This document discusses marine pharmacognosy, which involves studying medicinal compounds from marine sources. It classifies marine drugs and describes their sources, including sponges, coelenterates, tunicates, mollusks, echinoderms, and bryozoans. Several marine toxins are described, such as brevetoxins, ciguatera toxins, saxitoxin, and aplysins. The document concludes that the ocean contains over 500,000 marine species that are a vast source of novel compounds with various biological activities and potential for medicinal applications.

1. Marine Pharmacognosy
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2. Contents
 Introduction
 Classification of Marine drugs
 Different sources of Marine organisms
 Marine toxins
 Conclusion
 References
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3. Introduction:
 Ocean occupied 70% of earth surface with diversity of plants, animals and
microbes. Ocean house millions of marine organisms which are source of
unique chemical compounds. We merely exploit he marine organism for
medicinal purpose.
 Studies from all around the world have been shown that marine organisms
produce a diverse array of metabolites with novel chemical structure and a
potent biological activity as well as other desirable properties.
 The impact of marine natural product is presently lesser on the
pharmaceutical industry, it may come forward in a big way to provide new
lead compounds for the development of potential therapeutically active
compounds.
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4.  Marine Drugs: The drugs which are obtained from marine organisms are
known as marine drugs. They are highly potent bio-active molecules.
 Example; Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil, Sodium alginate and Agar- Agar
 Marine Pharmacognosy: It is a sub-branch of pharmacognosy, which is
mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of medicinal
value from marine source.
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5. Classification of marine drugs:
1. Cytotoxic/Antineoplastic Agents
2. Cardiovascular Active Drugs Marine Toxins
3. Antimicrobial Drugs
4. Antibiotic Substances
5. Anti-inflammatory
6. Antiparsitic Agents
7. Antispasmodic Agents
8.Miscellaneous Pharmacogically Active Agents
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6.  Antineoplastic agents:
 Crassin acetate
 It is a member of Cembronoids which are cyclic diaterpenes.
 Biological source: It is obtained from caribbean gorgonian pseudoplexaura porosa.
 Chemical constituents: The main active constituent is Crassin acetate.
 Uses: Crassin acetate was observed to be extremely cytotoxic to human leukaemia
cells in vitro.
 Cardiovascular Agents:
 Eldoisin
 Eldoisin is a powerful hypotensive compound. It also shows strong vasodilator effect.
 Biological source: Eldoisin is obtained from the posterior salivary glands of [small
octopus] eldone moschata.
 Uses:
1. It is found to stimulate extra vascular smooth muscle.
2. Eldoisin is acts as a potent vasodilator and hypotensive activity.
3. It also stimulate lacrimal secretion.
4. It causes salivation and enhance capillary permeability in certain specific species

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7.  Antibiotics
 Cephalosporin-c
 Biological source: It is obtained from Cephalosporium acrimonium (fungus).
 Uses: It is antibiotic agent.
 Instamycin-A
 Biolocal source: It is obtained from Streptomyces tenjimariensis.
 Uses: In vitro activity against Gram(-) and Gram(+) bacteria.
 Istamycin-B
 Biological source: It is obtained from Streptomyces tenjimariensis.
 Uses: In vitro activity against Gram(-) and Gram(+) bacteria[54].
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8.  Anti- inflammatory drugs
Plethora of chemical substance have been isolated from the broad spectrum of
marine organisms which attribute either anti-inflammatory or anti-spasmodic
activities.
TETRADO TOXIN
 Biological source: Tetradotoxin is obtained from liver and ovaries of puffer
fish.
 Uses:
1. It is used as anti-inflammatory.
2. It has analgesic effect.
3. It acts as muscle relaxant.
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9. Anti-parasitic agents
 DIGENIA SIMPLEX ( Red Algae)
 Biological source: Degenia simplex is a marine red algae native to eastern
pacific (Philippines, Japan)
 Chemical constituents: Alpha-kianic acid.
 Uses: It is a broad spectrum anthelmintic effective against round worm,
tapeworm and whipworm.
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10.  Anti-microbial agents
ZONAROL:
 Biological source: Zonarol and Iso-zonarol are both obtained from
Dictyopteris zonaroides (Brown algae).
 Uses: It is used as antifungal drug
TETRABROMO-2-HEPTANONE
 Biological source: tetrabromo-2-heptanone is obtained from the another
species of Red algae Bonnemaisonia hemifera.
 Uses: It is used as Antimicrobial agents.
 Anti-spasmodic agents
Agelasidine
 A sesquiterpene derivative isolated from Okinawa sea sponge Agelas spp. has
demonstrate very good antispasmodic activity in animals model.
 product containing guanine and sulfone units.
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11. MISCELLANEOUS
PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE
DRUGS
Insectisides
 Nereis toxin an insecticidal compound has been isolated
from the marine annelid Lumbriconereis heteropoda. Many
semisynthetic and synthetic analogs have been produce the
structural model of nereis toxin. One of the derivative
named as cartap is used as an insecticide in Japan.
Anticoagulants
 Anticoagulants reported from the marine sources are mostly
polysaccharide derivatives obtained from marine algae.
 Carrageenans from Chondrus crispus and galactan sulphuric
acid from Iridaea laminarioides have shown anticoagulant
activity.
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12. Different sources of marine drugs
1. Sponges
2.Coelenterates (sea whips, sea fans and soft corals)
3.Tunicates
4.Molluscus (nudibranchs, sea hares, etc.)
5. Echinoderms (starfish, sea cucumbers, etc.)
6.Bryozoans (moss animals).
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13. Sponges
 Sponges come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Some sponges are
taller than humans.
 Sponges are relatively simple multi-celled animals. They do not have tissues or
organs like some animals do, but they have specialized cells to perform
necessary functions.
 Sponges are classified in the phylum Porifera.
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14. Coelenterates
 Coelenterates possess small structures, technically complex secretions
produced by the golgi apparatus. While all coelenterates are carnivorous.
 Some coelenterates are dangerous to humans. For example, fire coral causes an
itchy skin rash in those who touch it are called as colonial organisms.
 Some examples of coelenterates include jellyfish, soft corals.
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15. Tunicates
 Tunicate is a marine invertebrates animal, a member of
the subphylum Tunicata, which is part of the chordata.
 The subphylum was at one time called Urochordata, and the
term urochordates is still sometimes used for these animals.
 They are marine filter feeders with a water-filled, sac-like body structure and
two tubular openings.
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16. Molluscus
 Mollusca is a large phylum of invertebrates animals whose members are
known as molluscs.
 Molluscs are the largest marine phylum. They are highly diverse, not just in
size and in anatomical structure, but also in behaviour and in habitat.
cephalod molluscs, such as sqiud, cuttlefish and octopus, are among the
most neurologically advanced of invertebrates.
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17. Echinoderms
(Star fish)
 Echinoderms is a member of the phylum Echinodermata of marine
animals.
 The adults are recognizable by their (usually five-point) radial
symmetry, and include such well-known animals as sea stars, sea urchins
and sea cucumbers. Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth.
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18. Bryozoanes
(moss animals)
 Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss
animals) are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals. Typically about 0.5
millimetres long, they are filter feeders that sieve food particles out of the
water using a retractable lophophore a "crown" of tentacles lined with cilia.
 Predators of marine bryozoans include nudibranches (sea slug), fish, sea
urchins, pycnogonids, crustaceans, mites and starfish.
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19. Marine toxins:
 Many marine organisms produce potentially toxic compounds which may
work for their safety and protect them from predators.
 These toxins may cause potential hazards to human health.
 many of these toxins had also shown remarkable biological activities in
comparatively low doses.
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20.  Breviotoxins
 Biological source: A plethora of polycyclic polyether metabolites have been
obtained from the dinoflagellate ptychodiscus brevis and now the brevitoxins
are commonly known as from the generic nomenclature that is p.brevis toxins.
 Uses:
1. It exert an excitatory effect on the isolated neuromuscular and other cells.
2. It cause both neurological an gastrointestinal disorders.
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21.  Ciguatera toxins
 Ciguatera toxins occurs when ingestion of blue green algae and
marine snails.
 Biological source: Ciguateratoxin (CTX) is found in gymnothorax
javanicus ( Moray eal), besides in a variety of coral reef fish, Red
snapper.
 Uses; Ciguatera toxins shows cardiovascular and neurophysiological
properties.
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22.  Saxitoxin
 Saxitoxin ia a purine skeleton containing toxin compounds produced by the
saxidomus gigateus and mytilus californianus.
 It is also found in toxic species of molluscus such as granulosa platypodia .
 In toxic dose it produces marked hypotensive effect.
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23.  Aplysins
 Aplysins is a group of toxic compound isolated from sea hares aplysia
depilans.
 Aplysins contains an unpleasant, colorless fluid secreted by the skin.
 These are the white viscous liquid by opaline gland and purple secretion from
another gland present in sea hares.
 Aplysins causes paralysis when injected into cold blooded animals.
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24. Conclusion
The greater part of the earth surface is covered by seas and ocean, which contains
about 500,000 species of marine organisms. Since the natural products chemists
diverted their attention to exploit the vast resources of marine flora and animal
world, numerous novel compounds have been isolated from these marine
organisms. Many of these compounds shown pronounced biological activity.
Many of these compounds might show some other activities.
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25. References
1. Kar Ashutosh; Pharmacognosy & Pharmacobiotechnology ;Revised expanded
2nd edition; New Age International(P) Limited Publishers; pg:-695-699.
2. Kokate C.K, Purohit A.P, Gokhale S.B; Pharmacognosy 39 the edition; Nirali
Prakashan Publication; pg:- 550- 551.
3. Ansari Dr. S.H ; Essentials of Pharmacognosy ; 2nd edition; Birla Publications
Pvt. Ltd; pg:-644,645,646-648,649-650,653, 654.
4. Biren Shah AK Seth; Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry; second
edition; CBS Publishers and Distributors pvt ltd. Page no.494-504.
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