Female Reproductive Cycle
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The female reproductive cycle occurs over approximately 28 days and involves changes in the ovaries and uterus controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland. Each cycle typically produces one egg and results in menstruation if fertilization does not occur. The four main phases are: 1) follicle development stimulated by FSH; 2) estrogen production under FSH influence; 3) LH surge causing ovulation; and 4) corpus luteum formation after ovulation producing progesterone to prepare the uterus if pregnancy occurs.
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This document summarizes the female ovarian cycle. It describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle: the follicular phase, where follicles in the ovaries develop under the influence of hormones; the ovulatory phase, where a surge of LH causes ovulation; and the luteal phase, where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone. It also discusses the hormonal control of the cycle by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Key events include the monthly development and selection of a single dominant follicle to ovulate while others undergo atresia, as well as the formation and breakdown of the corpus luteum over a typical 28 day cycle.
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Mesoderm and notochord formation
The epiblast and hypoblast migrate to form the primitive groove along the length of the primitive streak. At the cephalic end of the primitive streak, a thickening called Henson's node forms. Cells from Henson's node push into the midline beneath the ectoderm to form the notochord. As the embryo develops further, somites form from the dorsal mesoderm at Henson's node and organize bilaterally. The lateral plate mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm layers with a space, known as the coelom, between them. Somites appear as compact cell masses lateral to the neural folds in embryos incubated for 25-26 hours.
Mesoderm and notochord formation
The epiblast and hypoblast migrate to form the primitive groove and ridges along the primitive streak. At the cephalic end, a thickening called Henson's node forms. Cells from Henson's node push into the midline to form the notochord beneath the ectoderm. Somites form from the dorsal mesoderm of Henson's node and organize bilaterally. The lateral plate mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm, forming the coelom cavity between them. By 25-26 hours, somites appear as compact cell masses lateral to the neural folds.
Chick embryo development
The document summarizes key stages in chick embryo development:
1) Fertilization occurs internally in the oviduct and the egg acquires protective coverings as it passes through the reproductive tract.
2) For development to continue, the egg must be incubated at temperatures between 36-38 degrees Celsius, either by the mother or in an artificial incubator.
3) After fertilization, rapid cell division (cleavage) occurs, forming a disc of cells (blastoderm) on the yolk's surface that will develop into the embryo.
4) Cleavage results in a spherical cluster of cells (morula) that then forms a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel) to become a blast
Neurulation in Chick Development
The document describes the process of neurulation in an embryo. It begins with the presence of presumptive neural ectoderm forming a band on the dorsal surface of the gastrula. This band thickens to form the neural plate. By 18 hours, the neural plate is visible as a flat, thickened area. Between 21-22 hours, longitudinal folding occurs to establish the neural groove. By 24 hours, the folding of the neural plate is clearly visible and the embryo is termed a neurula. The neural groove sinks and the neural folds fuse to form the neural tube, enclosing the neurocoel and establishing the central nervous system.
Role of CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS IN DEVELOPMENT
1. The document discusses the role of cytoplasm and nucleus in development.
2. Cytoplasm contains determinants that are responsible for cell differentiation and are present in blastomeres. Different colored cytoplasm in Ascidian eggs gives rise to different cell types.
3. An experiment by Haemmerling showed that the nucleus, not the cytoplasm, controls morphology. When he exchanged just the cytoplasm between two algae species, the shape was determined by the nucleus.
Growth and development in Plants and Animals
1) Apical dominance is a phenomenon where the main stem or branch of a plant dominates and grows more strongly than side stems due to auxin produced by the shoot apex.
2) Experiments showed that removing the apical bud releases lateral buds from dominance, indicating the shoot apex controls lateral bud growth through auxin.
3) Auxin from the apical bud inhibits growth of lateral buds, demonstrating its inhibitory effect, while removal of the apex allows compensatory growth of lateral buds.
Variety of life, Binomial Nomenclature
The document discusses taxonomy and biological classification. It defines key terms used in taxonomy like domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. It explains that organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationships and ability to interbreed. It introduces binomial nomenclature as the standardized international system for naming organisms scientifically using Latinized names, which was developed by Carolus Linnaeus to avoid confusion from various common names used for organisms.
Chromosome and Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic Cell
The nuclear membrane separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm. It is a double membrane with nuclear pores that allow mRNA to pass into the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is not surrounded by a membrane. It functions to produce ribosomal RNA and ribosomes. Chromosomes within the nucleus are made of DNA and protein. They contain genes and become visible as thread-like structures during cell division. Chromosomes are composed of two identical chromatids held together at the centromere.
Chloroplast, nucleus, nuclear membrane
Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and facilitate photosynthesis. They have an outer envelope and internal membranes called thylakoids that are stacked to form grana, where light reactions take place. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight and drives photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates like glucose. The nucleus is found in eukaryotic cells and contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA packaged into chromosomes. It is surrounded by a double membrane and contains nucleoplasm and one or more nucleoli. The nucleus controls all activities of the cell by regulating gene expression.
Test tube babies and Sexually transmitted Diseases
Test tube babies are created when a male sperm and female egg are fused in vitro in a laboratory test tube, as some parents are unable to naturally fertilize an egg. Sexually transmitted diseases can result from unhealthy lifestyles and are discussed. Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria and affects the urogenital tract. Syphilis is caused by a spirochete bacteria and can damage reproductive organs, eyes, bones, joints, nerves, heart, and skin. Genital herpes is caused by a virus and transmitted sexually, causing genital sores and ulcers, and potentially damaging an infant's eyes or nervous system during birth. AIDS is transmitted sexually and damages immune cells, leaving the body vulnerable to infection
Centriole and mitochondria
This document provides information on the cytoskeleton, centrioles, and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. It describes the cytoskeleton as being made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that provide shape to the cell. Centrioles are located near the nucleus and consist of 9 arrays of microtubules that help in cell division. Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" and have an outer and inner membrane with cristae folds. They contain DNA and enzymes for metabolic reactions that produce ATP as energy for the cell.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia. The ovaries produce eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If an egg is fertilized by sperm in the fallopian tubes or uterus, it can implant in the lining of the uterus and develop into a fetus, receiving nutrients from the placenta. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina, which leads to the external genitalia and urethra.
Inhibitors, general structure of cell, cytoplasm
This document discusses cell structure and function. It describes how cells can be fractionated using centrifugation to separate out organelles. The plasma membrane is discussed as the outer boundary of cells, with its fluid mosaic model composed of lipids and embedded proteins. The plasma membrane functions to transport materials, protect internal components, and facilitate both active and passive transport through semi-permeability. Endocytosis is mentioned as a process where the plasma membrane folds inward to engulf molecules through phagocytosis of solids or pinocytosis of liquids.
Fruit set, fruit ripening, reproduction in Animals
This document summarizes various topics related to reproduction including fruit set, fruit ripening, asexual reproduction, and sexual reproduction in animals. It discusses that fruit set occurs after pollination when auxin stimulates the development of the ovary into fruit. Fruit ripening is triggered by several hormones and involves the conversion of the fruit into an edible form. The document also describes different types of asexual reproduction like binary fission and budding as well as parthenogenesis in various species including bees, aphids, and plants. Sexual reproduction is defined as involving gametes from two parents fusing to form a diploid zygote, and the document provides examples of oviparous, viviparous, and
Human birth
The document summarizes key aspects of human birth, including:
- Gestation typically lasts 280 days, during which the placenta secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy. Abnormalities can cause miscarriage or preterm birth.
- Around 12 weeks, most organs have developed and the fetus grows for the rest of gestation inside the amniotic sac filled with fluid that protects and cushions the baby.
- Near birth, hormones from the baby's pituitary stimulate its adrenal glands to release corticotropin, crossing the placenta and causing a drop in the mother's progesterone. This triggers the mother's pituitary to release oxytocin, inducing labor contractions that push the baby through
Peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, vacuole, cytoskeleton,
Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes are specialized organelles that contain enzymes for oxidizing molecules and producing hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes are found in both plant and animal cells and contain enzymes like peroxidase and catalase. Glyoxysomes are only found in plant cells and help break down stored fatty acids into carbohydrates in seedlings. Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that store water, ions, and waste products in both plant and animal cells. In plants, the large central vacuole allows cells to expand without diluting the cytoplasm and provides turgor pressure and rigidity to cells.
Ribosomes, golgi apparatus, lysosomes
Ribosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes are all cellular organelles with specialized functions. Ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum and are responsible for protein synthesis. The Golgi apparatus packages and transports proteins and lipids and modifies them by adding carbohydrates. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and function in phagocytosis, autophagy, and breaking down stored components in the cell. Abnormalities in lysosome development or function can lead to storage diseases.
Cell wall and endoplasmic reticulum golgi body
The document summarizes key components and structures of plant and prokaryotic cells. It describes the three layers that make up the plant cell wall: the primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, and middle lamella. The primary cell wall contains cellulose and allows for cell growth. The secondary cell wall is thick and rigid. Prokaryotic cell walls lack cellulose and contain peptidoglycan or chitin. The cytoplasm contains organelles and transports materials through cytoplasmic streaming. It also describes the endoplasmic reticulum as a network of membranes that produces and stores proteins in its rough form and aids in metabolism and transport in its smooth form.
Reproduction in man MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The male reproductive system includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles. The testes produce sperm and testosterone within the scrotum. During ejaculation, seminal fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and other glands carry the sperm through the urethra. Spermatogenesis occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes, where spermatogonia develop into mature sperm cells through meiosis.
Microbiology of domestic and sewage water
This document discusses the microbiology of domestic and sewage water. It begins by explaining that domestic water sources are often contaminated with industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. It then discusses various water purification methods like sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination used in municipal water treatment plants. It also discusses biological contaminants in water and describes Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria as indicators of water quality. The document provides details on standard testing methods and concludes by discussing wastewater treatment methods like primary and secondary treatment to remove pathogens before water is safely discharged or reused.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
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Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations Non-respiratory Functions of the Lungs.pdf
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Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Female Reproductive Cycle
- 2. • In female reproductive cycle exists and in each cycle one egg is produced and this cycle ends at age of 50 and it is called MENUPAUSE. • In male onset of puberty the sperm production become a continuous process and continue till death. •TIME DURATION OF REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE: • In females the reproductive cycle completes in 28 days and involves changes in structure and function of reproductive system. • MENSTURAL CYCLE: In females the reproductive cycle completes in 28 days and involves changes in structure and function of reproductive system is called MENSTURAL CYCLE.
- 3. •FOUR PHASES OF MENSTURAL CYCLE: • The events of menstrual cycle involves Ovaries (ovarian cycle) and Uterus (uterine cycle) both are controlled by the Pituitary Gonadotrophin hormones. • Primary Steps in Female Reproductive Cycle are: •1) RELEASE OF FSH ONSET OF PUBERTY: Onset of puberty Pituitary releases FSH to stimulate production of PRIMARY FOLLICLES. Out of many only one Follicle continue to grow with one primary oocyte and rest of the follicles degenerate and result in follicle atresia (Follicular atresia is the breakdown of the ovarian follicles).
- 4. •2. PRODUCTION OF ESTROGEN: • Under influence of FSH ovary releases Estrogen and this stimulates the wall of the uterus (ENDOMETRIUM) to become vascularize and ready for pregnancy • Estrogen once released inhibit further secretion of FSH from pituitary. •3. SECRETION OF LH : • Decrease in FSH and increase in ESTROGEN cause release of LH from pituitary and LH then stimulate ovulation (release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle).
- 5. •4. CORPUS LUTEUM: After release of egg the follicle modify into a special structure called Corpus luteum. • Corpus luteum is Yellowish structure which secrets the hormone Progesterone which stimulates more vascularization of endometrium and make suitable for conceiving pregnancy. •5. MENSTURATION: If fertilization does not occurs then slowly the corpus luteum starts degenerating and hence level of progesterone starts dropping in female body. • And it’s effect on spongy endometrium starts decreasing and endometrium starts breaking down causing discharge of blood and cell debris called Menstruation and it lasts for 3-7 days.