Preclinical Screening for Neurodegenerative Disease (Parkinsonism)Drx Burade
This file includes the general introduction of Parkinson's, sign and symptoms of Parkinson's, treatment of Parkinson's and the main content that is the Preclinical Screening models for Neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson's
Preclinical Screening for Neurodegenerative Disease (Parkinsonism)Drx Burade
This file includes the general introduction of Parkinson's, sign and symptoms of Parkinson's, treatment of Parkinson's and the main content that is the Preclinical Screening models for Neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson's
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordinationpradnya Jagtap
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordination
A. Motor activity and behaviour
1. Method of intermittent observation
2.Open field test
3.Hole board test
4.Combined open field test
B.Test for muscle coordination
1.Inclined plane method
2.Chimny test
3.Grip strength
4.Rotarod method
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordinationpradnya Jagtap
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordination
A. Motor activity and behaviour
1. Method of intermittent observation
2.Open field test
3.Hole board test
4.Combined open field test
B.Test for muscle coordination
1.Inclined plane method
2.Chimny test
3.Grip strength
4.Rotarod method
IN-VIVO SCREENING METHODS FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE.pptxGautamSosa
Neurodegenerative diseases are conditions where nerve cells in the brain and peripheral nervous system gradually degenerate and die, leading to cognitive decline, movement disorders, and sometimes death. Examples include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis and Huntington's disease. Treatment focuses on symptom management, as there are currently no cures for these conditions. Efficacy evaluation of any drug for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis in in-vivo animal studies, first step is to learn the in-vivo screening model of particular disease.
Pharmacological screening of Anti-psychotic agentsAbin Joy
Presentation contents are:
Introduction, Definition of psychosis, Classification of anti-psychotics, MOA of anti-psychotic agents and screening models.
The current slide focuses on different screening models for neurodegenerative diseases along with a brief description of the diseases where the slides are to the points and brief with detailed evaluation.
SCREENING METHODS OF ANTIPARKINSON DRUGSMangeshTatar
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, which leads to progressive deterioration of motor function due to loss of dopamine-producing brain cells.
In this topic we cover Screening methods of Parkinsonism, pharmacology.
protein microarray_k.b institute (m.pharm pharmacology) .pptxNittalVekaria
1: Introduction
Welcome to our presentation on Protein Microarrays.
Discover the revolutionary technology transforming protein analysis and biomolecular research
2: What are Protein Microarrays?
Protein microarrays are high-throughput platforms for studying protein-protein interactions, protein function, and biomarker discovery.
They consist of thousands of immobilized proteins on a solid surface, allowing for simultaneous analysis of multiple proteins.
3Components of Protein Microarrays
Substrate: Glass slides, membranes, or beads.
Proteins: Target proteins immobilized on the substrate.
Detection System: Fluorescent dyes, antibodies, or other probes.
Imaging System: Scanners or cameras for data acquisition.
4: Types of Protein Microarrays
Analytical Microarrays: Used for studying protein-protein interactions, protein expression profiling, and protein function analysis.
Antibody Microarrays: Utilized for detecting and quantifying specific proteins or antibodies in biological samples.
Reverse-Phase Protein Arrays (RPPAs): Designed for high-throughput protein expression profiling and signaling pathway analysis.
5:Applications of Protein Microarrays
Biomarker Discovery: Identification of disease-specific biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
Drug Discovery: High-throughput screening of drug candidates and target validation.
Functional Proteomics: Mapping protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications, and protein function analysis.
Clinical Diagnostics: Detection of infectious diseases, cancer biomarkers, and autoimmune disorders.
6: Workflow of Protein Microarray Experiment
Protein immobilization: Spotting or printing target proteins onto the microarray substrate.
Sample incubation: Incubating the microarray with biological samples containing proteins of interest.
Detection and analysis: Using fluorescent probes or antibodies to detect bound proteins and quantifying the signals.
Data interpretation: Analyzing and interpreting the results to extract meaningful biological insights.
7: Advantages of Protein Microarrays
-High-throughput analysis of thousands of proteins in parallel.
Small sample volume requirement.
Enables multiplexed assays for comprehensive protein profiling.
Facilitates rapid biomarker discovery and validation.
8: Challenges and Considerations
Standardization of protocols and reagents.
Optimization of protein immobilization and detection methods.
Data analysis and interpretation complexities.
Cost and accessibility of microarray platforms.
9: Future Perspectives
Integration with other omics technologies for holistic biological insights.
Development of miniaturized and portable microarray platforms for point-of-care diagnostics.
Advancements in data analysis algorithms and bioinformatics tools.
Expanding applications in personalized medicine and precision healthcare
10: Conclusion
Protein microarrays offer a powerful and versatile tool for protein analysis and biomarker discover
tulsi(nittal vekaria)k.b institute , m.pharm pharmacology .pptxNittalVekaria
Introduction
Welcome to our presentation on Tulsi, also known as Holy Basil.
Tulsi holds significant cultural, medicinal, and religious importance in India.
Botanical Overview
Scientific Name: Ocimum tenuiflorum
Common Names: Tulsi, Holy Basil
Family: Lamiaceae (Mint family)
Native to: Indian subcontinent
Varieties of Tulsi
Krishna Tulsi (Purple leaf)
Rama Tulsi (Green leaf)
Vana Tulsi (Wild variety)
Kapoor Tulsi (Camphor-scented)
Cultural Significance
Considered sacred in Hinduism.
Often found in Hindu households and temples.
Used in various rituals and ceremonies.
Symbolizes purity, auspiciousness, and divinity.
Medicinal Properties
Rich in antioxidants and essential oils.
Used in Ayurveda for its medicinal properties.
Benefits include:
Boosting immunity
Relieving stress
Improving digestion
Managing respiratory disorders
Medicinal Uses
Respiratory Health: Effective in managing coughs, colds, and asthma.
Stress Relief: Acts as an adaptogen, reducing stress and promoting relaxation.
Digestive Aid: Helps in digestion, relieving bloating and indigestion.
Immune Support: Boosts immunity, aiding in fighting infections.
Culinary Uses
Leaves used fresh or dried in cooking.
Adds a distinct flavor to dishes.
Used in teas, soups, and various Indian dishes.
Growing Tulsi
Prefers warm, tropical climates.
Grows well in well-drained soil with plenty of sunlight.
Can be grown in pots or directly in the ground.
Regular watering and occasional fertilization required.
Conclusion
Tulsi, the Sacred Herb of India, holds profound significance in culture, medicine, and spirituality.
Its versatile uses make it a valuable asset in both traditional and modern contexts.
Let us cherish and preserve the legacy of Tulsi for generations to come.
Diuretics and antidiuretics detail STUDYNittalVekaria
diuretics and antidiuretics detail study
-diuretic are the drug which increase the urine formation and excretion.
- antidiuretic work by decrease the urine formation.
classification, mechanism of action, use ,pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic,adverse effect
-newer drug
-banned diuretic and antidiuretic drug
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Parkinson’s disease
It is one of the type of neurodegenerative disease.
When neurons die in a part of the brain called the substantia
nigra, movement problem appear.
The substantia nigra ( lattin word which means black substance) is
a region within the brain that contains a large number of neurons that
release a substance called dopamine.
By releasing dopamine, the neurons of the substantia nigra
communicate with movement - producing part of the brain, like
the frontal lobe and basal ganglia.
The word ganglia means clusters of neurons.
The basal ganglia are located deep in the center of the brain and
are made up of several different groups of neurons.
Neuronal death in the substantia nigra means that these groups of
neurons can no longer work properly,
causing stumbling and shaking in the people that have this
disease. These individuals also experience problems starting and
maintaining their movements.
8. Screening Models of Drugs For Parkinsonism
(A) In-vivo Model's
1 . Tremorine and Oxotremorine Antagonism
2. MPT Modelfo Parkinson's Disease
3 . Reserpine Antagonism
4 . Circling Behaviour ni Nigrostriatal Lesioned Rsta
5. Elevated Body Swing Test
6. Skilled wPa Reaching in Rats
7. Stepping Test ni Rats
8. Gait Analysis
9 . Rotenone Induced Parkinsonism
10. Transgenic Animal Models foParkinson's Disease
11. Cel Transplantation into Lesioned Animals
12. Transfer of Glial Cel Line- Derived Neurotropic Factor
(GDNF)
B) In-vitro Model's
1 . Experiment using rat atrial slices
2 . Dopamine Stimulated Adenyl Cyclase Activity
3 . Culture of Substantia Nigra
4 . Inhibition of Apoptosis in Neuroblastoma SH-
SY5Y Cells
5 . Radioligand binding studies for D1 and D2
Dopamine Receptor
6 . In vitro Neuroprotective Efficacy
9. IN VIVO MODELS
1. tremorein & oxotremorine antagonism
PURPOSE &RATIONAL
The Muscarinic agonists(cholinergic agonist) tremorine and Oxotremorine induce parkinsonism-
like sign such as tremor, ataxia, spasticity, salivation, lacrimation & hypothermia.
These signs are prevented by centrally acting anticholinergic drugs like (benztropine,
trihexyphenidyl, biperidene, procyclidine).
10. PROCEDURE:-
1. Groups of 6-10 male NMRI mice weighing 18-22 g are used.
2. They are dosed orally with the test compound or the standard (5 mg/kg benzatropine mesilate)
1h prior the administration of 0.5 mg/kg oxotremorine s.c.
3. Rectal temperature is measured before administration of the compound (basal value) and ,1 2
and 3 h after oxotremorine injection.
4. Tremor is scored after oxotremorine dosage in 10s observation periods every 15 min for 1h.
5. Lacrimation and salivation are scored 15-30 min after oxotremorine.
12. Evaluation:-
1. Hypothermia:- The differences of body temperature after 1,2 & 3hrs versus basal value are
summarised for each animal in the control group & the test group. The average values are
compared statistically .
2. Tremor:- The scores for all animals in each group at the 3 observation periods are summarised.
The numbers in the treated groups are expressed as percentage of the number of the control group.
3. Salivation & Lacrimation:- The scores for both symptoms for all animals in each group are
summarised at the 2 observation periods. The no. is the treated group are expressed as percentage
of the number of the control group.
13. 2. MPTP MODEL IN ANIMALS
Principle -:
MPT (MPTP: - 1,2,3,6-Methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine) act as a neutrotoxin
MPP+
which preferentially affected dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra par compacta.
MPTP shows toxicity due to conversion into MPP+ by MAO enzyme.
MPP+ inhibit mitochondrial oxidation reaction and due to this oxidative stress occur this will leads to
selectively destroy the nigrostriatal neuron.
Most Popular MPT Model:- (a) MPT Model in mice
(b) MPTP Model in monkey
Used to evaluate levodopa drug
14. (a) MPTP MODEL IN MICE
Principle:-
Neuro protective effect of test drug measured in MPT Model in mice
Substantia nigra area is especially rich in microglia activation release a variety of neurotoxic
factors like superoxide, NO, cytokines & eicosanoids
Test drug reduces NADPH oxidase activity at extracellular and intracellular level
Requirements:-
-Animal:- mice-wild strain (C57BL/6J). Mice-null strain.
-Drug:- MPTP (15mg free base/kg ) s.c. & test drug
15. Procedure:-
1. Take NADPH - Oxidase null & wild type mice
2. MPTP (15mg/kg) injected s.c. to mice daily for 6-consecutive days
3. Then test drug injected to mice twice daily for first 6-days & then inject once daily for
remainder study
4.After 6-days of last MPTP injection, mice are killed
5. Striatal tissue are rapidly dissected
6 . Striatal cell viability estimation
NO release estimate by assays
ROS estimate by Fluorescence assay
16. Evaluation:-
Test drug evaluated for showing neuroprotective action
Reducing NADPH oxidase activity in PHOX+/+ (wild strain) is present but in PHOX-/-,
NADPH oxidase are absent
Reduces MPTP induced production of superoxide free radicals extracellular level and
intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).
17. (b) MPTP MODEL IN MONKEY
PRINCIPLE:-
Requirement:-
- Animal:- Rhesus monkey (5-8kg)
- Drug:- N-MPTP up to 10-18mg/kg i.v. for 5-8days. Test drug
18. Procedure:-
1. Take 8 rhesus monkey (5-8 kg) of either sex.
2. Administered the N-MPT i.v. with cumulative dose up to 10-18 mg/kg for 5-8 days.
3. Produces PD like symptoms
4. Administered test drug
5. Symptoms are Evaluated
19. EVALUATION:
The severity is rated by using scale of 0 (normal) to 17 (max)
Observation scoring
(1)Movement
Normal 0
Reduced 1
Sleepy 2
( 2 ) Checking movement
Present 0
Reduced 1
Absent 2
21. 3.RESERPINE ANTAGONISM
Principle:-
Reserpine induces depletion of central catecholamines & 5-HT etc.. stores. The sedative effect
can be observed in mice shortly after injection, followed by signs of eyelidptosis, hypokinesia,
rigidity, catatonia, and immobility.
These phenomena can be antagonized by dopamine agonists(L-dopa, bromocriptine, dopamine)
Requirements:-
• Animal:- male rats (Wistar strain 280-300 gm)
• Drug :- Chloral hydrate (350g/kg i.p.)
Reserpine (5mg/kg i.p.)
• Apparatus:- photocell
22. Procedure:-
1. Male NMRI rast of either sex are taken 20-25g
2. reserpine (5mg/kg pi.). Injected to rats and tested 24hrs later
3. 30min Prior to observation test compound is injected.
4 Animals are placed singly on to floor of Perspex container (30x26x20 cm.) which situated on
panlab proximaly sensor unit
5. Horizontal movement are recorded for 10min.
6. Rearing & grooming episodes are registered
24. 4. CIRCLING BEHAVIOUR IN NIGROSTRITAL LESIONED RATS
Principle:-
Unilateral lesion of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in the rat by the neurotoxin 6-
hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induces hypersensitivity of the postsynaptic dopaminergic
receptors in the striatum of the lesioned side
The rats rotate in a direction towards the lesioned side (ipsilateral) when an indirect acting
compound such as amphetamine is administered, but to the opposite direction (contralateral)
when a directly acting dopamine agonist, e.g.apomorphine, orthe- dopamineprecursor L-dopa is
given.
Therefore, this test can be used for the study of central dopamine function and the evaluation of
dopamine antagonists and agonists, particularly the activity of novel antiparkinsonian drugs.
An imbalance of dopaminergie activity within the basal ganglia is associated with markedly
asymmetric circling behavior (Rotation turning) which measured by Rota meter.
This model is used in drug induced rotating behavior and understanding of extra pyramidal
disorder & of their treatment by dopaminergic agents.
25. Requirements:-
• Animal :- Male Wistar rats(200-250gm)
• Dose :- 6-OHDA neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine(8l in 4 ml of 0.2 mg/ml ascorbic
acid in saline ) & test drug
• Apparatus:– Rotameter
26. Procedure:-
Male Wistar rats rats are taken
Rats are anesthetized with Pentobarbital (60mg/kg)
Head is placed in stereotaxic device sagittal cut is made in the skin of the skull, a 2-mm-wide
hole is drilled with an electrical trepan drill
A 30-gauge stainless-steel cannula connected to a Hamilton syringe is aimed at the anterior
zona compacta of the substantia nigra
• A total of 8g of 6-OHDA in 4y/l of saline is injected at a rate of 1y/4min
• After the intracranial injection the wound is closed. The animal is allowed several weeks for
recovery and for development of the lesion.
27. Rats are divided into groups:-
Control groups for base value of ipsilateral rotation 2.5mg/kg of amphetamine injected i.p.
to rats.
Control groups for base value of contra lateral rotation - 1mg/kg of Apomorphine injected i.p.
to rats.
Test compounds are given i.p or sc. and the animals placed into the circling chambers. Circling
is recorded over a 1-h period.
Further studied test group as compared to control group.
No. of full turns( either ipsilateral Or contra lateral turning to lesion) are recorded an automatic
print out counter every 15 min. for one or two hr. session.
28. Observation:-
For ipsi-lateral turning: - administer 2.5 mg/kg Amphetamine & placed in circling chamber for
2 hour
For contra-lateral turning: - administer 1g/kg &placed in circling chamber for 1hour
Test compound are given i.p. or sc. &record reading with 15 min. interval.
Evaluation:-
% change of drug turns from control turns is recorded.
29. 5.ELEVATION BODY SWING TEST
Principle : -
EBST measures asymmetrical motor behavior of hemiparkinsonian animals in a drug free state
& drug induced state.
- Drug induced motor behavior widely used as behavioral index of hemi parkinsonian animals.
- High positive co-relations b/w swing & Apomorphine induced rotational behavior.
Requirements:-
- Animal: - Sprague Dawley rats
- Drug :- 6-OHDA (8 mg in 4ml 0.9% saline containing 0.02% ascorbic acid). Test drug
30. Procedure:-
40 rats are taken as test group
Anesthetised with sod. Pentobarbital(60mg/kg i.p.) mounted in stereotaxic device
Stereotaxically lesioned in left substantia nigra
6-OHDA solution are injected over 4min & needle left in place for an additional 5 min. before
retraction.
7days after lesion, behavioral testing is performed.
Remaining 24 animal served ascontrol group. The animals are placed into a plexiglass box
(40x40x35.5 cm.)
The rat is held about 2.5cm from the base of its tail and elevated 2.5cm above the surface on
which it has been resting. A swing is recorded whenever the animal movesits headout of the
vertical axis of either side
31. Before attempting another swing the animal must return to the vertical position for the next
swing to be counted. Swings are counted for 60s over four consecutive 15-s segment
32. Observation:
A swing is recorded whenever the animal moves its head outof vertical axis. Swing are counted
for 60sec.With interval of 15sec.
33. Evaluation:-
%LEFT SWING= no. Of swing towards left side / L+R
%RIGHT SWING = no. Of swing toward right side / L+R
34. 6.SKILLED PAW REACHING TEST
Principle : -
This method used to evaluate symptoms and treatment in rat by skilled reaching with fore paw
for food.
Unilateral DA depletion reduces success by abnormalities in movements including changing in
posture.
Requirements:-
Animal : long Evans rats (250-310gm)
Dose:- Des methyl Imipramine (25 mg/kg i.p.) 6-OHDA (2l of 4mg/ml in 0.95% saline with
0.02% ascorbic acid)
Equipment:- Single pellet boxes (25x35×30cm) Food tray boxes(10x18x10cm)
35.
36. Procedure:-
20 rats are taken
30minute before surgery, desmethylimipramine administered (25mg/kg i.p.)
Rats anesthetized with pentabarbital(60mg/kg i.p.)
12 rats received 6-OHDA lesions but 8 rats not received
The apparatus consists of a clear Perspex chamber with a hinged lid.
A narrower compartment with a central platform running along its length, creating trough on either
side, is connected to the chamber
The narrowness of the side compartment prevents rats from turning around, so they can use only their
left paw for reaching into the left trough and their right paw for reaching into the right trough.
A removable double staircase is inserted into the end of the box, sliding into the troughs on either side
of the central platform.
Each of the steps of the staircase contains a small well, and two 45 mg saccharin-flavored pellets are
placed in each well.
37. Learning Procedure:-
The week before the start of the training period, the rats are deprived of food and their
body weight is stabilized at 85% of the weight of non-deprived rats. At the same time,
they are gently manipulated and familiarized with the appetitive saccharin- flavored
pellets.
The animals then begin to learn the paw reaching task. For 4 weeks they are placed in
the test boxes once per day for 10- 15min. The number of pellets eaten during the test
period indicates the rat's success in grasping and retrieving the pellets; the number of
steps from which pellets have been removed provides an index of the attempts to reach
the food and how far the rat can reach the number of missed pellets remaining at the end
of the test on the floor of the side compartment indicates a lack of sensorimotor
coordination in grasping and retrieving the pellets
38. Lesions:-
The mesotelencephalic (memory and learning) system is lesioned by a stereotaxic
unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle under equithesin
anesthesia.
6 OHDA is injected in a volume of 1.5ml and at a concentration of 4ug/l of 0.9% saline
and 0.01% ascorbic acid twice over 3min viaa 30-gaugestainless steel cannula at the
stereotaxic coordinates.
Drug Treatment :-
The animals are injected i.p.with the test drug or sanile 30min before the unilateral 6-
OHDA lesion and 24h there after.
39. Scoring Reaching Success-
Reaching performance are scored by counting misses and successful reaches for each
limb.
1 Scored as "reach".
2 Scored as "hit".
Success% = no. of reaches / no. of hit × 100
Reaching posture
• Two point scale
Scored as 0
Scored as 1
40. 7.STEPPING TEST IN RATS
Principle:-
This model is clinically relevant to unilateral model for parkinsonism akinesia.
the 6-OHDA lesion induced marked and long lasting impairments in the initiation of stepping
movements with the contra lateral paw which can be ameliorated by application of drug.
Requirement:-
Animal:- Sprague Drawley rats
Dose: - 6-OHDA 3.6ug/l in 0.2 ug/ml Ascorbate saline, test drug
41. Procedure:-
6-OHDA Lesion Surgery Female Sprague Dawley rats receive two stereotaxic injections of 6-OHDA
(3.6g/ l in 0.2 g/ml ascorbate-saline) into the right ascending mesostriatal dopamine pathway using a
10- l Hamilton syringe
The cannula is left in place for an additional 5min before slowly retracted.
The tests monitoring initiation time, stepping time and step length are performed using a wooden ramp
with a length of 1m connected to the rat's home cage
A smooth-surfaced table is used for measuring adjusted steps.
During the first 3 days the rats are handled by the experimenter to familiarize them with the
experimenter’s grip.
During the subsequent 1-2 days the rats are trained to run spontaneously up the ramp to the home cage.
1) the time to initiation of a movement of each forelimb, the step length, and the time required for
the rat to cover a set distance along the ramp with each forelimb
2) the initiation of adjusting steps by each forelimb when he animal was moved side ways along the
bench surface
42. The stepping test comprises two parts:
Each test consists of two tests per day for three consecutive days and the mean of six
subtests is calculated.
43. Evaluation Parameter :-
- Initiation time, Stepping Time, Step length.
- Step length = Length of ramp / no. of steps
- Sequence of testing in right paw & followed by left paw testing, repeated twice.
44. 8. Gait analysis
Gait analysis is useful in objective assessment of walking ability and identify causes for walking
abnormality in parkinsonism disease.
The result of gait analysis is useful in determining best course of treatment.
Catwalk method is mostly used to analyze gait in lab Animal.
45. 9. Rotenone induced parkinsonism
Principle:
Chronic systemic complex 1 st inhibition caused by Rotenone exposure induces of
parkinsonism in rats including selective nigrostriatal dopanimergic degeneration & formation of
ubiquitin & a-synuclein inclusion.
46. 10.Transgenic Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease
Purpose and rationale :
The most prominent models are related to a-synuclein. The first transgenic mice that express
human a-synuclein were generated by Masliah et al. (2000).
These mice displayed a progressive accumulation of a synuclein and ubiquitin-immune reactive
inclusions in neurons of the neocortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. These alterations
were associated with a loss of dopaminergic terminals in the basal ganglia and with motor
impairments.
47. (b) IN-VITRO METHODS.
1. EXPERIMENT USING RAT STAITAL SLICES
1. Striatum in brain is primarily affected in parkinsonism. The release of the neurotransmitter like
dopamine and acetylcholine in response to test agent serve as a good in vitro marker of its
activity.
2. Male spargue dawley rats(150-250g)are decapitated, the skull is opened.
3. Right and left striata are removed & placed in ice-cold krebs solution
4 The striata is cut into 0.4mm thick slices using a tissue chopper.
5.The slices are kept floating for 30 min in krebs solution & gassed with 95% O2 & 5% CO2 at
room temperature
6. The slices are labeled by incubating for 30 min at 37C with [3H] dopamine (5ci/ml) & [14c]
choline (2 ci/ml)in the presence of 0.15mM pargyline chloride & 01.mM ascorbic acid.
7.Labeled slices are transferred to superfusion chambers & perfused with krebs solutions at 37c at
flow rate of 0.5ml/min.
48. 8. After washing &stabilization 5min fraction of superfusate are collect
9. The perfusion buffer contains 1 M nomifensine to inhibit dopamine reuptake &10 M
hemicholinium to inhibit choline uptake.
10. The slices are subjected to field strength to the current strength of 10- 15 mA/cm2 & pulse
duration of 2msec at stimulation frequency of 3Hz for 5min.
11. Drugs to be tested are present in the superfusion fluid.
12. The radioactivity in the superfusate samples & in the tissue is determined by liquid
scintillation counting.
13. The radiolabelled choline method makes it possible to study Ach release in vitro without
inhibiting cholinestrase, thus minimizing auto inhibition of transmitter release caused by
accumulation of unhydrolised of ach.
49. 2. DOPAMINE STIMULATED ADENYLYCYCLASE ACTIVITY
1. Male sprague- dawley(150-250g) are decapitated & right & left striata are removed.
2. Striatal tissue is homogenized by teflon homogenizer in chilled buffer containing 10mM
imidazole, 2mM EDTA & 10% sucrose ph 7.3
3. Homogenate is centrifuged at thousand g for 10min & supernatant is recentifuged at 27000g for
20min.
4. The pellet obtained is washed twice & suspended in 10mM imidazole, ph7.3. Membrane
protein is determined by bradfords method using bovine serum.
5. Adenylyl cyclase activity is measured by calculating the conversion rate of (32p) ATP to (32p)
CAMP.
6. The assay is perform in 250 l solution containing imidazole, mgcl2
7. papaverine dithiothreitol, ATP, GTP, phspocreatine,creatine phosphokinase.
50. 8.The reaction mixture is preincubated at 30c for 5min, the reaction is initiated by adding
membrane proteins and incubated for 10min.
9. The reaction is terminated by adding stopping solution(ATP,SDS,cAMP). Formed (32p) CAMP
is separated from (32p) ATP by chromatography.
51. Refrences:-
• Drug Discovery and Evaluation Pharmacological Assays By H. Gerhard Vogel (Ed.) Page no. :
577- 585
• S.K Gupta, text book of screening methods and toxicology
• Tripathi KD, Essentials of medical pharmacology, 6th edition, page no: 381-389.
• Rang, P.H. et al (2003) "Nuerodegenerative Disease" Pharmacology, Elsevier Science limited,
5.497-499.
• Goodman &Gilman's, 1996, Treatment of central nervous system degenerative disorders,
Mcgrawl Hill, 9 , 506-512.
• Richard, A.H.(2000) "Treatment of Parkinsons Disease",Pharmacology, Lippincotts Williams
&Wilkins, 2.83-84