample for the significant conclusion.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Participation of the gabaergic system on the glutamate
1. PARTICIPATION OF THE GABAERGIC SYSTEM ON THE
GLUTAMATE RELEASE OF FRONTAL CORTEX SYNAPTOSOMES
FROM WISTAR RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Ankit A. Gilani
Department of pharmacology & toxicology
NIPERA1113PC03
2. Flow of seminar
• INTRODUCTION
• ARTICLE INFORMATION
• MATERIALS AND METHODS
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
3. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) known as disseminated
sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminata) is an
autoimmune inflammatory disease in which the
fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of
the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading
to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad
spectrum of signs and symptoms.
4. MS
• Disease onset usually occurs in young adults, and
it is more common in women.
• It has a prevalence that ranges between 2 and
150 per 100,000.*
• MS was first described in 1868 by Jean-Martin
Charcot.
* Rosati G (April 2001). "The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an
update". Neurol. Sci. 22 (2): 117–39
11. Treatment
There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis at this time.
However, there are therapies that may slow the disease.
Medications used to slow the progression of multiple
sclerosis are taken on a long-term basis, they include:
• Interferons
• glatiramer acetate (Copaxone)
• mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
• natalizumab (Tysabri)
• Fingolimod (Gilenya )
• Methotrexate, azathioprine (Imuran), intravenous
immunoglobulin (IVIg) and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
12. GLUTAMATE
• Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid
transmitter within the CNS, with its signaling
being mediated by a number of postsynaptic
ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.
• The central role played by glutamate receptors
in mediating excitotoxic neuronal death in
stroke, epilepsy, trauma, and MS has been
well established.
13. GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)
• GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter
balanced with glutamate in the CNS.
• GABAA receptors, a large and diverse family of
Cl- permeable ion channels, mediate fast
transmission at inhibitory GABAergic synapses
and are critical for the development and
coordination of the neuronal activity
underlying the majority of physiological and
behavioral processes in the brain.
14.
15. AIM
To investigate the possible impairment of the
GABAergic system and whether it regulates
the glutamate release and phosphorylation of
synapsin I in nerve terminals isolated from the
frontal cortex of sick and recovered EAE rats.
18. Animals and EAE induction
Wistar rats
intradermal inoculation
in both hind feet
0.5 ml of an 0.5 ml of the
emulsion same emulsion
consisting of 0.25 Without any
ml saline solution antigenic
and 0.25 ml CFA preparation
containing 8 mg (CFA group/
bovine myelin Control group)
(EAE group)
19. • About 85% of the animals from the EAE group developed a
monophasic course (acute stage, 11–13 dpi)
• Animals were assessed daily for clinical signs of EAE and
scored as follows:
0 - no clinical expression of the disease
1 - flaccid tail
2 - hind limb weakness
3 - complete hind leg paralysis
accompanied by urinary incontinence
4 - quadriparesis, moribund state, or
death.
20. • Control and sick EAE animals were decapitated
at 24–36 h after onset of the disease.
• Also, the CFA and EAE rats completely
recovered from any clinical signs (EAErec)
were sacrificed between 20 and 22 dpi.
21. Preparation of cerebrocortical synaptosomes
• The frontal cortex was isolated
• synaptosomes were purified on discontinuous Percoll
gradients
• Synaptosomes which sedimented between the 10 and 23%
Percoll bands were collected
• Diluted in a final volume of 30 ml of HEPES buffer medium, pH
7.4.
• centrifugation at 27,000 g for 10 min at 4 °C.
• pellets thus formed were resuspended in 5 ml of HEPES buffer
medium
• the protein content was determined by the Bradford assay
22. Glutamate release assay
• Glutamate release from cerebrocortical
synaptosomes was monitored online, using an
assay employing exogenous glutamate
dehydrogenase and NADP+ to couple the
oxidative decarboxylation of the released
glutamate.
• Then, the generated NADPH was detected
fluorometrically.
23. • synaptosomal pellets were resuspended in HEPES buffer
medium and incubated in a stirred and thermostated cuvette
maintained at 37 °C Spectrofluorimeter .
• 1 mM NADP+, 50 units/ml glutamate dehydrogenase, and 1.2
mM CaCl2 were added after 3 min. After 5 min of
incubation, 3 mM 4AP was added to stimulate the glutamate
release.
• Where indicated, synaptosomes were incubated in the
presence of GABA (500 μM) for 4 min or GABA (500 μM) plus
picrotoxin (100 μM) for 10 min prior to the addition of 4AP.
• Data points were obtained at 1-s intervals.
24. Reduction of glutamate release of frontal
cortex synaptosomes in EAE animals
4-aminopyridine
(4AP)-evoked
glutamate
release from rat
frontal cortex
synaptosomes.
25. Loss of GABAergic inhibition of the
glutamate release of synaptosomes from
EAE animals
26.
27.
28. [3H]-flunitrazepam binding assay
• The specific binding of [3H]-flunitrazepam
was measured by a filtration technique .
• Binding was carried out in the presence of radioligand at
final concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 nM, at 4 °C.
• Each assay was performed in triplicate using 1-ml aliquots
containing 0.3 mg of proteins from the synaptosomal
fractions.
• After 60 min of incubation, samples were filtered under
vacuum through Whatman filters using a Brandel M-24
filtering manifold.
29. • Samples were washed three times with 4 ml of ice-cold
Tris–HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4) and the radioactivity
was measured using an LKB-1214-RackBeta counter.
• The values Kd and Bmax were obtained by using the
following equation:
Y = Bmax * X/ (Kd+X),
where Bmax = maximal binding, and
Kd = concentration of ligand required
to reach half-maximal binding.
30. The flunitrazepam-sensitive GABAA receptor
density was decreased in synaptosomes from
EAE animals
There were lower binding sites for
flunitrazepam in the EAE rats
31. Immunoblot analysis
• Synaptosomal samples were resuspended in HEPES
buffer medium, 1.2 mM CaCl2 was added, and samples
were incubated at 37 °C for 2 min with stirring.
• This was followed by a further incubation with 3 mM
4AP for 5 min in order to stimulate Ca2+- dependent
synapsin I phosphorylation concomitant to the
glutamate release.
• Where indicated, synaptosomes were incubated in the
presence of GABA (500 M) for 4 min or GABA (500 M)
plus picrotoxin (100 M) for 10 min prior to the addition
of 4AP.
32. • Aliquots were rapidly solubilized in sample buffer, and
subjected to SDS-PAGE and then electrotransferred onto
nitrocellulose membranes.
• Immunoblotting was performed at a 1:500 dilution of the
synapsin phosphorylation state-specific antibody to P-site
1 and at a 1:1000 dilution of synapsin I-specific antibody
for detected total synapsin I.
• The immunoreactive bands in the immunoblot were
detected by infrared probe-labeled secondary antibodies
and the fluorescence was then analyzed by the Odyssey
scanner with the fluorescence intensity being quantified
by the GelPro analyzer software.
33. Loss of GABAergic regulation on Ca2+-
dependent phosphorylation of synapsin I in
nerve terminals from EAE animals
CFA EAE EAErec
GABA had no effect on the phosphorylation of synapsin I in
synaptosomes from EAE and EAErec animals, but induced a
decrease in the 4AP-evoked phosphorylation of synapsin I in
synaptosomes from CFA rats with respect to control condition.
34. % activity of control
GABA GABA/P
CFA 64 ± 11% 80 ± 12%
EAE 106 ± 13% 87 ± 10%
EAErec 89 ± 19% 90 ± 10%
35. CONCLUSION
• The changes observed in the EAE frontal cortex
suggest a role plated by alterations of the
GABAergic system in the EAE cortical pathology.
• The decrease of the GABAA receptor density in
nerve terminals from this cortical region and the
failure of GABAergic regulation on glutamate
release and synapsin I phosphorylation in
synaptosomes from EAE rats may have
contributed to clinical symptoms and disease
progression.
36. • These findings could also have implications for
the neuronal and synaptic dysfunction in EAE
and possibly in MS cortex.
• Further studies, however, are needed to
determine whether GABAergic transmission
modulation could be successful in MS therapy
37. SUMMARY
Neuronal GABA
membrane
depolarization EAE
and Ca2+influx SYNAPTOSOMES
Binds to GABAA
receptor
Ca2+-dependent
phosphorylation of
synapsin 1
Excitotoxic
neuronal
damage
Glutamate release
38. References
• Bhat R, Axtell R, Mitra A, Miranda M, Lock C, Tsien RW, Steinman L (2010)
Inhibitory role for GABA in autoimmune inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 107:2580–2585.
• Bhatt S, Zalcman S, Hassanain M, Siegel A (2005) Cytokine modulation of
defensive rage behavior in the cat: role of GABAA and interleukin-2
receptors in the medial hypothalamus. Neuroscience 133:17–28.
• Bolton C, Paul C (2006) Glutamate receptors in neuroinflammatory
demyelinating disease. Mediators Inflamm 2006:1–12. ID 93684.
• Calabrese M, Rinaldi F, Mattisi I, Grossi P, Favaretto A, Atzori M, Bernardi V,
Barachino L, Romualdi C, Rinaldi L, Perini P, Gallo P (2010) Widespread
cortical thinning characterizes patients with MS with mild cognitive
impairment. Neurology 74:321–328.
39. References
• Cesca F, Baldelli P, Valtorta F, Benfenati F (2010) The synapsins: key actors
of synapse function and plasticity. Prog Neurobiol 91:313–348.
• Chalifoux JR, Carter AG (2011) GABAB receptor modulation of voltage-
sensitive calcium channels in spines and dendrites. J Neurosci 31:4221–
4232.