Paper chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in how components partition between a stationary phase (filter paper) and mobile phase (solvent). It involves applying a sample to a strip of paper and developing it by allowing the solvent to travel up the paper. This causes the different components to separate into bands at different distances based on how strongly they are retained by the paper. Paper chromatography is widely used for qualitative analysis and identification of organic and inorganic compounds in mixtures.
This presentation contains all the topics related to column chromatography. That includes introduction, principle,apparatus, experimental aspects of column chromatography, application of column chromatography, advantage and disadvantage of column chromatography with reference.
This presentation contains all the topics related to column chromatography. That includes introduction, principle,apparatus, experimental aspects of column chromatography, application of column chromatography, advantage and disadvantage of column chromatography with reference.
chromatography, principle, adsorbent of TLC, mobile phase of TLC, techniques in TLC, preparation of TLC plate, standards for TLC, advantages, disadvantages of TLC, Application of TLC.
Spectroscopy is the branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. OR
It is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed or emitted when molecule or ions or atoms of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state.
Spectroscopy is the most powerful tool available for the study of atomic & molecular structure and is used in the analysis of a wide range of samples .
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances.It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
chromatography, principle, adsorbent of TLC, mobile phase of TLC, techniques in TLC, preparation of TLC plate, standards for TLC, advantages, disadvantages of TLC, Application of TLC.
Spectroscopy is the branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. OR
It is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed or emitted when molecule or ions or atoms of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state.
Spectroscopy is the most powerful tool available for the study of atomic & molecular structure and is used in the analysis of a wide range of samples .
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances.It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate colored chemicals or substances. It is primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced by other chromatography methods, such as thin-layer chromatography.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Paper chromatography
1. Submitted by : Pragya Sharma
M.Pharm 1st sem.
B.N. College of Pharmacy
Udaipur(Raj)
2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• History
• Principle
• Types of paper chromatography
• Instrumentation
• Methodology
• Modes of paper chromatography
• Application
• References
3. Chromatography
Chromatography is an laboratory technique for the
separation of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid
called mobile phase , which carries it through a structure
holding another material called stationary phase .
The various constituent of the mixture travels at the
different rate , causing them to separate.
The separation is based on the difference in the
partition coefficient of stationary and mobile phase.
4. Paper chromatography
Paper chromatography is define as a technique in which
the analysis of unknown substance is carried out mainly
by the flow of solvent on specially designed filter paper .
5. History
Paper chromatography was first introduced by german
scientist christian friedrich (1865).
Paper chromatography is considered to be a simplest and
most widely used chromatographic technique because of
its applicability to isolation ,identification, and
quantitative determination of organic and inorganic
compound .
6. Types of paper chromatography
There are two types of paper chromatography
1. Paper absorption chromatography: Paper coated with
silica and alumina act as absorbent (stationary phase) and
solvent as mobile phase
2. Paper partition chromatography : moisture and water
present in the pores of cellulose fibers present in filter paper
act as stationary phase and another mobile phase is used as a
solvent.
7. Principle of sepration
The principle of sepration is mainly partition
rather than adsorption .
Cellulose layer in filter paper contain moisture
which act as stationary phase and organic
solvent/buffers are used as mobile phase.
8. Instrumentation
1) Stationary phase and paper used
2) Application of sample
3) Mobile phase
4) Development technique
5) Detection or visualizing agent
9. Stationary phase and paper used
Whatman filter papers of different grades like no.1,
no.2,no.3,no.4,no.20,no.40,no.42 etc are used.
In general this paper contains 98 – 99% of α-cellulose ,
0.3- 1% beta cellulose
Factors that governs the choice of paper:
Nature of sample and solvents used.
Based on quantitaive and qualitative analysis
Based on the thickness of paper .
10. Types of papers used in paper
chromatography
Modified papers – Acid or Base washed filter paper .
Hydrophilic papers – Papers modified with methanol ,
glycol , glycerol etc.
Hydrophobic papers – Acetylation of OH group leads to
hydrophobic nature , hence can be used for reversed phase
chromatography .
Coating of silica , alumna can also be made.
11. Preparation of paper
Cut the paper into desired shape and size .
The starting line is marked on the paper with pencil 5cm
from the bottom edge .
On the starting line marks are made 2cm apart from each
other .
12. Preparation of the solution
Choice of suitable solvent for making solution is very
important . Pure solution can also be applied direct on the
paper but solids are always dissolved in small quantity of
suitable solvent .
Application of sample
The sample to be applied is dissolved in mobile phase and
applied as a small spot on the origin line using capillary tube or
micropipette .
Very low concentration is used to avoid larger zone.
The spot is dried on the filter paper and placed in developing
chamber .
13. Choice of solvent
The commonly employed solvents are the polar solvent but the
choice depend on the nature of the substance to be separated .
Mobile phase
Pure solvents , buffer solutions or mixture of solvent
Example – Hydrophilic mobile phase
Isopropanol : Ammonia : Water 9:1:2
Methanol : Water 4:1
Hydrophobic mobile phase
Dimethyl ether : Cyclohexane
Kerosene : Isopropanol
14. Chromatographic chamber
This is made up of many materials like glass , plastic ,
stainless steel .
Glass tanks are preferred most . They are available in
various sizes depending on paper length and development
type.
The chamber atmosphere should be saturated with solvent
vapor
15. Development technique
Descending type
Development of the chromatogram is done by allowing the solvent to travel
down the paper. Here, mobile phase is placed in solvent holder at the top.
The spot is kept at the top and solvent flows down the paper from above.
16. Ascending type
Here the solvent travels up the chromatographic paper. Both descending and
ascending paper chromatography are used for the separation of organic and
inorganic substances. The sample and solvent move upward.
17. Ascending-descending type
This is the hybrid of both of the above techniques. The upper part of ascending
chromatography can be folded over a rod in order to allow the paper to become
descending after crossing the rod.
18. Circular chromatography type (Radial)
A circular filter paper is taken and the sample is deposited at the center of the paper.
After drying the spot, the filter paper is tied horizontally on a Petri dish containing
solvent, so that the wick of the paper is dipped in the solvent. The solvent rises
through the wick and the components are separated into concentric rings.
19. Two-dimensional type
In this technique a square or rectangular paper is used. Here the sample is
applied to one of the corners and development is performed at a right
angle to the direction of the first run.
20. Drying of chromatogram
After the solvent has moved a certain distance for certain
times the chromatogram is taken out from the tank and
position of solvent front and marked with pencil .
They are dried by hot and cold air depending on volatility
of solvent .
21. Detecting / visualizing agents
If the substance are colored they are visually detected
easily .
For colorless substance physical and chemical methods
are used .
Physical method –
Example – Iodine chamber and UV chamber method
Chemical method –
Example – Ferric chloride for phenolic compound and
Ninhydrin in acetone for amino acids .
22. Rf value (Retardation factor )
In paper chromatography the result is represented by Rf
value which represent the movement of solute relative to
the solvent
23. Factors affecting Rf value
i. The temperature .
ii. The purity of solvent used .
iii. The quality of paper , adsorbents and impurities present
in adsorbents .
iv. Chamber saturation techniques , method of drying and
development .
v. The distance travelled by the solute and solvent.
vi. pH of the solution .
24. Applications
Separation of mixture of drug
Separation of carbohydrates ,vitamins , proteins etc.
Identification of drug .
Identification of impurities.
Analysis of metabolities of drug in blood or urine.