chromatography, principle, adsorbent of TLC, mobile phase of TLC, techniques in TLC, preparation of TLC plate, standards for TLC, advantages, disadvantages of TLC, Application of TLC.
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances.It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
chromatography, principle, adsorbent of TLC, mobile phase of TLC, techniques in TLC, preparation of TLC plate, standards for TLC, advantages, disadvantages of TLC, Application of TLC.
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances.It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate colored chemicals or substances. It is primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced by other chromatography methods, such as thin-layer chromatography.
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Cellulose filter paper is often used as the statioary phase in the paper chromatography. Since it is hydrophillic, it is usually covered with thin film of water. The procedure is often regarded as liquid-liquid cromatography
Other liquids can be encorporated in place of water, thus provides different type of stationary phase. Eg. Paper treated with silicone or paraffin oil permits reverse phase-paper chromatography, in which mobile phase is a polar solvent.
There are some commercially available papers that contain an adsorbent or an ion-exchange resin, thus permmits adsorption and ion-exhange paper chromatography.
PRINCIPLE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
This is type of partition chromatography in which the substance are distributed between two liquids that is one is the stationary liquid (usually water) which is held in the fibres of paper and called the stationary phase; the other is the moving liquid or developing solvent and called the mobile phase. The components of mixture to be separated migrates at different rates as its solubility between two phases and appear as spot at different points on the paper.
In this technique, a drop of the test solution is applied as a small spot on a filter paper and the spot is dried. The paper is kept in close chamber and the edge of filter is dipped into a solvent called as developing solvent. As soon as filter paper gets liquids via capillary action and reaches to the spot of the test solution then various substances are moved by solvent with various speeds. When solvent move up to suitable height (15-18) the paper is dried and various spot are visualised by suitable reagent called visualising reagent.
MIGRATION PARAMETERS
1) RF VALUE(RETENSION FACTOR) :- It is ratio of the solute’s distance travelled to solvent’s distance travelled.
It is constant for a given substance, provided the conditions of chromatographic system are kept constant with respect to tempreture, type of paper, duration and direction of development, nature and the shape and the size of the wick used (i.e., radial chromatography), the amount of liquid in the reservoir, humidity etc.
The Rf of of a substance depends upon a number of factors which are:
The solvent employed
The medium used for separation i.e., the quality of paper chromatography
The nature of mixture
The tempreture
Size of vessel in which operation has been carried out
It is possible to compare the Rf Values of different substances keeping above factor constant
types of paper chromatogtaphy
ascending, descending, ascending-descending, radial , two diamentional chromatography
Chromatography : A seperation techniqueSHIVANEE VYAS
Chromatography is a method of seperating mixture of components into individual components through equlibrium distribution between two phases.
Each chromatographic method essentially consists of 2 phases a staionary phase and a mobile phase.
Stationary phase : solid or liquid
Mobile phase : liquid or gas
A chromatogrpahic technique widely employed for identification of certain organic compounds. Applied in laboratories of colleges as a teaching tool for easy understanding the thechnique of chromatography.
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide (alumina), or cellulose.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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2. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Paper Chromatography (PC) was first introduced by
German scientist Christian Friedrich Schonbein
(1865).
• PC is considered to be the simplest and most widely
used of the chromatographic techniques because of
its applicability to isolation, identification and
quantitative determination of organic and inorganic
compounds.
22
3. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
•• ANALYSIS OF UNKNOWN SUSTANCESANALYSIS OF UNKNOWN SUSTANCES
It is carried out mainly by the flow of solvents
on specially designed filter paper.
There are two types of paper chromatography,There are two types of paper chromatography,
they are:they are:
33
4. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
1.PAPER ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY1.PAPER ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Paper impregnated with silica or alumina acts asPaper impregnated with silica or alumina acts as
adsorbent (stationary phase) and solvent as
mobile phase.
2.PAPER PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY2.PAPER PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Moisture / Water present in the pores ofMoisture / Water present in the pores of
cellulose fibers present in filter paper acts ascellulose fibers present in filter paper acts as
stationary phase & another mobile phase is usedstationary phase & another mobile phase is used
as solventas solvent
In general P.C – Paper PartitionIn general P.C – Paper Partition
ChromatographyChromatography
44
5. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
PRINCIPLE OF SEPERATION
The principle of separation is mainly partition
rather than adsorption.
Cellulose layers in filter paper contains moisture
which acts as stationary phase & organic
solvents/buffers are used as mobile phase
55
6. PAPERPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYCHROMATOGRAPHY
• PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
• 1)Stationary phase & papers used
• 2)Application of sample
• 3)Mobile phase
• 4)Development technique
• 5)Detecting or Visualizing agents
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7. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• STATIONARY PHASE AND PAPERS USED
Whatman filter papers of different grades like
No.1, No.2, No.3, No.4, No.20, No.40, No.42 etc
are used. In general this paper contains 98-99%
of α-cellulose, 0.3 – 1% β -cellulose
Factors that governs the choice of paper:
» Nature of Sample and solvents used.
» Based on Quantitative or Qualitative analysis.
» Based on thickness of the paper.
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8. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Modified Papers – acid or base washed filter
paper, glass fiber type paper.
• Hydrophilic Papers – Papers modified with
methanol, formamide, glycol, glycerol etc.
• Hydrophobic papers – acetylation of OH groups
leads to hydrophobic nature, hence can be used
for reverse phase chromatography.
• Impregnation of silica, alumna, or ion exchange
resins can also be made.
88
9. PREPARATION OF PAPERPREPARATION OF PAPER
• Cut the paper into
desired shape and size
depending upon work
to be carried out.
• The starting line is
marked on the paper
with an ordinary
pencil 5cm from the
bottom edge.
• On the staring line
marks are made 2cm
apart from each other.
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10. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Preparation of the solution
• Choice of suitable solvent for making solution is very
important. Pure solutions can be applied direct on
the paper but solids are always dissolved in small
quantity of a suitable solvent.
• Biological tissues are treated with suitable solvents
and their extracts obtained. Proteins can be
precipitated with alcohol and salts can be removed by
treatment with ion exchange resin.
1010
11. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
APPLICATION OF SAMPLE
The sample to be applied is dissolved in the mobile
phase and applied as a small spot on the origin line,
using capillary tube or micropipette.
very low concentration is used to avoid larger zone
• The spot is dried on the filter paper and is placed in
developing chamber.
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12. Choice of the Solvent
• The commonly employed solvents are the polar
solvents, but the choice depends on the nature of the
substance to be separated.
• If pure solvents do not give satisfactory separation, a
mixture of solvents of suitable polarity may be
applied.
1212
13. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• MOBILE PHASE
• Pure solvents, buffer solutions or mixture of solvents
• Examples- Hydrophilic mobile phase
• Isopropanol: ammonia:water 9:1:2
• Methanol : water 4:1
• N-butanol : glacial acetic acid : water 4:1:5
Hydrophobic mobile phases
dimethyl ether: cyclohexane
kerosene : 70% isopropanol
1313
14. CHROMATOGRAPHIC CHAMBERCHROMATOGRAPHIC CHAMBER
The chromatographic chamber are made up of many
materials like glass, plastic or stainless steel.
Glass tanks are preferred most. They are available in
various dimensional size depending upon paper
length and development type.
The chamber atmosphere should be saturated with
solvent vapor.
1414
15. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE
• Paper is flexible when compared to glass plate
used in TLC, several types of development are
possible which increases the ease of operation.
• The paper is dipped in solvent in such a manner
that the spots will not dip completely into the
solvent.
• The solvent will rise up and it is allowed to run
2/3rd
of paper height for better and efficient result.
1515
16. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Different types of development tech. are
1) ASCENDING DEVELOPMENT (go up)
• Like conventional type, the solvent flows against
gravity. The spots are kept at the bottom portion of
paper and kept in a chamber with mobile phase
solvent at the bottom.
1616
17. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• 2) DESCENDING TYPE (a downward slope)
• This is carried out in a special chamber where the
solvent holder is at the top. The spot is kept at the
top and the solvent flows down the paper.
• In this method solvent moves from top to bottom so
it is called descending chromatography.
• ADVANTAGE IS THAT, DEVELOPMENT IS FASTER
1717
18. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
3)ASCENDING – DESCENDING DEVELOPMENT
A hybrid of above two technique is called
ascending-descending chromatography.
Only length of separation increased, first ascending
takes place followed by descending
1818
19. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
4)CIRCULAR / RADIAL DEVELOPMENT
Spot is kept at the centre of a circular paper. The
solvent flows through a wick at the centre & spreads
in all directions uniformly.
1919
20. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
5)TWO DIMENSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
In this method the paper is developed in one
direction and after development, the paper is
developed in the second direction allowing more
compounds to be separated into individual spots.
in the second direction, either same solvent/different
solvent system can be used for development.
2020
22. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
DRYING OF CHROMATOGRAM
• After the solvent has moved a certain distance for
certain time the chromatogram is taken out from the
tank & position of the solvent front is marked with a
pencil.
• They are dried by cold or hot air depending on
volatility of solvents. A simple hair dryer is a
convenient device to dry chromatograms.
2222
23. DETECTING / VISUALISING AGENTS
If the substance are colored they are visually
detected easily.
But for colorless substance, Physical and chemical
methods are used to detect the spot.
(d) Non specific methods ( Physical methods)
E.g. iodine chamber method,
UV chamber for fluorescent compounds – at 254
or at 365nm.
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
2323
25. Following detecting tech. can also beFollowing detecting tech. can also be
categorized ascategorized as
• 1) Destructive techniques
• Specific spray reagents, samples destroyed before
detection e.g. – ninhydrin reagent
• 2) Non-destructive techniques
• For radio active materials - Geiger Muller counter
• uv chamber, iodine chamber
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATIONS
The method can be divided into two main groups
1. Direct techniques-
2. Indirect techniques-
2525
26. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Direct Measurement Method
• (i) Comparison of visible spots
• A rough quantitative measurements
• Component in a mixture can be carried out by comparing
the intensity and size of the spot with a standard
substance.
• (ii) Photo densitometry
• The method is used with the chromatograms of colored
compound, instrument which measures quantitatively
the density of the spots.
2626
27. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• (iii) Fluorimetry
• The compound to be determined by fluorimetry must
be fluorescent or convertible into fluorescent
derivatives.
• (iv) Radiotracer Method
• The compound containing radioactive element is
labeled and treated with locating reagent. Using
Geiger Muller counter.
• (v) Polarographic & Conductometric methods
• Used to measure the amount of material in the spot
2727
28. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Indirect Measurement Method
• In this technique, the spots are cut into portions and
eluted with solvents. This solution can be analyzed
by any techniques of analysis like spectrophotometry,
electrochemical methods, etc.
2828
29. Rf VALUE (Retardation Factor)Rf VALUE (Retardation Factor)
In paper
chromatography the
results are represented
by Rf value which
represent the movement
or migration of solute
relative to the solvent
front.
2929
30. Factors affecting Rf VALUE
• i. The temperature
• ii. The purity of the solvents used
• iii. The quality of the paper, adsorbents & impurities
present n the adsorbents
• iv. Chamber saturation techniques, method of drying
& development
• v. The distance travelled by the solute & solvent
• vi. Chemical reaction between the substances being
partitioned.
• vii. pH of the solution
3030
31. Rx VALUE
• In many cases it has been observed that the solvent
front is run off the end of the paper. RRxx valuevalue is thusis thus
used,used,
• It is the ratio of distance travelled by the sample and
the distance travelled by the standard. RRxx valuevalue isis
always closer to 1.always closer to 1.
3131
32. Sources of ErrorSources of Error
• 1. Error during application of the spots
• Apply minimum volume of the concentrated solution
in order to avoid diffusion through the paper which
leads to poor separation
• Spots should be approximately of the same diameter.
• 2. Development
• Improper adjustment of the paper in the tank leads
to this error so the paper should be held vertically.
• Do chamber saturation
• 3. Detection
• The spraying methods affect the final result
3232
33. APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
• Separation of mixtures of drugs
• Separation of carbohydrates, vitamins, antibiotics,
proteins, etc.
• Identification of drugs
• Identification of impurities
• Analysis of metabolites of drugs in blood , urine ….
ADVANTAGES OF P.C
Simple ,rapid ,inexpensive ,excellent resolving
power
PRECAUTIONS IN P.C
Establishing the vapor solvent equilibrium
Stability of solvent mixture is first ensured 3333
