This document provides an overview of nursing care for mothers, children, and families. It covers topics such as conception and fetal development, the female and male reproductive systems, hormones, pregnancy, labor and delivery, and care of the newborn. Key concepts discussed include the structures and functions of reproductive organs, the menstrual cycle, gamete formation via meiosis, fertilization and early embryonic development, formation of the placenta and umbilical cord, and fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy.
Integrated Science M3 Sexual Reproduction in HumanseLearningJa
This document provides an overview of sexual reproduction in humans. It discusses the changes that occur during puberty when the body becomes capable of reproduction. Hormones like testosterone and estrogen influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males and females. This allows for the production of gametes through meiosis in the ovaries and testes. The role of meiosis in forming egg and sperm cells from diploid body cells is described. The document also outlines the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems and their role in fertilization and pregnancy.
The document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems:
- Both sexes have reproductive organs called genitals designed for intercourse and conception. The female reproductive organs include ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The male reproductive organs include testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis.
- The ovaries hold and release eggs, while the testes produce sperm and testosterone. During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovaries and travels to the uterus through the fallopian tubes. If sperm fertilizes the egg, it may implant in the lining of the uterus.
Human reproduction occurs through sexual reproduction bringing male and female together. Primary sexual characteristics are present at birth and differ between males and females. During puberty, secondary sexual characteristics develop like breasts or facial hair. Reproductive cells called sperm and ova carry out reproduction. The male reproductive system includes testes, penis and other organs. The female system includes ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and other organs. Fertilization happens when a sperm and ovum join to form a zygote. Pregnancy lasts 9 months as the embryo develops protective structures and into a fetus and baby over time. Birth occurs in three stages of dilation, expulsion, and delivery of the afterbirth.
Human reproduction involves the union of male and female reproductive cells. In humans, sexual reproduction occurs through the fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon within the female's reproductive tract. At puberty, females develop breasts and pubic hair and begin menstruating monthly due to the maturation of their ovaries and production of eggs and hormones. Males experience growth of pubic hair and facial hair at puberty along with a deepening voice due to increased hormone production by the testes. Fertilization usually occurs within the fallopian tubes after intercourse, when a sperm unites with an egg to form a zygote that implants in the uterus and develops into an embryo and eventually a fetus.
The document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the structure and function of the male reproductive organs, including the testes, penis, and accessory glands. It explains that testosterone controls the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty, such as facial hair and muscle growth. The document also outlines the structure and function of the female reproductive organs, including the ovaries, uterus, and vagina. It states that estrogen controls the development of female secondary sex characteristics, such as breast growth and menstruation. Finally, it summarizes the menstrual cycle and the roles of hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone in regulating the cycle.
Human reproduction begins at adolescence when boys start producing sperm and testosterone and girls start menstruating and producing estrogen and progesterone. The three primary hormones of sexual development are estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Male gametes are very numerous and motile sperm, while female gametes are relatively few large stationary eggs. The basic lifecycle involves meiosis, hormones regulating fertility cycles, fertilization occurring when sperm meets egg, leading to pregnancy if fertilization is successful.
Sexual reproduction in humans involves male and female reproductive systems. The male system includes testes that produce sperm and the female system includes ovaries that produce eggs. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote. The zygote then implants in the uterus and develops into an embryo and fetus over nine months of gestation, until birth. If fertilization does not occur, the female undergoes menstruation and the cycle repeats every 28 days from puberty to menopause. Methods to prevent pregnancy include barrier methods, hormonal birth control, surgical sterilization, and IUDs.
The document summarizes the human reproductive system and development. It describes the production of gametes in males and females and their regulation by hormones. It outlines the key parts of the male and female reproductive systems and explains fertilization and the early stages of development from zygote to embryo to fetus. It notes development is controlled by hormones and can be affected by toxins early on. Reproductive technologies are also mentioned.
Integrated Science M3 Sexual Reproduction in HumanseLearningJa
This document provides an overview of sexual reproduction in humans. It discusses the changes that occur during puberty when the body becomes capable of reproduction. Hormones like testosterone and estrogen influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males and females. This allows for the production of gametes through meiosis in the ovaries and testes. The role of meiosis in forming egg and sperm cells from diploid body cells is described. The document also outlines the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems and their role in fertilization and pregnancy.
The document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems:
- Both sexes have reproductive organs called genitals designed for intercourse and conception. The female reproductive organs include ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The male reproductive organs include testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis.
- The ovaries hold and release eggs, while the testes produce sperm and testosterone. During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovaries and travels to the uterus through the fallopian tubes. If sperm fertilizes the egg, it may implant in the lining of the uterus.
Human reproduction occurs through sexual reproduction bringing male and female together. Primary sexual characteristics are present at birth and differ between males and females. During puberty, secondary sexual characteristics develop like breasts or facial hair. Reproductive cells called sperm and ova carry out reproduction. The male reproductive system includes testes, penis and other organs. The female system includes ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and other organs. Fertilization happens when a sperm and ovum join to form a zygote. Pregnancy lasts 9 months as the embryo develops protective structures and into a fetus and baby over time. Birth occurs in three stages of dilation, expulsion, and delivery of the afterbirth.
Human reproduction involves the union of male and female reproductive cells. In humans, sexual reproduction occurs through the fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon within the female's reproductive tract. At puberty, females develop breasts and pubic hair and begin menstruating monthly due to the maturation of their ovaries and production of eggs and hormones. Males experience growth of pubic hair and facial hair at puberty along with a deepening voice due to increased hormone production by the testes. Fertilization usually occurs within the fallopian tubes after intercourse, when a sperm unites with an egg to form a zygote that implants in the uterus and develops into an embryo and eventually a fetus.
The document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the structure and function of the male reproductive organs, including the testes, penis, and accessory glands. It explains that testosterone controls the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty, such as facial hair and muscle growth. The document also outlines the structure and function of the female reproductive organs, including the ovaries, uterus, and vagina. It states that estrogen controls the development of female secondary sex characteristics, such as breast growth and menstruation. Finally, it summarizes the menstrual cycle and the roles of hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone in regulating the cycle.
Human reproduction begins at adolescence when boys start producing sperm and testosterone and girls start menstruating and producing estrogen and progesterone. The three primary hormones of sexual development are estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Male gametes are very numerous and motile sperm, while female gametes are relatively few large stationary eggs. The basic lifecycle involves meiosis, hormones regulating fertility cycles, fertilization occurring when sperm meets egg, leading to pregnancy if fertilization is successful.
Sexual reproduction in humans involves male and female reproductive systems. The male system includes testes that produce sperm and the female system includes ovaries that produce eggs. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote. The zygote then implants in the uterus and develops into an embryo and fetus over nine months of gestation, until birth. If fertilization does not occur, the female undergoes menstruation and the cycle repeats every 28 days from puberty to menopause. Methods to prevent pregnancy include barrier methods, hormonal birth control, surgical sterilization, and IUDs.
The document summarizes the human reproductive system and development. It describes the production of gametes in males and females and their regulation by hormones. It outlines the key parts of the male and female reproductive systems and explains fertilization and the early stages of development from zygote to embryo to fetus. It notes development is controlled by hormones and can be affected by toxins early on. Reproductive technologies are also mentioned.
Reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual means. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with genetic variation. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes which are transported through ducts. The female reproductive system produces eggs in the ovaries which pass to the uterus. Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg join together. In humans and most animals, reproduction occurs sexually through internal fertilization.
The document discusses the process of fertilization and reproduction. It explains that fertilization begins when male and female reproductive organs join during sexual intercourse, where millions of sperm attempt to fertilize a female egg, or ovum. If one sperm succeeds in entering the ovum, fertilization has occurred, and the fertilized egg will travel to the uterus and implant there, gradually growing into a baby. The process allows children to come into existence through the incredible, biological process that occurs between a man and woman.
Organismal Reproduction and DevelopmentFrezzy Vinson
Organismal reproduction and development can occur through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and results in offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing gametes that fuse. In animals, common forms of asexual reproduction include fission, budding, and fragmentation. Sexual reproduction results in offspring with a mix of characteristics from both parents. Vertebrates like humans have specialized reproductive systems including gonads that produce gametes, ducts that transport gametes, and organs that support development and birth. Fertilization of an egg leads to cell division and formation of germ layers, followed by organogenesis and development into a mature organism.
The document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis in males and females. It describes that gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (sperm in males and eggs in females) from primordial germ cells in the gonads. This involves mitosis to produce more germ cells, followed by meiosis which reduces the chromosome number to produce haploid gametes. The document also outlines the structures involved in male and female reproduction such as testes/ovaries, accessory ducts and glands, and hormones important for gamete production and the reproductive cycles.
There are two main types of reproduction - asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring through processes like budding or fragmentation. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through internal or external fertilization, producing offspring with unique combinations of genes. In humans, sexual reproduction occurs through complex female and male reproductive systems and a monthly ovarian and uterine cycle that can lead to pregnancy and childbirth if fertilization is successful.
The document discusses human reproduction, including:
1) It begins with an introduction describing human reproduction as typically involving sexual intercourse between a man and woman, resulting in fertilization if the man's sperm fertilizes the woman's ovum.
2) It then describes the female and male reproductive systems, the hormonal cycles that control reproduction, and the menstrual cycle in females.
3) Finally, it discusses fertilization, the development of the fertilized ovum into an embryo, and the key stages of embryogenesis such as cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis.
Puberty is the stage of development when the human body becomes capable of reproduction. During puberty, hormones cause physical changes like growth of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. For females, this includes breast development and the start of menstruation. For males, changes involve growth of the penis and testes and facial/body hair. The document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems and their functions in sexual reproduction and childbirth.
The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the gonads and gametes, how sperm and eggs are produced and transported, the hormones involved in reproduction, pregnancy and fetal development, and various methods of birth control and contraception.
1) The document discusses sexual and asexual reproduction in humans. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization, while asexual reproduction involves only one parent and does not involve gametes.
2) It also describes the male and female reproductive systems, including the structures and functions of the testes, ovaries, sperm, and egg. Changes during puberty are also outlined.
3) The menstrual cycle, fertilization process, development of the embryo and fetus, and importance of prenatal care are explained in detail. Risks of smoking, drinking alcohol and inadequate nutrition during pregnancy are highlighted.
The document discusses human reproduction, including the male and female reproductive systems and processes. Some key points:
1. It describes the major events in human sexual reproduction - gamete formation, puberty, fertilization, implantation, gestation, and parturition.
2. It provides an overview of the male reproductive system, including the testes, accessory ducts and glands, and external genitalia. Spermatogenesis and the role of hormones are also summarized.
3. The female reproductive system is outlined, including the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia. Oogenesis and the menstrual cycle are briefly explained.
1. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2. During the menstrual cycle, hormones cause an egg to mature and be released from an ovary, changing the uterine lining in preparation for potential pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterine lining is shed through menstruation.
3. The major female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, regulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and control the menstrual cycle by stimulating the growth of the uterine lining and changes in cervical mucus. Their levels fluctuate during
Human reproduction involves the combination of male and female reproductive cells or gametes. During puberty, physical changes like growth of body hair and changes in body shape prepare the bodies of boys and girls for reproduction. The male reproductive system produces millions of sperm cells daily in the testes, while the female system releases a mature egg once a month from the ovaries. Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg, initiating pregnancy, which lasts about nine months until birth.
The female reproductive system includes external structures like the clitoris and labia, and internal structures like ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the uterus. Ovaries contain follicles that release eggs during ovulation. Fertilization can occur when an egg meets sperm in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg implants in the uterus and receives nourishment from the mother through the placenta. Birth occurs when contractions help deliver the baby through the cervix and vagina. The male reproductive system includes external structures like the penis and scrotum, and internal structures like the testes, which produce sperm and hormones. During ejaculation, sperm pass through the vas deference and urethra. Fert
CAS Biology 11.4 Human Reproduction Part 1Ryan Dougherty
This document discusses human reproduction, including the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Spermatogenesis is the development of sperm in the testes in five stages - spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, and sperm. Oogenesis is the development of eggs in the ovaries also through five stages - oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, and ovum. Fertilization then has three main stages - the acrosome reaction, penetration of the egg membrane, and the cortical reaction.
This document provides an overview of human reproductive anatomy and processes. It describes the key external and internal organs of both the male and female reproductive systems. It also summarizes gamete formation through spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the hormonal control of the reproductive cycles, conception and early embryonic development, menopause, and key differences between male and female reproductive cycles and hormone regulation.
- Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve mitosis, meiosis, and cell differentiation to produce gametes. However, they result in different numbers and types of gametes.
- Fertilization internally involves many sperm penetrating the egg's layers until one fuses with the egg cytoplasm to form a zygote, preventing multiple fertilizations.
- Early embryo development includes cell division as the embryo moves through the fallopian tube and implants in the uterus, forming a placenta to exchange nutrients with the mother.
This document defines and describes human reproduction, including primary and secondary sex characteristics, reproductive cells, and the male and female reproductive systems. It explains that fertilization occurs when an ovum and sperm join to form a zygote, which implants in the uterus and becomes an embryo. Pregnancy is described, including the protective structures of the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac that develop. The stages of fetal development and labor are outlined, with labor involving dilation of the cervix, baby expulsion, and delivery of the afterbirth.
This gives in detail about male reproductive system including Spermatogenesis.
For more Physiology subscribe
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1QhJfPiWnmk2WpKVH1fzrQ
Human reproduction involves internal fertilization where sperm from the male reproductive system containing the penis, testicles, and scrotum fertilizes an ovum from the female reproductive system containing the ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva. This fertilization produces a zygote that develops into an embryo during pregnancy in the mother's uterus and is eventually birthed.
The document provides information about reproduction in humans. It discusses:
- The development of male and female reproductive organs and gamete production through meiosis and gametogenesis.
- The roles of hormones like testosterone, estrogen and progesterone in sexual differentiation and the reproductive cycles.
- Key parts of the male and female reproductive systems and their functions.
- The processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis that result in haploid gametes, and the differences between them.
- The regulation of the female menstrual cycle through feedback mechanisms between the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries.
1. Animal reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction produces offspring without fusion of gametes but maintains parental traits, while sexual reproduction allows for genetic variability through gamete fusion.
2. Sexual reproduction in animals involves complex reproductive systems with gonads that produce gametes and accessory structures for gamete transport and nourishment. Fertilization can be internal or external.
3. After fertilization, the embryo undergoes cleavage and then gastrulation to form the germ layers and begin organ development. Hormones coordinate the reproductive cycles.
The document summarizes human reproduction and development from gamete production through conception, embryonic development, fetal development, childbirth, and the hormonal control of reproductive cycles. The male and female reproductive systems are described, including the structures involved in gamete production and transport. Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis are explained as the key stages of early embryonic development.
Reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual means. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with genetic variation. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes which are transported through ducts. The female reproductive system produces eggs in the ovaries which pass to the uterus. Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg join together. In humans and most animals, reproduction occurs sexually through internal fertilization.
The document discusses the process of fertilization and reproduction. It explains that fertilization begins when male and female reproductive organs join during sexual intercourse, where millions of sperm attempt to fertilize a female egg, or ovum. If one sperm succeeds in entering the ovum, fertilization has occurred, and the fertilized egg will travel to the uterus and implant there, gradually growing into a baby. The process allows children to come into existence through the incredible, biological process that occurs between a man and woman.
Organismal Reproduction and DevelopmentFrezzy Vinson
Organismal reproduction and development can occur through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and results in offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing gametes that fuse. In animals, common forms of asexual reproduction include fission, budding, and fragmentation. Sexual reproduction results in offspring with a mix of characteristics from both parents. Vertebrates like humans have specialized reproductive systems including gonads that produce gametes, ducts that transport gametes, and organs that support development and birth. Fertilization of an egg leads to cell division and formation of germ layers, followed by organogenesis and development into a mature organism.
The document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis in males and females. It describes that gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (sperm in males and eggs in females) from primordial germ cells in the gonads. This involves mitosis to produce more germ cells, followed by meiosis which reduces the chromosome number to produce haploid gametes. The document also outlines the structures involved in male and female reproduction such as testes/ovaries, accessory ducts and glands, and hormones important for gamete production and the reproductive cycles.
There are two main types of reproduction - asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring through processes like budding or fragmentation. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through internal or external fertilization, producing offspring with unique combinations of genes. In humans, sexual reproduction occurs through complex female and male reproductive systems and a monthly ovarian and uterine cycle that can lead to pregnancy and childbirth if fertilization is successful.
The document discusses human reproduction, including:
1) It begins with an introduction describing human reproduction as typically involving sexual intercourse between a man and woman, resulting in fertilization if the man's sperm fertilizes the woman's ovum.
2) It then describes the female and male reproductive systems, the hormonal cycles that control reproduction, and the menstrual cycle in females.
3) Finally, it discusses fertilization, the development of the fertilized ovum into an embryo, and the key stages of embryogenesis such as cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis.
Puberty is the stage of development when the human body becomes capable of reproduction. During puberty, hormones cause physical changes like growth of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. For females, this includes breast development and the start of menstruation. For males, changes involve growth of the penis and testes and facial/body hair. The document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems and their functions in sexual reproduction and childbirth.
The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the gonads and gametes, how sperm and eggs are produced and transported, the hormones involved in reproduction, pregnancy and fetal development, and various methods of birth control and contraception.
1) The document discusses sexual and asexual reproduction in humans. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization, while asexual reproduction involves only one parent and does not involve gametes.
2) It also describes the male and female reproductive systems, including the structures and functions of the testes, ovaries, sperm, and egg. Changes during puberty are also outlined.
3) The menstrual cycle, fertilization process, development of the embryo and fetus, and importance of prenatal care are explained in detail. Risks of smoking, drinking alcohol and inadequate nutrition during pregnancy are highlighted.
The document discusses human reproduction, including the male and female reproductive systems and processes. Some key points:
1. It describes the major events in human sexual reproduction - gamete formation, puberty, fertilization, implantation, gestation, and parturition.
2. It provides an overview of the male reproductive system, including the testes, accessory ducts and glands, and external genitalia. Spermatogenesis and the role of hormones are also summarized.
3. The female reproductive system is outlined, including the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia. Oogenesis and the menstrual cycle are briefly explained.
1. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2. During the menstrual cycle, hormones cause an egg to mature and be released from an ovary, changing the uterine lining in preparation for potential pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterine lining is shed through menstruation.
3. The major female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, regulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and control the menstrual cycle by stimulating the growth of the uterine lining and changes in cervical mucus. Their levels fluctuate during
Human reproduction involves the combination of male and female reproductive cells or gametes. During puberty, physical changes like growth of body hair and changes in body shape prepare the bodies of boys and girls for reproduction. The male reproductive system produces millions of sperm cells daily in the testes, while the female system releases a mature egg once a month from the ovaries. Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg, initiating pregnancy, which lasts about nine months until birth.
The female reproductive system includes external structures like the clitoris and labia, and internal structures like ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the uterus. Ovaries contain follicles that release eggs during ovulation. Fertilization can occur when an egg meets sperm in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg implants in the uterus and receives nourishment from the mother through the placenta. Birth occurs when contractions help deliver the baby through the cervix and vagina. The male reproductive system includes external structures like the penis and scrotum, and internal structures like the testes, which produce sperm and hormones. During ejaculation, sperm pass through the vas deference and urethra. Fert
CAS Biology 11.4 Human Reproduction Part 1Ryan Dougherty
This document discusses human reproduction, including the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Spermatogenesis is the development of sperm in the testes in five stages - spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, and sperm. Oogenesis is the development of eggs in the ovaries also through five stages - oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, and ovum. Fertilization then has three main stages - the acrosome reaction, penetration of the egg membrane, and the cortical reaction.
This document provides an overview of human reproductive anatomy and processes. It describes the key external and internal organs of both the male and female reproductive systems. It also summarizes gamete formation through spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the hormonal control of the reproductive cycles, conception and early embryonic development, menopause, and key differences between male and female reproductive cycles and hormone regulation.
- Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve mitosis, meiosis, and cell differentiation to produce gametes. However, they result in different numbers and types of gametes.
- Fertilization internally involves many sperm penetrating the egg's layers until one fuses with the egg cytoplasm to form a zygote, preventing multiple fertilizations.
- Early embryo development includes cell division as the embryo moves through the fallopian tube and implants in the uterus, forming a placenta to exchange nutrients with the mother.
This document defines and describes human reproduction, including primary and secondary sex characteristics, reproductive cells, and the male and female reproductive systems. It explains that fertilization occurs when an ovum and sperm join to form a zygote, which implants in the uterus and becomes an embryo. Pregnancy is described, including the protective structures of the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac that develop. The stages of fetal development and labor are outlined, with labor involving dilation of the cervix, baby expulsion, and delivery of the afterbirth.
This gives in detail about male reproductive system including Spermatogenesis.
For more Physiology subscribe
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1QhJfPiWnmk2WpKVH1fzrQ
Human reproduction involves internal fertilization where sperm from the male reproductive system containing the penis, testicles, and scrotum fertilizes an ovum from the female reproductive system containing the ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva. This fertilization produces a zygote that develops into an embryo during pregnancy in the mother's uterus and is eventually birthed.
The document provides information about reproduction in humans. It discusses:
- The development of male and female reproductive organs and gamete production through meiosis and gametogenesis.
- The roles of hormones like testosterone, estrogen and progesterone in sexual differentiation and the reproductive cycles.
- Key parts of the male and female reproductive systems and their functions.
- The processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis that result in haploid gametes, and the differences between them.
- The regulation of the female menstrual cycle through feedback mechanisms between the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries.
1. Animal reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction produces offspring without fusion of gametes but maintains parental traits, while sexual reproduction allows for genetic variability through gamete fusion.
2. Sexual reproduction in animals involves complex reproductive systems with gonads that produce gametes and accessory structures for gamete transport and nourishment. Fertilization can be internal or external.
3. After fertilization, the embryo undergoes cleavage and then gastrulation to form the germ layers and begin organ development. Hormones coordinate the reproductive cycles.
The document summarizes human reproduction and development from gamete production through conception, embryonic development, fetal development, childbirth, and the hormonal control of reproductive cycles. The male and female reproductive systems are described, including the structures involved in gamete production and transport. Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis are explained as the key stages of early embryonic development.
18. Pregnancy, Development, and LactationSUNY Ulster
The document describes key processes in pregnancy and lactation including fertilization, implantation, placenta formation, fetal development through the trimesters, parturition, mammary gland development, colostrum production, and lactation. It provides details on the structures and functions of the placenta, umbilical cord, mammary glands, as well as the hormonal factors involved in pregnancy, birth, and nursing.
Students be able to identify the various structures of the male reproductive systems and state their functions;
Students be able to identify the various structures of the female reproductive systems and state their functions
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
Students be able to identify the various structures of the male reproductive systems and state their functions;
Students be able to identify the various structures of the female reproductive systems and state their functions
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
The document describes various aspects of reproduction in different organisms:
1) It describes the process of copulation and external fertilization in frogs, where the female lays eggs in water for the male to fertilize.
2) It discusses asexual reproduction through regeneration in flatworms and examples in other animals and plants.
3) It outlines the male reproductive system in humans including production of sperm in the testes and transport.
This document provides an overview of human physiology related to sexual differentiation. It begins with an introduction to the female reproductive system, describing the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis and the menstrual cycle. It then explains the hormonal control of the ovarian and uterine cycles, including the follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases. The effects of fertilization on hormone production and maintenance of the endometrium are also summarized. Next, the document introduces the male reproductive system and describes spermatogenesis, accessory gland functions, and the sexual response pathway involving erection, emission, and ejaculation. It concludes with an overview of the pituitary-gonadal axis and references used.
1) The document discusses animal and human reproduction, including the processes of meiosis, gametogenesis, fertilization, and the hormonal control of the reproductive cycles.
2) It describes spermatogenesis in males, including how sperm develop from spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules over 7 weeks and are stored in the epididymis.
3) It also explains oogenesis in females, where eggs develop from oogonia over months or years within follicles in the ovaries and are released during ovulation if unfertilized.
The document summarizes sexual reproduction in animals. It describes the key differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, including that sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically different from the parents. It then provides details about the male and female reproductive systems, the process of fertilization, embryonic and fetal development, and childbirth.
This document provides an overview of the human reproductive system and process. It begins by defining the key terms and describing puberty and the changes that occur. It then details the male and female reproductive systems, including their main parts and functions. The ovarian and menstrual cycles are explained next, followed by fertilization, gestation, birth, and assisted reproduction techniques. The document concludes by covering contraception methods.
1. Reproduction ensures the continuation of species by producing offspring. There are two types: sexual reproduction which requires male and female sex cells and produces genetically unique offspring, and asexual reproduction which uses cell division and produces identical offspring.
2. The male reproductive system includes testes which produce sperm, and organs that support sperm production and transport. The female reproductive system includes ovaries which produce eggs, and organs that support egg development and pregnancy.
3. Puberty is triggered by increases in hormones which stimulate development of the reproductive systems and secondary sex characteristics in males and females. The menstrual cycle regulates female fertility through monthly changes in the uterine lining controlled by hormones.
The document discusses human reproductive systems and the process of reproduction. It describes both the male and female reproductive systems and organs. It explains sexual maturation in males and females during puberty due to changes in hormone levels. It also summarizes the menstrual cycle in females and the process of fertilization which can lead to pregnancy if a zygote successfully implants in the uterus. Temporary and permanent contraceptive methods are also briefly mentioned.
28-Premedical_Reproductive.pdf for bsc studentsHasratAli24
The reproductive system produces gametes and sex hormones. The primary sex organs are the gonads which produce gametes and hormones. Accessory reproductive organs help transport gametes and secretions. In males, the testes produce sperm and testosterone. Sperm develop through spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and are transported through ducts. In females, the ovaries produce eggs and estrogen/progesterone. Eggs develop through oogenesis and are transported through the fallopian tubes. Hormone levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to control the menstrual cycle and reproduction.
Here are brief descriptions of the changes taking place in each stage of the human menstrual cycle:
Stage 1 (Menstruation): The lining of the uterus sheds and is expelled from the body. The ovaries do not release an egg.
Stage 2 (Follicular phase): Under the influence of hormones FSH and estrogen, follicles in the ovaries mature and one follicle prepares to release its egg (ovum).
Stage 3 (Ovulation): A surge of LH causes the mature follicle to rupture and release the ovum. The follicle then develops into the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone.
Stage 4 (Luteal phase): Under the influence of progesterone, the lining of the uterus thick
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm cells and secretes male sex hormones. The testes produce sperm and hormones, while the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands are accessory organs that store, transport, and contribute secretions to semen. The female reproductive system produces eggs and sex hormones and provides a environment for fetal development. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones, while the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina are accessory organs that support fertilization, implantation, and birth. Hormones regulate the functions of both systems in a negative feedback loop.
Survey of Anatomy and Physiology chapter 17cmahon57
This document discusses human reproduction and the reproductive systems. It explains that cells reproduce through mitosis, while sexual reproduction requires meiosis to reduce chromosomes and allow fertilization. The male reproductive system produces sperm through the testes and related structures. The female system produces eggs in the ovaries and has a monthly menstrual cycle regulated by hormones. Fertilization occurs if sperm successfully fertilizes an egg, forming a zygote.
The document provides an overview of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva. It describes the processes of oogenesis and ovulation. It also discusses the formation and function of seminal fluid, sperm development and function, and hormonal regulation of the male reproductive system including testosterone production.
Fertilization involves the union of an egg and sperm to form a zygote. The sperm penetrates layers surrounding the egg and fuses with the egg's membrane. The sperm and egg nuclei then fuse. The egg's membrane then changes to prevent additional sperm from entering. During embryonic development, cells undergo cleavage and differentiation, forming the three primary germ layers. Fetal development occurs over nine months as organs grow and body systems develop fully. Birth occurs in three stages as the cervix dilates, the child is delivered, and the placenta is expelled.
The female reproductive system produces eggs and sex hormones. The ovaries release eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If an egg is fertilized by a sperm, it will implant in the uterus and develop into a baby over 9 months of pregnancy. The menstrual cycle regulates these processes through changing hormone levels in the ovaries and uterus each month.
The female reproductive system produces eggs in the ovaries and transports them through the fallopian tubes. If an egg is fertilized by sperm, it implants in the uterus and develops into a fetus with support from the placenta and umbilical cord. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes which are transported and stored until ejaculation. Fertilization normally occurs when sperm meet and penetrate an egg in the fallopian tubes.
This document provides an overview of nursing care for mothers, children, and families. It covers topics such as reproductive anatomy and physiology, conception and fetal development, the female and male reproductive systems, hormones, and the nursing assessment of pregnant women. Key concepts discussed include the structures and functions of the reproductive organs, the menstrual cycle and hormonal changes that occur, gamete formation through meiosis and mitosis, fertilization and early fetal development, and fetal growth milestones throughout pregnancy.
Cellular organisms can be divided into two main categories: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes like bacteria have no nucleus, while eukaryotes such as plants and animals have complex cells with organelles like the nucleus. Microorganisms are classified scientifically using taxonomy, which involves their arrangement into hierarchical groups based on similarities and relationships, as well as assigning standardized names using binomial nomenclature.
Cellular organisms can be divided into two main categories: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes like bacteria have no nucleus, while eukaryotes such as plants and animals have complex cells with organelles like the nucleus. Microorganisms are classified scientifically using taxonomy, which involves their arrangement into hierarchical groups based on similarities and relationships, as well as assigning standardized names using binomial nomenclature.
The document discusses units of measurement in the metric system for expressing the sizes of microorganisms. It then summarizes different types of microscopes, including their basic components and functions. Compound microscopes contain multiple lenses and can magnify objects up to 1,000 times smaller than what is visible to the naked eye. Electron microscopes use electron beams rather than visible light for illumination and have even higher magnifying powers.
The document discusses different units of measurement used in the metric system to express the sizes of microorganisms, including the meter, decimeter, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer, and nanometer. It then describes different types of microscopes used to observe tiny objects, including simple microscopes with one lens, compound microscopes with more than one lens, and electron microscopes which use an electron beam. Compound microscopes are often used to observe microorganisms and cells at magnifications of up to 1000 times smaller than what can be seen with the naked eye.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Key pioneers in microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who first observed microbes under a microscope, Louis Pasteur, who disproved spontaneous generation and developed pasteurization and vaccines, and Robert Koch, who developed techniques for growing pure cultures of bacteria and proved specific diseases were caused by specific microbes through his postulates. Microbiology is studied because microbes play important roles in health, disease, ecology, and industry.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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3. Maternal & Child Nursing Care Reproductive Anatomy andPhysiology CRISTINA MARIE M. MANZANO RN, RM, MAN
4. Learning Objectives Identify the structures and functions of the female and male reproductive systems. Summarize the actions of the hormones that affect reproductive functioning. Identify the two phases of the ovarian cycle and the changes that occur in each phase.
5. Describe the phases of the menstrual cycle, their dominant hormones, and the changes that occur in each phase. Discuss the significance of specific female reproductive structures during childbirth. Identify the functions of specific male reproductive structures for reproduction.
6. FIGURE 3–1 Sexual differentiation. A, At 7 weeks’ gestation, male and female genitalia are identical(undifferentiated). B and C, By 12 weeks’ gestation, noticeable differentiation begins to occur.D and E, Differentiation continues until birth but is almost complete at term.
7. FIGURE 3–2 Physiologic changes leading to onset of puberty. A, In females, and B, in males. Solid lines illustrate stimulation of hormone production, and broken lines illustrate inhibition. Through a neurotransmitter the central nervous system stimulates the hypothalamus, which in turn produces a gonadotropin-releasing factor that causes the anterior pituitary to produce gonadotropins (FSH or LH). These hormones stimulate specific structures in the gonads to secrete steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or testosterone). The rise in pituitary hormone increases hypothalamus activity. Elevated steroid hormone levels stimulate the central nervous system and pituitary gland to inhibit hormone production.
8. Female Reproductive System External genitalia/vulva Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Urethral meatus and opening of the paraurethral glands Vaginal vestibule Breasts: Accessories of the reproductive system
19. Hormones Female Hormones Estrogen Progesterone Prostaglandin Male Hormones Testosterone is the most important sex hormone
20. Estrogen Controls development of female secondary sex characteristics Assists in the maturation of the ovarian follicles Causes endometrial mucosa to proliferate following menstruation Causes uterus to increase in size and weight
21. Female reproductive cycle: interrelationships of hormones with the four phases of the uterine cycle and the two phases of the ovarian cycle in an ideal 28-day cycle
22. Estrogen Increases myometrial contractility in both the uterus and fallopian tubes Increases uterine sensitivity to oxytocin Inhibits FSH production Stimulates LH production
23. Progesterone Decreases uterine motility and contractility Facilitates vaginal epithelium proliferation Secretion of thick viscous cervical mucus Increases breast glandular tissue in preparation for breast feeding
25. FIGURE 3–16 Various stages of development of the ovarian follicles.
26. Follicular Phase Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete the gonadotropic hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) FSH is primarily responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle
27. Follicular Phase (cont’d) As the follicle matures, it secretes increasing amounts of estrogen Final maturation facilitated by LH The follicular phase ends with ovulation
28. Luteal Phase Release of ovum LH: Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle Secretion of progesterone increases Fertilized ovum able to implant into endometrium Secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Absence of fertilization Corpus luteum degenerates Decrease in estrogen and progesterone Increase in LH and FSH
31. Secretory Phase Follows ovulation Influenced primarily by progesterone Increase in vascularity of the uterus Increase in myometrial glandular secretions
32. Ischemic Phase If fertilization does not occur, the ischemic phase begins The corpus luteum begins to degenerate Both estrogen and progesterone levels fall Escape of blood into the stromal cells of the endometrium
33. A FIGURE 3–12 Female pelvis. A, The false pelvis is a shallow cavity above the inlet; the true pelvis is adeeper portion of the cavity below the inlet.
34. B FIGURE 3–12 (continued) Female pelvis. A, The false pelvis is a shallow cavity above the inlet; the true pelvis is adeeper portion of the cavity below the inlet. B, The true pelvis consists of the inlet, cavity(midpelvis), and outlet.
35. Division of the Pelvis False pelvis Part above the pelvic brim Serves to support the weight of the enlarged pregnant uterus Directs the presenting fetal part into the true pelvis Inlet: upper border of pelvis Pelvic cavity: Curved canal with a longer posterior than anterior wall Outlet: Pelvic outlet is at the lower border of the true pelvis
36. FIGURE 3–13 Pelvic planes: coronal section and diameters of the bony pelvis.
40. Functions of Male Reproductive Structures Penis: Deposits sperm in the vagina for fertilization of the ovum Scrotum: Protects testes and sperm by maintaining a temperature lower than the body Testes Serve as a site for spermatogenesis Produce testosterone Seminal fluid: Transports viable and mobile sperm to female reproductive tract
41. Functions of Male Reproductive Structures Epididymis: Reservoir for maturing spermatozoa Vas deferens: Rapidly squeeze sperm from their storage sites into urethra Urethra: Passageway for both urine and semen
42. Assignment Complete the activities: “Female Reproductive System”and “Male Reproductive System” on the accompanying Student CD-ROM. View the animations on the CD-ROM on the female and male pelvis.
44. Learning Objectives Compare the difference between meiotic cellular division and mitotic cellular division. Compare the processes by which ova and sperm are produced. Describe the components of the process of fertilization.
45. Describe in order of increasing complexity the structures that form during the cellular multiplication anddifferentiation stages of intrauterine development.Describe the development, structure, and functions of the placenta and umbilical cord during intrauterine life Identify the differing processes by which fraternal (dizygotic) and identical (monozygotic) twins are formed Summarize the significant changes in growth and development of the fetus in utero at 4, 6, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 36, and 40 weeks’ gestation.
46. Mitosis Process of cellular division Results in daughter cells that are exact copies of the original cell Identical to parent cell and to each other Contain a full set of chromosomes or genetic material Refered to as diploid cells Somatic cells continue to reproduce and replace each other
47. Mitosis The cell undergoes several changes ending in cell division At the last phase of cell division, a furrow develops in the cell cytoplasm The parent cell divides into two daughter cells Each daughter cell has its own nucleus They are identical to the parent cell They have the same diploid number of chromosomes (46) and same genetic makeup as the cell from which they came
48. Meiosis Type of cell division that produces reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and ova) - each cell contains half genetic material of parent cell (haploid)
49. Meiosis (cont’d) Meiosis consists of two successive cell divisions First division: Chromosomes replicate Second division: Chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles of each of the daughter cells Cellular division results in formation of four cells Each cell contains haploid number of chromosomes Daughter cells contain only half the DNA of normal somatic cell
51. FIGURE 7–1 Gametogenesis involves meiosis within the ovary and testis. A, During meiosis, eachoogonium produces a single haploid ovum once some cytoplasm moves into the polar bodies.B, Each spermatogonium produces four haploid spermatozoa.
52. Oogenesis Process that produces the female gamete, called an ovum (egg), that begins to develop early in the fetal life of the female Ovaries begin to develop early in the fetal life of the female All ova that female will produce in her lifetime are present at birth - ovary gives rise to oogonial cells, which develop into oocytes During puberty: Mature primary oocyte continues through first meiotic division in ovary Haploid cells released at ovulalion
53. Oogenesis The first meiotic division Two cells of unequal size produced with same number of chromosomes One cell is secondary oocyte, other is minute polar body Secondary oocyte and polar body each contain 22 double-structured autosomal chromosomes and one double-structured sex chromosome (X) During puberty: Mature primary oocyte continues through first meiotic division in ovary
54. Spermatogenesis Production of the male gamete, or sperm, during puberty The spermatogonium (primordial germ cell) Begins with complete set of genetic material - diploid number of chromosomes Cell replicates before it enters first meiotic division Cell is now primary spermatocyte During second meiotic division, divide to form four spemiatids, each with haploid number of chromosomes
55. Spermatogenesis (cont’d) During the first meiotic division Spermatogonium forms two cells called secondary spermatocytes Each contains 22 double-structured autosomal chromosomes and either double-structured X sex chromosome or double-structured Y sex chromosome
56. Preparation for Fertilization Preparation is the first component of fertilization Ovum released into fallopian tube - viable for 24 hours Sperm deposited into vagina - viable for 48 to 72 hours (highly fertile for 24 hours) Sperm must undergo capacitation and acrosomal reaction Sperm penetration causes a chemical reaction that blocks more sperm penetration
57. Moment of Fertilization Sperm penetration causes chemical reaction that blocks more sperm penetration Sperm enters ovum, chemical signal prompts secondary oocyte to complete second meiotic division True moment of fertilization occurs as nuclei unite Chromosomes pair up to produce diploid zygote Each nucleus contains haploid number of chromosomes (23)
58. Moment of Fertilization (cont’d) Union restores diploid number (46) Zygote contains new combination of genetic material Sex of zygote determined at moment of fertilization Two chromosomes of twenty-third pair (sex chromosomes) - either XX or XY - determine sex of individual Females have two X chromosomes, males have an X and a Y chromosome
59. A FIGURE 7–2 Sperm penetration of an ovum. A, The sequential steps of oocyte penetration by a spermare depicted moving from top to bottom. B, Scanning electron micrograph of a human sperm surrounding a human ovum (750). The smaller spherical cells are granulosa cells of the corona radiata. Scanning electron micrograph used with permission from Nisson, L. (1990). A child is born. New York: Dell publishing.
60. B FIGURE 7–2(continued) Sperm penetration of an ovum. A, The sequential steps of oocyte penetration by a sperm are depicted moving from top to bottom. B, Scanning electron micrograph of a human spermsurrounding a human ovum (750). The smaller spherical cells are granulosa cells of the corona radiata. Scanning electron micrograph used with permission from Nisson, L. (1990). A child is born. New York: Dell publishing.(Photo Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bönniers Folag AB)
61. FIGURE 7–3 During ovulation the ovum leaves the ovary and enters the fallopian tube. Fertilizationgenerally occurs in the outer third of the fallopian tube. Subsequent changes in the fertilizedovum from conception to implantation are depicted.
62. Cell Multiplication Rapid mitotic division - cleavage Blastomeres grow to morula (solid ball of 12 to 16 cells) - solid ball of 12 to 16 cells Morula divides into solid mass (blastocyst); surrounded by outer layer of cells (trophoblast) Implantation; occurs in 7 to 10 days
63. Cell Differentiation 10 to 14 days (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) from which all tissues, organs, and organ systems develop Blastocyst differentiates into three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) All tissues, organs, and organ systems develop from these primary germ cell layers Embryonic membranes form at implantation The chorion and the amnion
65. Cell Differentiation Amniotic Fluid: Created when amnion and chorion grow and connect andform amniotic sac to produce fluid Yolk sac DeveIops as part of the blastocyst Produces primitive red blood cells Soon incorporated into the umbilical cord
66. FIGURE 7–4 Formation of primary germ layers. A, Implantation of a 7 1/2-day blastocyst in which thecells of the embryonic disc are separated from the amnion by a fluid-filled space. The erosion of the endometrium by the syncytiotrophoblast is ongoing. B, Implantation is completed by day 9, and extraembryonic mesoderm is beginning to from a discrete layer beneath the cytotrophoblast. C, By day 16 the embryo shows all three germ layers, a yolk sac, and an allantois (an out pouching of the yolk sac that forms the structural basis of the body stalk, or umbilical cord). The cytotrophoblast and associated mesoderm have become the chorion, and chorionic villi are developing.
67. Cell Differentiation Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm - differentiation of endoderm results in formation of epithelium lining respiratory and digestive tracts
68. FIGURE 7–5 Endoderm differentiates to form the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tractsand associated glands.
69. FIGURE 7–6 Early development of primary embryonic membranes. At 4 1/2 weeks, the decidua capsularis (placental portion enclosing the embryo on the uterine surface) and decidua basalis (placental portion encompassing the elaborate chorionic villi and maternal endometrium) are well formed. The chorionic villi lie in blood-filled intervillous spaces within the endometrium. The amnion and yolk sac are well developed.
70. Umbilical Cord Develops from amnion Body stalk attaches embryo to yolk sac, fuses with embryonic portion of placenta Provides pathway from chorionic villi to embryo Contains two arteries and one vein; surrounded by Wharton’s jelly to protect vessels Wharton’s jelly: Specialized connective tissue Protects blood vessels Function of umbilical cord: Provides circulatory pathway to embryo
71. Placenta Placental development Begins at third week of embryonic development Develops at site where embryo attaches to uterine wall Function: Metabolic and nutrient exchange between embryonic and maternal circulations Placenta has two parts Maternal Fetal
72. Placenta Maternal portion Consists of deciduas basalis and its circulation Surface appears red and flesh-like Fetal portion Consists of the chorionic villi and their circulation The fetal surface of the placenta is covered by the amnion Appears shiny and gray
73. FIGURE 7–8 Maternal side of placenta (Dirty Duncan).
74. FIGURE 7–9 Fetal side of placenta (Shiny Shultz).
75. FIGURE 7–10 Vascular arrangement of the placenta. Arrows indicate the direction of blood flow. Maternal blood flows through the uterine arteries to the intervillous spaces of the placenta and returnsthrough the uterine veins to maternal circulation. Fetal blood flows through the umbilical arteries into the villous capillaries of the placenta and returns through the umbilical vein to the fetal circulation.
76. FIGURE 7–11 Fetal circulation. Blood leaves the placenta and enters the fetus through the umbilicalvein. After circulating through the fetus, the blood returns to the placenta through the umbilical arteries. The ductus venosus, the foramen ovale, and the ductus arteriosus allow the blood to bypass the fetal liver and lungs.
77. Figure 7–7 A, Formation of fraternal twins. (Note separate placentas.) B, Formation of identical twins.
78. Figure 7–7 (continued) A, Formation of fraternal twins. (Note separate placentas.) B, Formation of identical twins.
79. Identical Twins Develop from single fertilized ovum Of same sex and have same genotype Identical twins usually have common placenta; monozygosity is not affected by environment, race, physical characteristics, or fertility Both fetus are same sex with same characteristics Single placenta
80. Identical Twins Number of amnions and chorions present - depends on timing of division Division within 3 days of fertilization; two embryos, two amnions, and two chorions will develop Division about 5 days after fertilization Two embryos develop with separate amniotic sacs Sacs will eventually be covered by a common chorion Monochorionic-diamniotic placenta
81. Identical Twins (cont’d) If amnion already developed, division approximately 7 to 13 days after fertilization Two embryos with common amniotic sac and common chorion Monochorionic-monoamniotic placenta Occurs about 1% of the time
82. Fraternal Twins Also referred to as dizygotic Arise from two separate ova fertilized by two separate spermatozoa Two placentas, two chorions, and two amnions Sometimes placentas fuse and appear to be one Fraternal twins No more similar to each other than singly bom siblings May be of same or different sex
83. FIGURE 7–12 The actual size of a human conceptus from fertilization to the early fetal stage. The embryonic stage begins in the third week after fertilization; the fetal stage begins in the ninthweek.
84. Fetus Growth and Development 4 weeks: 4–6 mm, brain formed from anterior neural tube, limb buds seen, heart beats, GI system begins 6 weeks: 12 mm, primitive skeletal shape, chambers in heart, respiratory system begins, ear formation begins
85. Fetus Growth and Development 12 weeks: 8 cm, ossification of skeleton begins, liver produces red cells, palate complete in mouth, skin pink, thyroid hormone present, insulin present in pancreas 16 weeks: 13.5 cm, teeth begin to form, meconium begins to collect in intestines, kidneys assume shape, hair present on scalp
86. FIGURE 7–13 The embryo at 5 weeks. The embryo has a marked C-shaped body and a rudimentary tail. Use with permission from Petit/Nestle/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
87. FIGURE 7–14 The embryo at 7 weeks. The head is rounded and nearly erect. The eyes have shifted forward and closer together, and the eyelids begin to form. Use with permission from Petit/Nestle/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
88. FIGURE 7–15 The fetus at 9 weeks. Every organ system and external structure is present. Use with permission from Nilsson, L. (1990). A child is born. New York: Dell Publishing.(Photo Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bönniers Folag AB)
89. FIGURE 7–16 The fetus at 14 weeks. During this period of rapid growth, the skin is so transparent that blood vessels are visible beneath it. More muscle tissue and body skeleton have developed,and they hold the fetus more erect. Use with permission from Nilsson, L. (1990). A child is born. New York: Dell Publishing.(Photo Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bönniers Folag AB)
90. FIGURE 7–17 The fetus at 20 weeks weighs 435 to 465 g and measures about 19 cm. Subcutaneousdeposits of brown fat make the skin a little less transparent. “Woolly” hair covers the head,and nails have developed on the fingers and toes. Use with permission from Nilsson, L. (1990). A child is born. New York: Dell Publishing.(Photo Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bönniers Folag AB)
91. Fetus Growth and Development 20 weeks: 19 cm, myelination of spinal cord begins, suck and swallow begins, lanugo covers body, vernix begins to protect the body 24 weeks: 23 cm, respiration and surfactant production begins, brain appears mature 28 weeks: 27 cm, nervous system begins regulation of some functions, adipose tissue accumulates; nails, eyebrows, and eyelids are present; eyes are open 36 weeks: 35 cm, earlobes soft with little cartilage, few sole creases
92. Fetus Growth and Development 40 weeks : 40 cm, adequate surfactant, vernix in skin folds and lanugo on shoulders, earlobes firm, sex apparent Weight about 3,000 to 3,600 g (6 lb., 10 oz. to 7 lb., 15 oz.) Varies in different ethnic groups Skin has a smooth, polished look Hair on head is coarse and about 1 inch long Body and extremities are plump
95. Assignment Access the CD-ROM to view the cell division animation. Review the following animations:oogenesis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis and spermato-genesis compared, matching oogenesis and spermatogenesis. View and review all animations.
111. Anatomic and Physiologic Changes Cardiovascular system: Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone Cardiac output and blood volume increases Increased size of uterus interferes with blood return from lower extremities Increased level of red cells to increase oxygen delivery to cells Clotting factors increase
112. Anatomic and Physiologic Changes GI system: Action of increasing levels of progesterone Delayed gastric emptying Decreased peristalsis GU system: Increased blood volume Glomerular filtration rate increases Renal tubular reabsorption increases
113. Anatomic and Physiologic Changes Skin and Hair: Increased skin pigmentation caused by increased estrogen and progesterone Musculoskeletal: Relaxation of joints caused by increased estrogen and progesterone Metabolism: Increased during pregnancy Demands of the growing fetus and its support system Weight Gain: Recommended 25 to 35 lb Overweight, recommended gain is 15 to 25lb. Underweight: Gain weight needed to reach ideal weight plus 25 to 35 lb
115. Signs and Symptoms Uterus: Enlargement of abdomen Increased strength and elasticity: Allows uterus to contract Fetus expelled during labor Cervix: Mucous plug expelled as labor begins Increased vascularity may cause bleeding after vaginal exams Vagina: Acid pH increases chance of vaginal yeast infections Breasts: Increase in size causes soreness Colostrum may be present during the third trimester
116. Signs and Symptoms Respiratory system Increased size of uterus may cause shortness of breath Increased vascularity may cause nasal stuffiness and nosebleeds Cardiovascular system: Decreased blood return from lower extremities Varicose veins Hemorrhoids
117. Signs and Symptoms (cont’d) Pressure on vena cava by the enlarged uterus Dizziness Decreased blood pressure Skin and Hair: Increased skin pigmentation Causes linea nigra and chloasma
118. Signs and Symptoms (cont’d) GI system: Increased levels of estrogen cause: Nausea and vomiting Constipation Slow peristalsis and motility GU system: Increased urination caused by: Increasing size of uterus Pressure on bladder Increased blood volume and glomerular filtration
119. Signs and Symptoms (cont’d) Musculoskeletal: Action of estrogen and progesterone Relaxation of joints: Lordosis of lumbosacral spine
120. FIGURE 9–5 Approximate height of the fundus at various weeks of pregnancy.
122. FIGURE 9–1 Vena caval syndrome. The gravid uterus compresses the vena cava when the woman issupine. This reduces the blood flow returning to the heart and may cause maternal hypotension.
123. FIGURE 9–3 Postural changes during pregnancy. Note the increasing lordosis of the lumbosacral spine and the increasing curvature of the thoracic area.
124. Changes of Pregnancy Subjective (presumptive) changes Amenorrhea Nausea and vomiting Fatigue Urinary frequency Breast changes Quickening
131. Changes of Pregnancy Diagnostic (positive) changes Fetal heartbeat Fetal movement Visualization of the fetus
132. Pregnancy Tests Urine tests Hemagglutination-inhibition test (Pregnosticon R test) Latex agglutination test (Gravindex and Pregnosticon Slide tests) The first two are done on first early morning urine specimen Positive within 10 to 14 days after the first missed period Detect hCG during early pregnancy
133. Pregnancy Tests Serum tests -subunit radioimmunoassay: Positive a few days after presumed implantation Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) (Neocept, Pregnosis); requires only about 30 minutes to perform Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Model Sensichrome, Quest Confidot): Detects hCG levels as early as 7 to 9 days after ovulation and conception, 5 days before the first missed period Fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) (Opus hCG, Stratus hCG); takes about 2 to 3 hours to perform; used primarily to identify and follow hCG concentrations
134. Pregnancy Tests Over-the-Counter pregnancy tests Enzyme immunoassay tests Performed on urine Sensitive Detect even low levels of hCG Can detect a pregnancy as early as first day of missed period Negative result, test may be repeated 1 week if period has not occurred
135. Mother’s Emotional and Psychological Changes First trimester: Disbelief and ambivalence Second trimester: Quickening; helps mother to view fetus as separate from herself Third trimester: Anxiety about labor and birth; nesting (bursts of energy) occurs
136. Mother’s Emotional and Psychological Changes (cont’d) Rubin’s four tasks: Ensuring safe passage through pregnancy, labor, and birth Seeking acceptance of this child by others Seeking commitment and acceptance of herself as mother to infant Learning to give of oneself on behalf of one’s child
137. Father/Partner’s Emotional and Psychologic Changes First trimester May feel left out Disbelief May be confused by his partner’s mood changes Might resent the attention she receives Second trimester: Begins to decide which behaviors of own father he wants to imitate or discard Third trimester: Anxiety about labor and birth
138. Family’s Emotional and Psychologic Changes Siblings May view baby as threat to security of their relationships with parents Reaction depends on age of siblings Preparation for birth is essential Grandparents Usually supportive Excited about the birth May be unsure about how deeply to become involved
139. Cultural Assessment Determines Main beliefs Wishes Traditions of the family Values Behaviors about pregnancy and childbearing Helps to explore woman’s (or family’s) expectations of healthcare system Allows nurse to provide care that is appropriate and responsive to family needs
140. Cultural Factors Factors that will impact the family’s plans for the pregnancy Religious preferences Language Communication style Common etiquette practices Ethnic background Amount of affiliation with the ethnic group Patterns of decision making>
141. Assignment Draw the female internal reproductive anatomy. Label each organ, and list the changes that occur in each organ system(note book).
143. Learning Objectives Summarize the essential components of a prenatal history. Define common obstetric terminology found in the history of maternity clients. Identify factors related to the father’s health that are generally recorded on the prenatal record. Describe areas that should be evaluated as part of the initial assessment of psychosocial and cultural factors relatedto a woman’s pregnancy. Describe the normal physiologic changes one would expect to find when performing a physical assessment of apregnant woman.
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145. Develop an outline of the essential measurements that can be determined by clinical pelvimetry.
148. Prenatal History History of previous pregnancies Length of pregnancy Length of labor and birth Type of birth Type of anesthesia used (if any) Woman’s perception of the experience Complications associated with childbirth Neonatal complications
149. Prenatal History Gynecologic history Date of last Pap smear - any history of abnormal Pap smear Previous infections: Vaginal, cervical, tubal, or sexually transmitted Previous surgery Age at menarche and sexual history Regularity, frequency, and duration of menstrual flow History of dysmenorrhea and contraceptive history
150. Prenatal History Current medical history General health: Weight, nutrition, and regular exercise program Blood type and Rh factor, if known General health: Nutrition and regular exercise program Medications and use of herbal medication use during pregnancy Previous or present use of alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine Illicit drug use and drug allergies and other allergies
151. Prenatal History Current medical history Potential teratogenic insults to this pregnancy Presence of disease conditions such as diabetes Immunizations (especially rubella) Presence of any abnormal symptoms
152. Prenatal History Past medical history Childhood diseases Past treatment for any disease condition Surgical procedures Presence of bleeding disorders or tendencies (Has she received blood transfusions?)
153. Prenatal History Family medical history Presence of chronic or acute systemic diseases Complications associated with childbirth: Preeclampsia Occurrence of multiple births History of congenital diseases or deformities Occurrence of cesarean births and cause, if known
154. Prenatal History Religious preference and religious beliefs related to health care and birth: Prohibition against receiving blood products Dietary considerations or circumcision rites Practices that are important to maintain her spiritual well-being Practices in her culture or that of her partner that will influence care
155. Prenatal History Occupational history: Physical demands of present job Partner’s history: Genetic conditions and blood type Woman’s demographic information Age, educational level Ethnic background Socioeconomic status
156. Common Obstetric Terminology Gravida: Any pregnancy, regardless of duration, includes the current pregnancy Parity: Birth after 20 weeks’ gestation; infant may be born alive or dead
157. Common Obstetric Terminology (cont’d) TPAL T: Number of term infants born P: Number of preterm infants A: Number of pregnancies ending in either spontaneous or therapeutic abortion L: Number of currently living children
158. FIGURE 10–1 The TPAL approach provides detailed information about the woman’s pregnancy history.
159. Common Obstetric Terminology (cont’d) Gestation: Number of weeks since the first day of the last menstrual period Abortion: Birth occurring before the end of 20 weeks’ gestation Term: Normal duration of pregnancy (38 to 42 weeks’ gestation) Antepartum: Time between conception and the onset of labor Intrapartum: Period from the onset of true labor until the birth of the infant and placenta
160. Common Obstetric Terminology (cont’d) Postpartum: Time from birth until the woman’s body returns to prepregnant condition Preterm or premature labor: Labor that occurs after 20 weeks’ but before completion of 37 weeks’ gestation Nulligravida: Woman who has never been pregnant Primigravida: Woman pregnant for the first time
161. Common Obstetric Terminology (cont’d) Nullipara: Woman who has had no births at more than 20 weeks’ gestation Primipara: Woman who has had one birth at more than 20 weeks’ gestation Multipara: Woman who has had two or more births at more than 20 weeks’ gestation Stillbirth: Infant born dead after 20 weeks’ gestation Multigravida: Woman in second or any subsequent pregnancy
162. Father’s Information Existing medical conditions History of chronic illness - father or immediate family member Blood type and Rh factor Age Occupation Current use of recreational drugs
163. Father’s Information (cont’d) Present use of tobacco and alcohol Genetic disorders Educational level Methods by which he learns best Attitude toward the pregnancy
164. Cultural and Psychosocial Factors Language preference Religious preference Socioeconomic status Psychological status Educational needs Support system
165. Cultural and Psychosocial Factors (cont’d) Determine food preferences Determine significant people to client - assess degree of involvement of those people Assess family functioning Level of involvement Stability of living conditions Be aware of the practices of various cultural groups
167. Normal Physiological Changes Pulse may increase by 10 beats per minute Respiration may be increased and thoracic breathing predominant Temperature and blood pressure within normal limits Weight varies: Should be proportional to the gestational age of the fetus Nose: Nasal stuffiness Chest and lungs: Transverse diameter greater than anterior-posterior diameter
168. Normal Physiological Changes (cont’d) Skin: Linea nigra Striae gravidarum Melasma Spider nevi Mouth: Gingival hypertrophy Neck: Slight hyperplasia of thyroid in the third trimester - small, nontender nodes
169. Normal Physiological Changes (cont’d) Breasts Increasing size Pigmentation of nipples and areola Tubercles of Montgomery enlarge Colostrum appears in third trimester
170. Normal Physiological Changes (cont’d) Abdomen Progressive enlargement Fetal heart rate heard at approximately 12 weeks’ gestation Extremities: Possible edema late in pregnancy Spine: Lumbar spinal curve may be accentuated Pelvic area: Vagina without significant discharge
171. Normal Physiological Changes (cont’d) Cervix closed Uterus shows progressive growth Laboratory tests Physiologic anemia may occur (decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit) Small degree of glycosuria may occur
172. Commonly Used Methods Nägele’s rule Begin with the first day of the LMP Subtract 3 months, and add 7 days Physical Examination - fundal height: Measurement of uterine size Ultrasound: Method used to measure fetal parts Crown-to-rump measurements Biparietal diameter (BPD) measurements
173. FIGURE 10–2 The EDB wheel can be used to calculate the due date. To use it, place the “last mensesbegan” arrow on the date of the woman’s LMP. Then read the EDB at the arrow labeled 40. Inthis case the LMP is September 8, and the EDB is June 17.
174. FIGURE 10–3 A cross-sectional view of fetal position when McDonald’s method is used to assess fundalheight.
175. FIGURE 10–4 Listening to the fetal heartbeat with a Doppler device.
176. Pelvic Measurements Pelvic inlet Diagonal conjugate Measure at least 11.5 cm Obstetric conjugate - 10 cm or more
177. A FIGURE 10–5 Manual measurement of inlet and outlet. A, Estimation of the diagonal conjugate, whichextends from the lower border of the symphysis pubis to the sacral promontory. B, Estimationof the anteroposterior diameter of the outlet, which extends from the lower border of the symphysis pubis to the tip of the sacrum. C and D, Methods that may be used to check the manual estimation of anteroposterior measurements.
178. B FIGURE 10–5 (continued) Manual measurement of inlet and outlet. A, Estimation of the diagonal conjugate, whichextends from the lower border of the symphysis pubis to the sacral promontory. B, Estimation of the anteroposterior diameter of the outlet, which extends from the lower border of the symphysis pubis to the tip of the sacrum. C and D, Methods that may be used to check the manual estimation of anteroposterior measurements.
179. C D FIGURE 10–5 (continued) Manual measurement of inlet and outlet. A, Estimation of the diagonal conjugate, whichextends from the lower border of the symphysis pubis to the sacral promontory. B, Estimationof the anteroposterior diameter of the outlet, which extends from the lower border of the symphysis pubis to the tip of the sacrum. C and D, Methods that may be used to check the manual estimation of anteroposterior measurements.
180. Pelvic Measurements Pelvic outlet Anteroposterior diameter Should be 9.5 to 11.3 cm Transverse diameter should be 8 to 10 cm
181. FIGURE 10–6 Use of a closed fist to measure the outlet. Most examiners know the distance between their first and last proximal knuckles. If they do not, they can use a measuring device.
182. Signs of Infection or Cancer Elevation in vital signs Urine with elevated white blood cells High white blood cell count in the blood Lesions in the genital area Excessive malodorous vaginal discharge Positive tests for sexually transmitted infections
183. Signs of Infection or Cancer Tender, hard fixed nodes in the neck Abnormal lung sounds Breast lumps Nipple discharge Redness and tenderness of breast tissue
184. Signs of Anemia or Cardiopulmonary Problems Pale mucous membranes Skin pallor Signs of nutrition deficiency Low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels Elevations in blood pressure Edema More than expected weight gain
185. Signs of Cardiopulmonary Problems Abnormal lung sounds Increased respiratory rate Abnormal heart rhythm Extra heart sounds
186. Other Danger Signs Less than expected weight gain Petechiae or bruises Inflamed gingival tissue Enlarged thyroid Abdominal tenderness or mass Lack of peripheral pulses
187. Other Danger Signs Failure to detect fetal heart rate Abnormal spinal curves Hyperactive reflexes Below normal pelvic measurements Hemorrhoids
190. Subsequent Prenatal Assessment Prenatal visits Every 4 weeks for the first 28 weeks’ gestation Every 2 weeks until 36 weeks’ gestation After week 36, every week until childbirth
191. Subsequent Prenatal Assessment Assessments during prenatal visits Vital signs and weight Edema Uterine size and fetal heartbeat Urinalysis Blood tests for AFP, glucose Vaginal swab for group B strep Expected psychological stage of pregnancy
193. Documentation Document within context of nursing practice Example: Music therapy for the child having acute pain Cristina Marie M. Manzano RN, RM, MAN
194. Thank You… & See You Again Next Meeting!!! Don't forget your assignments & present your "Ticket to Class " 182