This document provides an overview of orodispersible tablets. It discusses their history, formulation strategies, evaluation parameters and benefits over conventional tablets. Orodispersible tablets are designed to dissolve rapidly in the mouth without water. They were developed to help patients like children, elderly and those with swallowing difficulties. The key ingredients are superdisintegrants which cause the tablet to break apart quickly. Evaluation tests include hardness, friability, wetting time and in vitro dissolution studies. Orodispersible tablets offer ease of administration, accurate dosing and enhanced bioavailability compared to other dosage forms.
pharmaceutical technologists have developed a novel oral dosage form known as orally disintegrating tablets (odts) which disintegrate rapidly in saliva, usually in a matter of seconds, without the need to take it water. drug dissolution and absorption as well as onset of clinical effect and drug bioavailability may be significantly greater than those observed from conventional dosage forms ,
pharmaceutical technologists have developed a novel oral dosage form known as orally disintegrating tablets (odts) which disintegrate rapidly in saliva, usually in a matter of seconds, without the need to take it water. drug dissolution and absorption as well as onset of clinical effect and drug bioavailability may be significantly greater than those observed from conventional dosage forms ,
It includes Introductory part about what is Dissolution...then Mechanism of Dissolution is elaborated...Theories of Dissolution also given..It also includes Factors affecting Dissolution profile..Along with References given below for easily searching..
FORMULATION FACTORS EFFECTING BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGSN Anusha
Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action.
When the drug is given orally, only part of the administered dose appears in the plasma.
By plotting plasma concentrations of the drug versus time, one can measure the area under the curve (AUC).
This curve reflects the extent of absorption of the drug.
Dissolution, factors affecting drug dissolution, methods to evaluate dissolution, advantages and disadvantages, recent approaches--these are the topics covered in this presentation.
Introduction to Nasal drug delivery system,Anatomy of Nasal cavity,Advantages n limitataions of Nasal DDS,Mechanism,factors affecting Nasal DDS,Formulation,methods to enhance Nasal DDS,Dosage forms,Evalaution
The Metformin HCL Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is formulated by the Wet Granulation technique. This Tablet is containing both Effervescent as well as Non Effervescent system. The HPMC K 100 Swellable polymer is responsible for the Floating. (Non Effervescent system) and The Sodium Bicarbonate is responsible for
the effervescent system. A combination of HPMC K 100 and Xanthum Gum shows better sustained release activity. The Prepared Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, weight variation test, friability test and in vitro study, Total Floating Time. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The weight variation and friability these values are within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug (99.25) with in end of 8 Hours.
It includes Introductory part about what is Dissolution...then Mechanism of Dissolution is elaborated...Theories of Dissolution also given..It also includes Factors affecting Dissolution profile..Along with References given below for easily searching..
FORMULATION FACTORS EFFECTING BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGSN Anusha
Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action.
When the drug is given orally, only part of the administered dose appears in the plasma.
By plotting plasma concentrations of the drug versus time, one can measure the area under the curve (AUC).
This curve reflects the extent of absorption of the drug.
Dissolution, factors affecting drug dissolution, methods to evaluate dissolution, advantages and disadvantages, recent approaches--these are the topics covered in this presentation.
Introduction to Nasal drug delivery system,Anatomy of Nasal cavity,Advantages n limitataions of Nasal DDS,Mechanism,factors affecting Nasal DDS,Formulation,methods to enhance Nasal DDS,Dosage forms,Evalaution
The Metformin HCL Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is formulated by the Wet Granulation technique. This Tablet is containing both Effervescent as well as Non Effervescent system. The HPMC K 100 Swellable polymer is responsible for the Floating. (Non Effervescent system) and The Sodium Bicarbonate is responsible for
the effervescent system. A combination of HPMC K 100 and Xanthum Gum shows better sustained release activity. The Prepared Gastroretentive Floating Sustained released Tablet is Evaluated In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, weight variation test, friability test and in vitro study, Total Floating Time. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to Satisfactory and having a good free flowing property. The weight variation and friability these values are within the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies shows Maximum percentage of release of drug (99.25) with in end of 8 Hours.
The oral route is the most favorable route for administration of drugs because of accurate dosage, low cost of therapy, self medication, non-invasive method, and ease of administration leading to a high level of patient compliance. Of the oral Dosage forms, solid dosage form is the preferred class of product as tablet represents a unit dosage form in which one dose of drug is placed accurately.
Formulation and Evaluation of Amlodipine Fast Dissolving Tabletsijtsrd
Fast dissolving tablet is a new era for successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide successful drug delivery. In the present study, an attempt was made to design and evaluate fast dissolving tablets of Amlodipine besylate, which is used commonly for the treatment of angina pectoris. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method followed by sublimation method using super disintegrants sodium starch glycolate, crosspovidone and croscarmellose sodium. The prepared powder blends were evaluated for preformulation parameters. The tablets were evaluated for thickness, hardness, weight variation, drug content uniformity, friability and in vitro drug release studies. In vitro drug release studies were performed by using USP type II apparatus paddle method at 50 rpm in 900 ml of 0.1N HCl as dissolution medium for 30 minutes at 37±0.5°C. The formulation F9 containing Croscarmellose sodium 7 showed better disintegration and dissolution up to 30 minutes. Hence, formulation F9 was considered as optimized formulation which showed the best drug release profile up to 30 minutes. The results of mathematical model fitting of data obtained indicated that, the best fit model in all the cases the release was found to be by diffusion and fickian release. The results of FTIR analysis showed that there was no physical and chemical interaction between drug and other excipients. The study indicates that the fast dissolving tablets of Amlodipine besylate can effectively reduce the adverse effects and frequency of administration of the drug. Aparna. P | Dr. Subash Chandran M. P | Remya S B "Formulation and Evaluation of Amlodipine Fast Dissolving Tablets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29563.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/29563/formulation-and-evaluation-of-amlodipine-fast-dissolving-tablets/aparna-p
ABSTRACT
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent condition which has an adverse effect on quality of life. The presence
of urgency incontinence confers significant morbidity above and beyond that of OAB sufferers who are
continent. The primary treatment for OAB and urgency incontinence is a combination of behavioral measures
and antimuscarinic drug therapy. The ideal antimuscarinic agent should effectively relieve the symptoms of
OAB, with the minimum of side effects; it should be available as a once-daily sustained release formulation
and in dosage strength that allows easy dose titration for the majority of sufferers. Solifenacin succinate was
launched in 2005 and has been shown in both short and long term clinical trials to fulfill these requirements.
Solifenacin is a competitive M3 receptor antagonist with a long half-life (45-68 hours). It is available in two
dosage strengths namely a 5 or 10 mg once-daily tablet. The efficacy and tolerability of solifenacin for the
treatment of all symptoms of OAB has been evaluated in a number of large, placebo controlled, randomized
trials. Long-term safety, efficacy, tolerability and persistence with treatment have been established in an open
label 40 week continuation study.
KEYWORDS
Solifenacin, Urinary incontinence, Overactive bladder and Wet granulation method.
Formulation development and invitro evaluation of lamotrigine fast dissolving...SriramNagarajan19
The present study was to formulate and evaluate oral fast dissolving Oral tablet containing Lamotrigine. Present study reveals that all the nine formulated tablet showed satisfactory tablet parameters. It can be concluded that, Oral fast dissolving tablet -containing Lamotrigine can be prepared by direct compression method. 10% CCS (FV) tablet exhibited required disintegration time and dissolution time. The drug release was about 98.7 % in 15min. The accelerated stability studies of the optimized F5 formulation indicates that the formulated oral fast dissolving tablet were unaffected after 3 months storage under accelerated conditions as there were no signs of visually distinguishable changes in appearance, disintegration time and cumulative percentage of drug release. From the present investigation it can be concluded that oral fast dissolving tablet formulation can be a potential novel drug dosage form for pediatric, geriatric and also for general population.
Background: The main objective of present research work is to formulate the Carbamazepine Fast Dissoving tablets. Carbamazepine, an
antiepileptic, belongs to BCS Class-II and used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy and Neuropathic Pain by
blocking use-dependent sodium channels. Methods: The Fast Dissoving tablets of Carbamazepine were prepared employing different
concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Sperdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique
using 32
factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t
50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion:
Totally nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, Invitro
drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) &
regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of
developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines the
formulation (F5
) containing combination of 9.375% Crospovidone and 9.375% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor
f
2
=82.675, dissimilarity factor f1
= 2.049 & No significant difference, t= 0.041) to marketed product (TEGRETOL-100). Conclusion: The
selected formulation (F5
) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.665).
KEYWORDS: Carbamazepine, 3
2Factorial Design, Crospovidone , croscarmellose Sodium, Wetting Time, Disintegration Time.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
3. Introduction
Delivery of the drug to the target site is the most important consideration
presently for achieving the fastest therapeutic effect.
Researchers and formulation scientist has made the many approaches for the
fastest delivery of the drug to attain pharmacological responses soon
especially in case of an emergence conditions like cardiac arrest, heart
attack, asthma, convulsions, etc.
In the market, several dosage form are present with their high effectiveness
of delivering the drug.
Among all the route of drug administration, oral route is the route which is
highly acceptable and it is choosen at priority by medical practitioner for
administering the drug.
Oral route is a prominent, simple and a convenient route of a drug
administration and it is most preferable by the working populations.
But , in case of, pediatrics and gediatrics populations, some disadvantages
are also associated with it.
Majorly ‘dysphagia’ i.e difficulty in swallowing is the problem which is
commonly found in this age group.3
4. 4
To beat this problem, there is a need arises for the development of the novel
drug delivery system which shows its effect by simply putting the dosage
form in the mouth cavity and the effect obtained within the matter of
seconds.
Development of orodispersible tablets overcome the shortcomings of
conventional dosage form.
Orodispersible tablets can be defined as the dosage form which get
disintegrated within a matter of seconds after putting simply on a tongue.
Fast dissolving tablets, mouth dissolving tablets, orally disintegrating tablet,
orodispersible tablets, quick dissolving tablets, rapimelts, etc are the
alternative synonyms of orodispersible tablets.
They are beneficial for paediatrics, gediatrics, unconscious and
uncooperative patients.
5. History
The first ODT form of a drug to get approval from USFDA was a ZYDIS
ODT formulation of Claritin (loratadine) in December1996.
It was followed by a ZYDIS ODT formulation of Klonopin (clonazepam) in
December 1997 and a ZYDIS ODT formulation of Maxalt (rizatriptan) in
June 1998.
FDA guidance issued in Dec 2008 is that ODT drug should disintegrate in
less than 30 sec.
5
6. Merits
Ease of administration.
No need of water to swallow the dosage form unlike conventional dosage
forms.
This is very useful for patients who are travelling or do not have immediate
access to water and thus, provide improved patient compliance.
Provide accurate dosing, easy portability and manufacturing, good physical
and chemical stability.
Acceptable taste masking property for pediatric patients is achieved.
Bioavailability is enhanced through pregastric absorption of drugs from
mouth, pharynx and oesophagus as saliva passes down and it leads to reduce
dose, improved clinical performance through a reduction of unwanted
effects.
6
7. 7
Have a pleasant mouth feel and leave minimal or no residue in the mouth
after drug administration.
Have rapid dissolution and absoption of the drug which will produce quick
onset of action.
No specific packaging is required.
It combines advantages of solid dosage form in terms of stability and liquid
dosage form in term of bioavailabilty.
8. Demerits
FDTs usually have insufficient mechanical strength. Hence, it requires
careful packaging and handling.
FDTs may leave unpleasant taste and/or grittiness in mouth if not
formulated properly.
Fast dissolving dosage forms are hygroscopic in nature and more
susceptible to degradation by humidity and temperature.
Some time it possesses mouth feeling.
MDT requires special packaging for properly stabilization & safety of stable
product.
Drugs difficult to formulate into FDT with relatively larger doses.
Drugs with short half-life and frequent dosing and those whom require
controlled or sustained release are unsuitable candidates of FDTs.
8
9. Ingredients used in preparation of ODTs
1 Super disintegrants
The most important ingredients of a mouth dissolving tablets are Super
disintegrants, which play a major role in the disintegration and dissolution
of MDT. Sodium starch glycolate, Ac‐di‐sol (Crosscarmellose sodium),
Crospovidone, Microcrystalline cellulose, Pregelatinised starch are some of
the examples of disintegrants.
2 Flavours
Flavours and taste-masking agents make the products more palatable and
pleasing for patients. The addition of these ingredients assists in overcoming
bitterness and undesirable tastes of some active ingredients. For example,
example Peppermint flavour, cooling flavor, flavor oils and flavoring
aromatic oil, peppermint oil, clove oil, bay oil, anise oil, etc. Aspartame,
Sugars derivatives are used as sweeteners.
3 Fillers
Selection of filler also had an important role in deciding the disintegration
time. Some examples of fillers are directly compressible spray dried
Mannitol, Sorbitol, xylitol, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate,
calcium.
9
10. 4 Surface active agents
The presence of esterase or bile salts (sodium doecyl sulfate, sodium lauryl
sulfate, polyoxy ethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters) like surface active
agents plays a role in drug release.
5 Lubricants
Lubricants remove grittiness and assist in the drug transport mechanism
from the mouth down into the stomach. Some examples are Stearic acid,
Magnesium stearate, Zinc state, calcium state, talc, polyethylene.
6 Binder
Binders are added to tablet to add cohesiveness to powders, thus providing
the necessary bonding to form granules, which under compaction form a
cohesive mass or a compact which is referred to as a tablet. Polyvinyl
pyrrolidone, Polyvinylalcohol, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose.
7 Colour
Sunset yellow, Amaranth, etc.
10
11. Evaluation parameters
1. Thickness
The thicknesses of the formulated tablets were measured by using Vernier
callipers.
2. Weight variation
The formulated tablets were tested for weight uniformity. For this 20 tablets were
weighed collectively and individually. From the collective weight, average weight
was calculated. Each tablet’s weight was then compared with average weight to
ascertain whether it was within permissible limits or not.
% Weight variation = Average weight Average weight-Individual weight ×100
3. Hardness
Hardness of tablets was measured using Pfizer type hardness tester. Three tablets
were selected from each formulation randomly and their hardness was measured.
The mean ±SD of hardness values were calculated.
11
12. 4. Friability
Friability of the tablets was determined by using Roche friabilator. The
weight of 20 tablets (initial weight) was subjected to friabilator at 25
revolutions per 4 min. Tablets were then dedusted, reweighed (final weight)
and percentage loss was calculated. Friability is obtained by the following
formula:
% Friability = Initial weight Initial weight-Final weight ×100
5. Wetting time and water absorption ratio
A double folded tissue paper was placed in a Petri dish. 6 mL of water
containing a water-soluble dye (eosin) was added to the Petri dish. A tablet
(pre-weighed) was carefully placed on the surface of tissue paper. The time
required for water to reach the upper surface of the tablet was noted as the
wetting time. The wetted tablet was then weighed and the water absorption
ratio (R) was determined by using the equation: R=100 (Wb-Wa)/Wb
Where Wa and Wb are the weights of tablet before (dry weight) and after
water absorption (wet weight) respectively.
12
13. 6. Drug content
Twenty tablets were weighed and powdered. The quantity of powder
equivalent to 50 mg of diclofenac sodium was dissolved in phosphate buffer
pH 6.8 diluted to 100 mL with the same and the solution was filtered and
suitably diluted. The drug content was estimated spectrometrically at 276 nm.
7. In vitro disintegration test
In vitro disintegration time was determined by using disintegration test
apparatus (Electrolab, USP model ED2L, Mumbai) without disk for six
tablets. The disintegration medium was 900 mL of distilled water kept at
(37.0±0.5) °C and stirred at a rate of (30±2) r/min. The time was measured in
seconds for complete disintegration of the tablet with no palpable mass
remaining in the apparatus. The test was carried out in triplicate.
8. In vitro dissolution studies
Dissolution rate was studied by using USP type II paddle dissolution
apparatus, in 900 mL of phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at (37.0±0.5) °C at 75 r/min.
Aliquot of dissolution medium was withdrawn at regular time intervals and the
same volume of pre-warmed (37.0±0.5) °C fresh dissolution medium was
replaced. The samples were filtered and drug content of diclofenac sodium in
each sample was analyzed after suitable dilution by Shimadzu UV-
spectrophotometer at 276 nm.
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14. References
1.Lohithasu Duppala, Shabari Girinath K.And D. Midhun Kumar. Fast
Dissolving Dosage Forms: An Overview.World Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research 2016;5(10):1184-1200.
2.Internet Sources- Google
3.M. Uday Kumar, M. Kishore Babu. Design And Evaluation of Fast
Dissolving Tablets Containing Diclofenac Sodium Using Fenugreek Gum
As A Natural Superdisintegrant. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(suppl
1):S329-S334.
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