The document discusses the four main categories of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose, disaccharides formed from two monosaccharides linked together like sucrose, and polysaccharides made of long chains of monosaccharides like starch. Lipids are fats and oils made of triglycerides along with other fatty substances like waxes and phospholipids. Proteins are made of chains of amino acids and perform functions like enzyme catalysis, structure, transport, and storage. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic information of living things and are made of nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

1. BIOMOLECULES
Objectives:
1. Recognize the major categories of biomolecules
such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids;
2. Differentiate the biomolecules from each other in
terms of their structure and function.
MR. RENEDICK CAPILI
SCIENCE-10 TEACHER

2. What are
BIOMOLECULES?
 Organic compounds made by
living things
 Compounds essential to life
 Also called biochemicals
 Some are very large - polymers
 There are thousands of different
biomolecules, but are separated
into 4 categories

3. FOUR CATEGORIES OF
BIOMOLECULES
■ CARBOHYDRATES
■ LIPIDS
■ PROTEINS
■ NUCLEIC ACIDS

4. CARBOHYDRATES
• The simplest biomolecules
• The word carbohydrate literally
means “HYDRATES OF CARBON”
(CH2O)n
• Contain 3 elements:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)

5. FUNCTIONS
• Carbohydrates provide energy and
regulation of blood glucose.
• It prevents the breakdown of
proteins for energy.
• Part of the structural material of
plants
• Carbohydrates also help with fat
metabolism. If the body has
enough energy for its immediate
needs, it stores extra energy as fat.

6. Representation of Carbohydrates

7. Breaking down into microscopic molecules
Loaf of bread Bread crumbs Polysaccharide
DisaccharideMonosaccharide

8. Subtypes of Carbohydrates
MONOSACCHARIDES
(mono-“one” sacchar- “sugar”)
■ simple sugars and monomers of
carbohydrates
■ have a formula of (CH2O)n, and
they typically contain three to
seven carbon atoms.Monosaccharide

9. EXAMPLES OF
MONOSACCHARI
DES■ GLUCOSE
■ GALACTOSE
■ FRUCTOSE

10. Subtypes of Carbohydrates
DISACCHARIDES
■ form when two
monosaccharides undergo a
condensation reaction

11. EXAMPLES OF
DISACCHARIDES
■ MALTOSE
■ LACTOSE
■ SUCROSE

12. Subtypes of Carbohydrates
POLYSACCHARIDES
■ A long chain of
monosaccharides linked by
glycosidic bonds.
■ The typical polysaccharide is
between 200 and 2500
monosaccharides long.

13. EXAMPLES OF
POLYSACCHARIDE
S■ STARCH
■ GLYCOGEN
■ CELLULOSE

14. CheckPOINT: Carbohydrates
1. What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
2. What are the elements that make up
carbohydrates?
3. What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
4. What simple sugar is present in fruits?
5. What carbohydrate is composed of two simple
sugars (monosaccharides) linked by a glycosidic
bond?
6. What disaccharide will form after the
condensation reaction between glucose and
galactose?

15. CheckPOINT: Carbohydrates
7. What way of representing carbohydrates is shown in
figure 1?
For items 8 – 10, identify whether the following is
monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide.
8. Maltose
9. Starch
10.Galactose
Figure 1

16. LIPIDS
• A class of biological molecules
defined by low solubility in water
• The word lipid is derived from a
greek word “lipos” which means FAT
• Contain 3 elements:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)

17. LIPIDS
■ But unlike carbohydrates, fats are
more complex & take much longer
to break down.
■ Lipids include:
– Fats
– Oils
■ are high-energy molecules that
plants and animals use to store
energy in reserves for longer
periods.

18. FUNCTIONS
• Energy source and storage
• structural components of cell
• Shock absorption and
insulation(maintains
homeostasis)
• Hormones

19. BUILDING
BLOCKS OF
LIPIDS

20. CLASSIFICATION OF
LIPIDS
■ Fats and Oils
■ Waxes
■ Phospholipids
■ Steroids
■ Prostaglandins

21. Fats and Oils
■ These are the most abundant of
the lipid compounds.
■ Triglycerides or triacylglycerols
– made up of a glycerol and 3
fatty acids
■ FATS – solid at room
■ OILS – liquid at room
temperature
FATS
OILS

22. WAXES
■ Lipids that are harder and less
greasy compared to fats.
■ Have high melting point at
solid at room temperature.
■ Excellent coating material
due to their repellency,
impermeability, and low
toxicity. – Cuticle of plants

23. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Form part of the structure of the
cell membrane
• Important in the transport of lipids
in the body
• Made up of a glycerol,
phosphate group and two fatty
acids

24. STEROIDS
• Also called sterols
• Lipids characterized by the
presence of four linked carbon
rings – 3 cyclohexane rings and 1
cyclopentane rings.
• Examples:
• Cholesterol
• Estrogen
• Testosterone

25. PROSTAGLANDINS
 Biochemically synthesized from the
fatty acid, arachidonic acid
 Produce fevers and inflammatory
reactions
 Functions:
 Stimulate constriction of
damaged blood vessels
 Induce labor and reproductive
processes
 Increase blood flow in kidneys
FATS
OILS

26. PROTEINS
 Also known as POLYPEPTIDES
 Important component of all living
systems and perform diverse functions
inside the cell
 formed by a linear combination of amino
acids monomers (among 20) by peptide
linkage
 Contain the following elements:
 Carbon Hydrogen
 Oxygen Nitrogen

27. FUNCTIONS
Function Description Example
Antibody
Antibodies bind
to specific
foreign particles
to help protect
the body.
Immunoglobulin
G (IgG)
Enzyme
Enzymes carry
out almost all of
the thousands of
chemical
reactions that
take place in
cells.
Phenylalaninehy
droxylase

28. FUNCTIONS
Function Description Example
Messenger
Messenger proteins
transmit signals to
coordinate biological
processes.
Insulin
Structural
componen
t
These proteins provide
structure and support
for cells.
Actin
Transport/
storage
These proteins bind
and carry atoms and
small molecules.
Hgb

29. AMINO ACIDS
■ Think of proteins as being like a word.
Amino acids are the letters in that word.
Rearranging the letters makes words
with different meanings.
■ There are 20 amino acids required for
human life to exist.
■ 12 amino acids are made in our bodies,
but the other 8 must be obtained by
eating foods that contain them.

30. NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Also called as POLYNUCLEOTIDES
 Large molecules used by living
organisms for the storage and
transmission of genetic information.
 Contain information that cells
use to make proteins
 Made of:
 Carbon Oxygen
 Hydrogen Nitrogen
 Phosphorus

31. NUCLEOTIDES
 Monomers of nuclei acids
 Made up of three
components:
 A nitrogen-containing
base
 A five-carbon sugar
 Phosphate group

32. CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS