This document discusses neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells, specifically lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms. It covers the classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, immunophenotype, and treatment of various forms of leukemia and lymphoma. In particular, it provides detailed information about acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, their molecular genetics and prognostic factors.
Lab Diagnosis of Chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD);Flowcytometric...Dr Siddartha
Lab Diagnosis of Chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD);Flowcytometric Evaluation
Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute
Two cases of Waldenstrӧm macroglobulinemia along with brief disease pathology. Waldenstrӧm macroglobulinemia is a rare B cell lymphoma involving bone marrow with IgM monoclonal gammopathy of any concentration
Lab Diagnosis of Chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD);Flowcytometric...Dr Siddartha
Lab Diagnosis of Chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD);Flowcytometric Evaluation
Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute
Two cases of Waldenstrӧm macroglobulinemia along with brief disease pathology. Waldenstrӧm macroglobulinemia is a rare B cell lymphoma involving bone marrow with IgM monoclonal gammopathy of any concentration
What is Lymphoma?
Malignant lymphoma is a term given to tumors of the lymphoid system and specifically of lymphocytes and their precursor cells
i.e.
Cancer of the lymphatic system.
Many lymphomas are known to be due to specific genetic mutations.
What is Lymphoma?
Malignant lymphoma is a term given to tumors of the lymphoid system and specifically of lymphocytes and their precursor cells
i.e.
Cancer of the lymphatic system.
Many lymphomas are known to be due to specific genetic mutations.
this is powerpoint presentation comprising of latest updates and theory of lymphoma and plasma cell dyscrasias WHO 2016. restricted to all lymphomaniacs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
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Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
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APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
5. Mutated genes Produce Negative protein Interfere with its normal function/ or Inapropriate increase in some normal activity ( MALTomas ) Translocation of either MALT1 or BCL10 protein Upregulation of NF-kB Normally Bind to form complex regulate NF-kB NF-kB has important pro-survival function in normal lymphocytes Oncoprotein created by genomic abberations Often Block normal maturation Affect rapidly proliferating cells Acute Leukemias Proto-Oncogenes Often activated in lymphocytes by errors that occur during attempted antibody diversification 5 Chromosomal Translocation & Other Acquired Mutations
13. Lymphoid neoplasm Widespread Bone Marrow Involvement Usually (+) Large Numbers of Tumor cells in Peripheral smear 13 Lymphocytic leukemia
14. Proliferations arising as Discrete tissue masses 2 Types 1. Non-HodgkinsLmphoma 2. HodgkinsLymhoma Many types present with Leukemia Term used – Tissue distribution of the disease at time of clinical presentation 14 lymphoma
15. Most commonly arise in Bone Marrow Rarely present as Leukemia R/T Secretion of Antibodies by tumor cells 15 Plasma cell Neoplasm
16. Vast majority are B cell in origin Markers recognized by Antibodies help in characterization into 5 categories Often disrupt normal architecture & function of Immune system Susceptibility to infection Autoimmune 16 FEATURES- Lymphoid Neoplasm
17. Inherited or acquired Immunedeficiency High risk certain lymphoid neoplasm Particularly caused by oncogenic virus eg. EBV 17 FEATURES- Lymphoid Neoplasm
18. Tend to home to a particular tissue sites Follicular Lymphoma – Germinal center T-cell Lymphomas – Skin Some recirculate through the lymphatics & peripheral blood Distant sites Except Hodgkins, Marginal zone lymphoma ( MALToma ) 18 FEATURES- Lymphoid Neoplasm
19. Determined by Anatomic distribuation of disease 2/3 NHL and 100% of Hodgkin Lymphomas Enlarged Nontender LN Often > 2 cm Remaining 1/3 NHL Symptoms r/t to involvement of Extranodal sites Skin, Stomach, Brain 19 Clinical PresentationLymphoma
20. Abrupt stormy onset Present w/in days to few weeks S/S related to Suppression of normal Hematopoiesis by tumor cells in BM Characteristic is Infiltrate in Spleen & Liver 20 LYMPHOCYTICLEUKEMIA
21. Involve the skeleton Local bone destruction Pain Pathologic Fractures Addendum Secretion of whole Ab or Ig fragments 21 PLASMA CELL NEOPLASM
22. Precursor B cell Neoplasm Immature B cells Peripheral B cell Neoplasms Mature B cells Percursor T-cell Neoplasm Immature T cells Peripheral T-cell & NK cell Neoplasm Mature T cell & NK cells Hodgkin Lymphoma 22 WHO 5 CATEGORIES
23. Precursor B and T –Cell Neoplasms - Neoplasm of Immature B cells Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma 23
24. Group of Neoplasm composed of Immature pre-B or Pre-T LYMPHOBLASTS Most common cancer of Children Slightly higher in boys 2 Types: 1. Pre-B cell 2. Pre-T cell Both tumors types are morphologically indistinguishable Features : 24
25. 85% are B-ALLs Manifest as Childhood Acute Leukemia Peak age is 3 y/o Extensive BM involvement Variable Peripheral involvement Uncommonly present as Lymphoma Less common is T-ALLs Adolescent males As Thymic Lymphoma Many evolve to Leukemia Features : 25
26. B-ALL Leukemic Presentation Marrow Hyperplasia and packed with Lymphoblast T-ALL Mediastinalthymic mass Often with LNadenopathy & Splenomegaly 26 Morphology
27. Lymphoblast in PBS DefinitveDx based on Lymphocyte –specific markers with Antibodies Histochemical stain Negative for myeloperoxidase Often (+) PAS in cytoplasmic aggregates Immunophenotype (+) TdT in > 95% of cases DNA polymerase Expressed only in pre-B and pre-T lymphoblast Morphology : 27
29. B-ALL lymphoblast (+) CD19, CD10, CD19, CD20 T-ALL lymphoblast (+) CD1, CD2, CD5, CD7 Arrest in normal Maturation of Lymphoblast Dysregulation in epxression and function of transcription factors 29
30. About 90% ALL have numerical or structural chromosomal changes Most commonly – Hyperploidy > 50 chromosomes Hypoploidy Translocation Hyperploidy & Hypoploidy are seen only in B-ALL B & T ALL are associated wuth completely different sets of translocation 30 Molecular Pathogenesis
31. 70% of T-ALL Have gain-of-function mutations in NOTCH1 NOTCH1 is essential for T-cell development High Fraction of B-ALL Have loss-of-function mutations in genes for B cell development NET EFFECT: 1. Disturb differentiation of Lymphoid precursor 2. Promote Maturation arrest Single mutations are not sufficient to produce ALL Must Acquire additional mutation before ALL develop 31 Molecular Pathogenesis
32. Abrupt stormy onset Present w/in days to few weeks Symptoms r/t bone marrow suppression Anemia , Infection, Bleeding episodes Clinical Features : 32
33. Mass Effects Bone pain & tenderness Generalized Lymphadenopathy, Splenomegaly, Hepatomegaly T-ALL Complications R/T complression of large vessels and Airways in mediastinum Both may have CNS manifestation Due to meningeal spread Headache, Vomiting, Nerve palsies Clinical Features : 33
35. Aggressive ChemoTx often w/ prophylactic CNS treatment > 95% of children achieve complete remission 75-85% of choldren are Cured Still the leading cause of cancer death in children Treatment & Prognosis : 35
36. Unfavorable Prognostic Factors < 2y/o Presentation in adolescence or childhood Peripheral blast count > 100,000 Presence of Ph’ chromosome T(9;22) Commonly seen in adult patients ALLOGENIC BM TRANSPLANT – POOR PROGNOSTIC CATEGORIES 36
37. Age 2-10 y/o Low WBC count Early pre-B phenotype Hyperploidy or t(12;21) Favorable Prognostic Factor 37
38. Peripheral B cell Neoplasm- Neoplasm of Mature B cells 38 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia & Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma 2. Follicular Lymphoma 3. Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma 4. Extranodal marginal zone Lymphoma 5. Burkitts Lymphoma
40. Features Similar - Morphological, Phenotype, Genotype Differ only in degree of peripheral blood Lymphocytosis 40
41. Features CLL – Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Most common leukemia of Adults in Western countries Median age 60 y/o 2:1 male preponderance Diagnostic Criteria Absolute Lymphocytosis > 4000 per mm3 PERIPHERAL BLOOD WBC counts is High Increased numbers of Small Lymphocytes Smudge cell 41
43. Features SLL – Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma. Represent 4% of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Total WBC count is Variable If w/ Bone Marrow Involvement can present as Leukopenia LYMPH NODE Diffusely Effaced , Predominant Small Lymphocytes Variable large Prolymphocytes CREATE PROLIFERATION CENTERS PATHOGNOMONIC FOR CLL/SLL 43
45. Immunophenotype/ Molecular Genetics CD5 – present in tumor cells T-cell marker Expressed by small subset of normal B lymphos Chromosomal translocation is rare Most are Deletions 13q14 11q 17p 45
46. Clinical Features Mostly over 50 y/o Male > Female 2:1 Often Asymptomatic Nonspecific symptoms when manifest BONE MARROW INVOLVEMENT All cases of CLL Most cases of SLL 46
47. Clinical Features 50-60% show Generalized Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly VARIABLE INVOLVEMENT OF SPLEEN & HEPATIC PORTAL TRATS 47
48. Clinical Features Disrupts Immune function Hypogammaglobulinemia – Susceptible to INFXN Autoimmune Auto-Antibodies produced by non-neoplastic B cells 10-15% develop Hemolytic anemia /Thrombocytopenia 48
49. Prognosis Extremely Variable Depend mostly on Stage Overall Median is 4-6 years Minimal Tumor burden 10 years 49
50. Poor Prognostic Factors Presence of Deletions 11q & 17p Usually higher stage Transformation to higher grades Prolymphocytic 15%-30% Worsening cytopenias Increasing Splenomegaly Diffuse Large cell 5%-10% Rapidly enlarging mass w/in LN or spleen Richter syndrome Survival < 1 year 50