Paper chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures and identify their components. It works by partitioning the components between a stationary phase, such as the cellulose in filter paper, and a mobile phase, which is a liquid solvent. Samples are spotted onto the paper and placed in a sealed container with a shallow layer of solvent. The solvent rises up the paper by capillary action, carrying the components with it at different rates depending on how strongly they interact with the stationary and mobile phases. This results in the separation of components into distinct spots on the paper. The spots can then be analyzed using detection methods like examining color, fluorescence, or chemical spraying, to identify the different components in the original mixture. Paper chromatography is a simple and inexpensive
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances.It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
This presentation contains all the topics related to column chromatography. That includes introduction, principle,apparatus, experimental aspects of column chromatography, application of column chromatography, advantage and disadvantage of column chromatography with reference.
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Cellulose filter paper is often used as the statioary phase in the paper chromatography. Since it is hydrophillic, it is usually covered with thin film of water. The procedure is often regarded as liquid-liquid cromatography
Other liquids can be encorporated in place of water, thus provides different type of stationary phase. Eg. Paper treated with silicone or paraffin oil permits reverse phase-paper chromatography, in which mobile phase is a polar solvent.
There are some commercially available papers that contain an adsorbent or an ion-exchange resin, thus permmits adsorption and ion-exhange paper chromatography.
PRINCIPLE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
This is type of partition chromatography in which the substance are distributed between two liquids that is one is the stationary liquid (usually water) which is held in the fibres of paper and called the stationary phase; the other is the moving liquid or developing solvent and called the mobile phase. The components of mixture to be separated migrates at different rates as its solubility between two phases and appear as spot at different points on the paper.
In this technique, a drop of the test solution is applied as a small spot on a filter paper and the spot is dried. The paper is kept in close chamber and the edge of filter is dipped into a solvent called as developing solvent. As soon as filter paper gets liquids via capillary action and reaches to the spot of the test solution then various substances are moved by solvent with various speeds. When solvent move up to suitable height (15-18) the paper is dried and various spot are visualised by suitable reagent called visualising reagent.
MIGRATION PARAMETERS
1) RF VALUE(RETENSION FACTOR) :- It is ratio of the solute’s distance travelled to solvent’s distance travelled.
It is constant for a given substance, provided the conditions of chromatographic system are kept constant with respect to tempreture, type of paper, duration and direction of development, nature and the shape and the size of the wick used (i.e., radial chromatography), the amount of liquid in the reservoir, humidity etc.
The Rf of of a substance depends upon a number of factors which are:
The solvent employed
The medium used for separation i.e., the quality of paper chromatography
The nature of mixture
The tempreture
Size of vessel in which operation has been carried out
It is possible to compare the Rf Values of different substances keeping above factor constant
types of paper chromatogtaphy
ascending, descending, ascending-descending, radial , two diamentional chromatography
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide (alumina), or cellulose.
chromatography, principle, adsorbent of TLC, mobile phase of TLC, techniques in TLC, preparation of TLC plate, standards for TLC, advantages, disadvantages of TLC, Application of TLC.
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances.It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
This presentation contains all the topics related to column chromatography. That includes introduction, principle,apparatus, experimental aspects of column chromatography, application of column chromatography, advantage and disadvantage of column chromatography with reference.
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Cellulose filter paper is often used as the statioary phase in the paper chromatography. Since it is hydrophillic, it is usually covered with thin film of water. The procedure is often regarded as liquid-liquid cromatography
Other liquids can be encorporated in place of water, thus provides different type of stationary phase. Eg. Paper treated with silicone or paraffin oil permits reverse phase-paper chromatography, in which mobile phase is a polar solvent.
There are some commercially available papers that contain an adsorbent or an ion-exchange resin, thus permmits adsorption and ion-exhange paper chromatography.
PRINCIPLE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
This is type of partition chromatography in which the substance are distributed between two liquids that is one is the stationary liquid (usually water) which is held in the fibres of paper and called the stationary phase; the other is the moving liquid or developing solvent and called the mobile phase. The components of mixture to be separated migrates at different rates as its solubility between two phases and appear as spot at different points on the paper.
In this technique, a drop of the test solution is applied as a small spot on a filter paper and the spot is dried. The paper is kept in close chamber and the edge of filter is dipped into a solvent called as developing solvent. As soon as filter paper gets liquids via capillary action and reaches to the spot of the test solution then various substances are moved by solvent with various speeds. When solvent move up to suitable height (15-18) the paper is dried and various spot are visualised by suitable reagent called visualising reagent.
MIGRATION PARAMETERS
1) RF VALUE(RETENSION FACTOR) :- It is ratio of the solute’s distance travelled to solvent’s distance travelled.
It is constant for a given substance, provided the conditions of chromatographic system are kept constant with respect to tempreture, type of paper, duration and direction of development, nature and the shape and the size of the wick used (i.e., radial chromatography), the amount of liquid in the reservoir, humidity etc.
The Rf of of a substance depends upon a number of factors which are:
The solvent employed
The medium used for separation i.e., the quality of paper chromatography
The nature of mixture
The tempreture
Size of vessel in which operation has been carried out
It is possible to compare the Rf Values of different substances keeping above factor constant
types of paper chromatogtaphy
ascending, descending, ascending-descending, radial , two diamentional chromatography
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide (alumina), or cellulose.
chromatography, principle, adsorbent of TLC, mobile phase of TLC, techniques in TLC, preparation of TLC plate, standards for TLC, advantages, disadvantages of TLC, Application of TLC.
Chromatography : A seperation techniqueSHIVANEE VYAS
Chromatography is a method of seperating mixture of components into individual components through equlibrium distribution between two phases.
Each chromatographic method essentially consists of 2 phases a staionary phase and a mobile phase.
Stationary phase : solid or liquid
Mobile phase : liquid or gas
A chromatogrpahic technique widely employed for identification of certain organic compounds. Applied in laboratories of colleges as a teaching tool for easy understanding the thechnique of chromatography.
TLC-Introduction, Principle, Procedure, and Applications.
Paper Chromatography-Introduction, Principle, Procedure, and Applications.
Column Chromatography-Introduction, Principle, Procedure, and Applications.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. 1
paper chromatography
At first what is chromatography ?
Chromatography is a technique by which natural compounds
of different chemical structure are separated by differential
migration between two different phases .
Paper chromatography :
Paper chromatography (PC) is a type of a planar whereby
chromatography procedures are run on a specialized paper.
PC is considered to be the simplest and most widely used of
the chromatographic techniques because of its applicability
to isolation, identification and quantitative determination
of organic and inorganic compounds.
It was first introduced by German scientist Christian
Friedrich Schonbein (1865).
Types of Paper chromatography :
1.Paper Adsorption Chromatography : Paper impregnated
with silica or alumina acts as adsorbent (stationary phase)
and solvent as mobile phase.
2.Paper Partition Chromatography : Moisture / Water
present in the pores of cellulose fibers present in filter
paper acts as stationary phase & another mobile phase is
used as solvent In general paper chromatography mostly
refers to paper partition chromatography.
2. 2
Principle of Paper chromatography :
The principle of separation is mainly partition rather than
adsorption. Substances are distributed between a stationary
phase and mobile phase. Cellulose layers in filter paper contain
moisture which acts as stationary phase. Organic
solvents/buffers are used as mobile phase. The developing
solution travels up the stationary phase carrying the sample
with it. Components of the sample will separate readily
according to how strongly they adsorb onto the stationary
phase versus how readily they dissolve in the mobile phase.
Paper chromatography works in few steps:
Step 1: A horizontal line is drawn near one end (about 1.5 cm from the
bottom edge) of the paper. In figure below 6 is the horizontal line.
Step 2: The sample needs to be separated is placed as a small drop or
line on to the paper using capillary tube. Labelling the drop by a pencil
with an alphabet or number help to identify the compound later. In
figure above 3 and 4 are the drops labelled. The drops are then soaked
on the paper and dried.
Step 3: The paper is then placed into a sealed container with a swallow
layer of suitable solvent. The solvent level must be lower than the
pencil line or drop on it. The container need to be covered to stop the
solvent to evaporate.
Step 4: The solvent rises up the paper chromatography taking each
component of the sample with it. The components travel with the
solvent depends on three things:
The polarity of the sample molecule. The non polar components
travel faster than the polar component.
3. 3
The attraction between the sample molecule and the solvent or
solvent mixture.
The attraction between the sample and the silica.
Step 5: When the solvent rises near the end of the paper then the
paper should be taken out from sealed container and air dried. The
paper with separated bands of components are then observed under
UV-light.
Then there is a several steps are require in paper
chromatograic technique :
1-Choice of paper :
whatman no1 filter paper are used for analytical purposs
whatman no2 filter paper are used for preparative pc
2- Choice of solvent :
Different combinations of organic and inorganic solvents
may be used depending on the analyt .
Ex :Butanol: Acetic acid: Water (12:3:5) is suitable solvent for
separating amino-acids.
3-Sample purification :
Impure extracts contain resinous and colouring matters
which interfere with the separation so, the extract must be
purified either by column or by liquid – liquid extraction.
4-Development :
After application of the sample to paper like what we do in
page 2 then placed the paper in the Jar wiat for
equilibration, after equilibration the mobile phase is
introuduced and development is allowed .
4. 4
Modes of development :
1-Assending method :
Paper is stood vertically and immersed in the
mobile phase. The level of the spots should be
above the liquid by 1-2 cm.
The paper may be suspended from a hock
attached to the stopper or bent into a cylindrical
where the edges are held together by plastic dips
and stand in the mobile phase.
Requires no special apparatus .
The mobile phase rises up the paper by capillary
force.
This technique gives more constant R valacs.
2-Descending Development :
The apparatus consists of jar provided with a
trough for the mobile phase in its upper part and
anti-siphon glass rod.
5. 5
The sample is spotted on a starting line about 2 cm
below the anti-siphon rod and Set up in the
saturated jar for equilibration.
After equilibration, the paper is hold with the upper end
in the solvent trough the solvent is placed in the trough
and passes upwards over antisiphon glass rod which
suspends it away the edges of the through. The other
end of the paper hangs freely in the tank.
Development is allowed until solvent front reaches
close to the lower end of the paper
Advantages of descending development :
- Solvent flows faster
- Long distance of development can be achieved
6. 6
3-Horizontal Development :
- Shallow tank of glass or metal.
- The paper is placed horizontal on glass rods with one
end of the paper isdipped in the mobile phase.
- Sample is spotted on a line on the horizontal part of the
paper 1-2 cm from the edge.
- Solvent is flows up by capillary forces.
4- Radial Decelopment :
- The principle of this method is based on the migration of
the applied spot from the center of the paper toward
the periphery.
- Two petri-dishes tops or bottoms are used, where one
is inverted over the other
- The filter paper disc with the applied sample in the
center is stretched between the two dishes and the
mobile phase is fed through a wick-like tail from the
bottom dish to the center of the point of application.
- The solvent radiates from the center and the separated
components will be in the form of concentric rings
Advantages of Radial Development :
1- It is a fast method 2- can be demonstrated
7. 7
Detection :
This is done either by physical, chemical, biological or radiographic method.
Physical Methods:
- By colour examination for the coloured compounds.
- Flourescence detection under U.V. which gives specific
fluorescent colours.
Chemical Methods: Colourless compounds are visualized by specific spray reagents
- Aniline phthalate use reducing sugars
- Dragendorff use alkaloids
- FeCL3.phenolic use compounds
- Ninhydrin use amino acid, amino sugars
- Anisaldehyde HSO4 use terpene, sterols, sugars
Biological Methods: 1- Enzymatic Method: e.g. Detection of amylase
- The developed chromatogram is sprayed with starch
solution.
- The sprayed chromatogram is incubated for a suitable
period where amylase causes hydrolysis for the starch.
- The chromatogram is sprayed with l/KI solution.
- The amylase spots appear white on a blue background.
2- Microbial Method: e.g. Detection of antibiotics:
- The developed chromatogram is placed in a petri dish
containing the tested microorganism with the proper
nutrient medium.
- The microorganism grows over the petri dish except
where it comesin contact with the antibiotic spots.
8. 8
Radioactive Isotope Methods: 1- Auto- Radioactivity Method:
- This is done by pressing the chromatogram on an X-Ray
film in the dark allow to stand in the dark for a period of
time (overmight), the film shows dark spots on a
colourless back ground indicating the position of radio
active compounds.
2- Radio-active Chromatogram Scanner:
- This instrument automatically counts and records the
radioactivity in the chromatogram.
Uses of Paper chromatograhy :
- Identification of component mixtures
- Detection of the purity of compounds
- Major used is the separation of flavonoids and sugars.
RF VALUE :
In order to obtain a measure of the extent of movement of a
component in a paper chromatography experiment, we can
calculate an "Rf value" for each separated component in the
developed chromatogram.
The Rf value is defined as the ratio of the distance moved by the
solute (i.e. the dye or pigment under test) and the distance
moved by the the solvent where both distances are measured
from the common Origin or Application Baseline.