1. Lymphoma refers to cancers that develop from lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. The document discusses the classification, clinical features, pathogenesis, and pathology of various types of lymphoma including Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphomas such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma.
2. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells amidst an inflammatory background. The four major histologic subtypes are nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion, and lymphocyte rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
3. Non-
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
various cutaneous lymphomas though having low incidence but need to be diagnosed accurately. they can be mimiced by many non neoplastic conditions of skin. so discussing both T and B cell lymphomas
This is a presentation on the topic of cytology of the breast, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
various cutaneous lymphomas though having low incidence but need to be diagnosed accurately. they can be mimiced by many non neoplastic conditions of skin. so discussing both T and B cell lymphomas
This is a presentation on the topic of cytology of the breast, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
acute leukemia
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Topic of presentation: Lymphoma. Pathology of Lymphoma, stages of Lymphoma, types of Lymphoma. Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma are discussed along with their sub types clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
20. ·Willis (1948)
“… nowhere in pathology has a chaos of
names so clouded clear concepts as in
the subject of lymphoid tumors ….”
•Hopwood (1957)
“… the urge to classify is a fundamental
human instinct: like a predisposition to
sin, it accompanies us into the world at
birth and stays with us to the end …”
22. WHO Classification of lymphomas
At least 30 types of lymphoma are recognized
3 broad flavors
- B-cell lymphomas
Precursor (immature),
peripheral (“mature”)
- T-cell lymphomas
- Hodgkin lymphoma ( bona fide lymphoma)
~ 85% in North America and Europe are B-cell
· two types account for > 50% of lymphomas
- diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (~ 30 - 40%)
- follicular lymphomas (~ 25 - 30%)
·
29. Diagnosing lymphoid neoplasias
• T-cell markers
– CD3 mature T cells
– CD4 – helper T cell
– CD5 – T cell, small
subset of B cells
– CD8 – cytotoxic T cell
• B cell markers
– CD19 - mature B cell
– CD20 - mature B cell
– CD23 - activated
mature B cell
– CD10
– Bcl-6
30. Lymphoid leukemia versus lymphoma
Somewhat arbitrary, distinctions for
lymphoid neoplasias
Lymphoid leukemia presents with mainly
bone marrow and blood involvement
Lymphoma presents with nodal or
extranodal mass with minimal
blood/marrow involvement
Many diseases overlap or evolve from one
another
31. Signs and symptoms
Lymphoid leukemias present with signs and
symptoms related to bone marrow
involvement
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia
Lymphomas present as nontender mass (>2
cm)
Extranodal- skin, GI tract, brain,
Fever, weight loss, night sweats (B-symptoms)
Patients may have any combination of the
above
32. Origin of B-cell lymphomas
Marginal zone
Mantle zone
Germinal center
Naive B-cell
Mantle cell
lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
Large cell lymphoma
Memory B-cell
CLL/SLL
Marginal zone
lymphoma
Plasma cell
Myeloma
33. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small
Lymphocytic Lymphoma
CLINICAL
•commonest leukemia
•CLL often picked up on routine CBC
•typically indolent (but not always!)
•rare less than 40 years
•complications:
• autoimmune (10-15%) (ITP, AIHA)
• hypogammaglobulinemia
• transformation (DLBCL)
PATHOLOGY
•diffuse growth pattern
Spleen is frequently involved
38. FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA
15-20 000/year, less common in Europe, Asia
-Middle age patient’s
-Most common indolent lymphoma
-Peripheral blood 10%
-Bone marrow 85% involved
-Spleen and liver also commonly involved
-Can undergo transformation into large cell lymphoma
39. Follicular lymphoma
Classic low power view
- back-to-back follicles
- loss of interfollicular
zones
- extranodal follicles
- uniform size of follicles
41. Follicular lymphoma
diagnostic hallmark t(14;18)
Translocates the bcl-2 gene
next to IgH
over expression of bcl-2 prevents
apoptosis
Bcl-2 +
Bcl-2 – staining in normal
Lymphoid follicle
46. Origin of B-cell lymphomas
Marginal zone
Mantle zone
Germinal center
Naive B-cell
Mantle cell
lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
Large cell lymphoma
Memory B-cell
CLL/SLL
Marginal zone
lymphoma
Plasma cell
Myeloma
CB/CC
47. Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
Most common non Hodgkin lymphoma(~40%)
- 25, 000 new cases/year
- median age 6th decade - all age
groups
- typically present with a single rapidly
enlarging mass
- often (~ 40%) extranodal
Variable clinical outcome
aggressive, has to be treated immediately
48. Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma
Etiology and clinicopathologic subtypes
- de novo
-BCL-6 mutation freezes the differentiation of cells in the
germinal center + blocks the effect of p53
-can occur anywhere in the body
- transformed from either follicular lymphoma (t14;18) or CLL/SLL
- immunosuppressed patients
- transplant patients, AIDS patients
- KSHV, EBV, HHV-8 infection
49. Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
Note the population of large tumor cells, diffuse growth pattern, variation in size
and shape of cells, cells with vesicular nucleus and cleaved cells
50. Origin of B-cell lymphomas
Marginal zone
Mantle zone
Germinal center
Naive B-cell
Mantle cell
lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
Large cell lymphoma
Memory B-cell
CLL/SLL
Marginal zone
lymphoma
Plasma cell
Myeloma
CB/CC
52. Extremely aggressive high grade lymphoma
T(8-14) activates c-myc oncogene
Endemic Non-endemic Immunodeficiency
children and young adults
Site Jaw/Facial Ileocecal area Systemic/non-CNS
EBV ~ 100% ~ 15-20% ~ 25%
BM not involved can be can be
Cure rate high high ?
Burkitt lymphoma
55. Burkitt lymphoma
small round cells in a “starry sky” pattern created by macrophages
engulfing cellular debris, mitoses
56. Clinically:
- typically presents in elderly males
- frequently extranodal:
- leukemic phase
- GI: lymphomatous polyposis
- much more aggressive than other
- poor response to conventional
chemotherapy
- median survival 3 - 4 years
Mantle cell lymphoma
58. Origin of B-cell lymphomas
Marginal zone
Mantle zone
Germinal center
Naive B-cell
Mantle cell
Lymphoma
CLL/SLL
Follicular lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
Large cell lymphoma
Memory B-cell
CLL/SLL
Marginal zone
lymphoma
4.Plasma cell
Myeloma
CC/CB
59. Extra-nodal marginal zone lymphoma,
MALToma
• Pathogenesis:
– Autoimmune disorders: thyroid(Hashimoto), salivary glands
(Sjogren)
– Chronic infection: stomach, lung, skin, conjunctiva
– Begins as a polycloncal reactive process, over time becomes a
monoclonal B cell lymphoma
– In stomach, highly associated with helicobacter pylori
• monocytoid B cells, plasma cells, germinal centers,
lymphoepithelial lesions
• Survival: indolent in early stages
• Cell of origin: marginal zone B cell
61. Origin of B-cell lymphomas
Marginal zone
Mantle zone
Germinal center
Naive B-cell
Mantle cell
lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
Large cell lymphoma
Memory B-cell
CLL/SLL
Marginal zone
lymphoma
4.Plasma cell
Myeloma
CC/CB
62. typically presents as:
- male in 6th decade
- splenomegaly
- no lymphadenopathy
- CBC:
- pancytopenia
- marked monocytopenia
•splenic disease:
- red pulp (unique )
Hairy cell leukemia
63. Hodgkin lymphoma
Incidence
- ~ 1% of all new cancers in USA
- ~ 7,500 new cases/year
- constant recent increase
Age
- bimodal age-curve (unique in
cancer)
- 15 - 35
- > 50
Sex
- M:F = ~ 4:3 (except nodular
sclerosis)
72. NS MC LD LR
Frequency ~70% ~20% <1% ~5%
Usual age 15-30 any/middle >50 any
middle
Clinically females abdominal advanced early
mediastinal splenic marrow stage
5yr survival ~80% ~60% ~30% ~90%
Hodgkin lymphoma features
73. Staging of HL
• I: Single LN region or extra-nodal site
• II: 2 or more LN regions on same side of diaphragm
• III: LN on both sides of diaphragm, may include spleen
• IV: Multiple or disseminated foci
• Further divided into absence (A) or presence (B) of fever,
night sweats, unexplained weight loss of >10% body
weight
