3. Introduction:
Chromatography is physical method of separation in which the components to
be separated are distributed b/w two phases:
Stationary phase
Mobile phase
The stationary phase may be solid or liquid supported on a solid or gel
The mobile phase may be a liquid/ solvents/ mixture of solvents or gases.
4. History:
The first chromatography column was developed by the Russian botanist
Mikhail Tsvet in 1901.
Who washed an organic solution of plant pigments through a vertical glass
column packed with an adsorptive material.
He discovered that the pigments separated into a series of discrete coloured
bands on the column, divided by regions entirely free of colour.
5. Column chromatography:
Column chromatography is a separation technique in which components of
mixture is separated by using a glass column packed with stationary phase and
the liquid mobile phase flowing continuously through the column.
6. Principle:
A solid stationery phase and a liquid mobile phase is used and the principle of
separation is adsorption.
When a mixture of components dissolved in the mobile phase is introduced into
a column , the individual component move with different rates depending upon
their relative affinities.
The compound with lesser affinity towards the stationary phase move faster and
hence it is eluted of the column first , the one with greater affinity towards the
stationary phase move slower down the column and hence it is eluted later,
The process is continued. As a result the materials are partially separated and
adsorbed in the various part of the column. The type of interaction b/w the
stationay phase and solute is reversible in nature.
7.
8. Classification:
Column chromatography is divided into two categories, depending on how the
solvents flow down the column.
o Gravity column chromatography:
o Flash chromatography:
9. Advantages:
Any type of mixture can be separated by column chromatography.
Any quantity of mixture can also be separated.
Wider choice of mobile phase.
10. Disadvantages:
Time consuming method.
More amount of solvents are required which are expensive.
More amount of adsorbent (stationary phase) is required.
Drying and bubble presence are possible.
11. Applications:
Separation of mixture of compound.
Removal of impurities or purification process.
Isolation of active constituents.
Isolation of metabolites and biological fluids.
Estimation of drug in formulation and crud drug extracts.
12. Reference:
Dr . S. Ravi Shanker, “pharmaceutical analysis” Rx publications, Fourth edition,
Page no: 13-1 to 13-13,