Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
Introduction to Carbohydrates and its ChemistryDHANANJAY PATIL
A Comprehensive Introduction to Carbohydrates its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests an disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monosaccharide units. Key monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides like maltose, lactose, and sucrose are formed from two monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose are long chains of monosaccharide units that function as energy stores or structural components in plants and animals.
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy compounds that contain a carbonyl group and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The three main types are monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose exist as both open-chain and ring forms, with the ring forms being more stable. Carbohydrates undergo reactions like isomerization, oxidation, reduction, and acetal formation involving their carbonyl groups. They can exist in several isomeric forms differing in stereoconfiguration and anomeric form.
This document provides information about carbohydrate chemistry and classification. It discusses:
1) Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common examples like glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch are described.
2) Monosaccharides can further be classified as aldoses and ketoses depending on whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group.
3) Polysaccharides can be homopolymers or heteropolymers. Glycogen is described as an important homopolysaccharide for energy storage in the human body.
This document summarizes carbohydrates and lipids. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the classification, structures, and properties of common monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. It also discusses lipids, including fatty acids, glycerol, and classifications like fats, waxes, phospholipids, and glycolipids. Key biomolecules and roles are summarized such as phospholipids in cell membranes and glycolipids in nervous tissue.
1. The document provides an overview of the chemistry of carbohydrates, including their classification, nomenclature, important types, and pharmaceutical importance.
2. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar units. Important carbohydrates include glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, and glycosides.
3. Carbohydrates have various roles in the body and pharmaceutical applications. They are a source of energy, components of other biomolecules, and are used as excipients in drug formulations.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates. It begins by defining carbohydrates as the most abundant organic compounds in plants, acting as energy stores and structural components. It then discusses monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Specific carbohydrates discussed include glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. It explains their structures, functions, and important properties. The document is a comprehensive introduction to carbohydrate chemistry.
Introduction to Carbohydrates and its ChemistryDHANANJAY PATIL
A Comprehensive Introduction to Carbohydrates its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests an disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monosaccharide units. Key monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides like maltose, lactose, and sucrose are formed from two monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose are long chains of monosaccharide units that function as energy stores or structural components in plants and animals.
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy compounds that contain a carbonyl group and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The three main types are monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose exist as both open-chain and ring forms, with the ring forms being more stable. Carbohydrates undergo reactions like isomerization, oxidation, reduction, and acetal formation involving their carbonyl groups. They can exist in several isomeric forms differing in stereoconfiguration and anomeric form.
This document provides information about carbohydrate chemistry and classification. It discusses:
1) Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common examples like glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch are described.
2) Monosaccharides can further be classified as aldoses and ketoses depending on whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group.
3) Polysaccharides can be homopolymers or heteropolymers. Glycogen is described as an important homopolysaccharide for energy storage in the human body.
This document summarizes carbohydrates and lipids. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the classification, structures, and properties of common monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. It also discusses lipids, including fatty acids, glycerol, and classifications like fats, waxes, phospholipids, and glycolipids. Key biomolecules and roles are summarized such as phospholipids in cell membranes and glycolipids in nervous tissue.
1. The document provides an overview of the chemistry of carbohydrates, including their classification, nomenclature, important types, and pharmaceutical importance.
2. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar units. Important carbohydrates include glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, and glycosides.
3. Carbohydrates have various roles in the body and pharmaceutical applications. They are a source of energy, components of other biomolecules, and are used as excipients in drug formulations.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates. It begins by defining carbohydrates as the most abundant organic compounds in plants, acting as energy stores and structural components. It then discusses monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Specific carbohydrates discussed include glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. It explains their structures, functions, and important properties. The document is a comprehensive introduction to carbohydrate chemistry.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and the key building blocks that make up living organisms. It states that water makes up 70% of a cell's weight, and carbon is the basis for nearly all cellular molecules except water. The four most abundant elements in organisms are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, which make up 96.5% of an organism's weight. Carbon has unique properties that allow it to form long chains and rings that are the basis for important biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. These macromolecules are assembled through enzyme-controlled reactions and their function depends on the sequence of their monomer subunits.
Biochemistry of carbohydrates_prepared_by_Drx_Raju_Yadav_2021RajYadav238
Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks. Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates, including their biochemical and medical importance, classification, structure, properties, and reactions. It defines carbohydrates as substances that yield polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones upon hydrolysis. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Monosaccharides can further be classified based on the number of carbons. Carbohydrates have important roles as energy sources and structural components in living organisms.
Biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are organic compounds that form the basis of life. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on whether they break down into 1, 2-10, or more than 10 monosaccharide units. Common monosaccharides include glucose and fructose. Proteins are made of amino acid monomers linked through peptide bonds. There are 20 common amino acids that make up proteins. Carbohydrates and proteins are essential for building and maintaining living organisms.
1) Carbohydrates are an essential class of biomolecules that serve as the primary energy source for many organisms. They are classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on their size.
2) Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Oligosaccharides consist of 2-9 monosaccharide units and include disaccharides like sucrose and maltose. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
3) Carbohydrates play important biological roles like energy storage, structure, transport, and prevention of diseases. Glucose is a key energy source, while
This document discusses carbohydrates and classifies them into three categories: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that serve as building blocks. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides bond together. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed from chains of many monosaccharides bonded together. Carbohydrates provide energy, energy storage, and structural support in organisms. Their general formula is CH2O.
This document discusses biomolecules and carbohydrates. It begins by defining biomolecules and explaining their importance in living systems. It then classifies and describes different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and maltose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It discusses the structures, properties, and functions of these carbohydrates. The document also briefly mentions proteins and amino acids.
Here are the key points about lipids:
- Lipids are organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important structural and energy storage functions.
- The main types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats and oils. They are long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated or unsaturated.
- Triglycerides are composed of fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. They are the main form of energy storage in animals.
- Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. They have a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and
nucleic acid, glucose, fructose, preparation of sucrose, monosaccahrides, disaccharides, pedptide bond, glycosidic linkage, gluconic acid, DNA, RNA, Structure of amines, zwitter ion of amino acids, fibrous and globular protein,denaturation of proteins, Chemical properties of glucose, alpha helix and beta folded structure, ring structure of glucose and fructose, biomolecules, polyhydroxy aldose, poly hydroxy ketose
The document discusses different types of biomolecules. It focuses on carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and provides details about their structure, functions and classification. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Major lipids are triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sterols. Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information.
Carbohydrates range in size from small monosaccharides like glyceraldehyde to large polysaccharides such as amylopectin. They serve important functions like energy storage, structural components of cell walls, and cell signaling. Monosaccharides can exist as linear or cyclic structures, with cyclic forms predominating in solution. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose, which differ in stereochemistry and functional groups. Glucose is frequently used to test for reducing sugars through colorimetric or electrochemical methods.
The document discusses carbohydrates, including their definition, classification, properties, and forms. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monosaccharide units. Monosaccharides like glucose are the most basic units and important biologically. Glucose exists in both open-chain and cyclic forms, and can exhibit mutarotation between alpha and beta anomer configurations. Carbohydrates serve important structural and energy storage functions in living organisms.
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a major source of energy. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Important disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates can be identified using chemical tests such as Molisch, Fehling's, Benedict's, Barfoed, and iodine tests. These tests identify carbohydrates based on properties such as being reducing or non-reducing sugars.
Carbohydrates are an essential class of biomolecules that serve as energy sources and structural components in living systems. They include monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (short chains of sugars), and polysaccharides (long chains of sugars). Common examples are glucose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose. Carbohydrates are classified based on their structure, number of monomer units, and whether they are reducing or non-reducing. Glucose and fructose are important monosaccharides that exist in both open-chain and cyclic forms. Disaccharides like sucrose and lactose consist of two monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic linkages, while polysaccharides contain many monomer units
This document defines lipids and describes their subtypes. It explains that lipids are nonpolar compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The main subtypes are phospholipids, triglycerides, and steroids. Phospholipids are the major constituent of cell membranes and are composed of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group. Triglycerides are formed when three fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule. Steroids have different structures and functions in the body.
- Carbohydrates are synthesized through photosynthesis in plants and gluconeogenesis in animals. Glucose is the main fuel for most organisms.
- Carbohydrates exist as monomers, dimers, oligomers and polymers. Monomers include glucose and fructose. Polymers serve structural and storage functions.
- Carbohydrates can exhibit different structural isomers including anomers, epimers and cyclic/acyclic forms which impact their properties. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism can cause diseases like diabetes.
This document defines and describes the main types of biomolecules found in living organisms. It begins by explaining that chemical analysis of tissues reveals elements like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that are present in higher concentrations than in non-living materials. The document then defines biomolecules as the carbon compounds present in living cells, dividing them into macromolecules and micromolecules. It provides examples of different classes of biomolecules including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and their monomers. The document explains how to analyze the chemical composition of tissues and describes some of the key properties and examples of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and nitrogen bases that make up nucleic acids. It concludes by distinguishing between primary metabolites
1. Biomolecules are organic compounds that form the basis of life processes. They include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other molecules.
2. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their structure. Glucose and fructose are common monosaccharides while sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples of disaccharides. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are polysaccharides.
3. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are 20 common amino acids that make up proteins. Amino acids contain amino and carboxyl groups and can be acidic, basic, or neutral.
Biomolecules are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of living organisms. The four most abundant elements in the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Biomolecules are typically carbon-based and have specific three-dimensional shapes defined by bonds between carbon atoms. Functional groups on biomolecules, such as hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, determine their chemical properties. Carbohydrates are an important class of biomolecules that serve as energy stores. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides.
Chemistry of carbohydrates and their structuremuti ullah
The document discusses carbohydrates and their classification. It notes that carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be further classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they have an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Common monosaccharides include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. Disaccharides are formed from the condensation of two monosaccharide units and include maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are formed from the condensation of many monosaccharide units and can be homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides.
This document provides an overview of the major biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. It discusses the structures and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The main types of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides formed from the linkage of two monosaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Polysaccharides serve structural and storage functions and include cellulose, glycogen, and starch. The document also covers lipid composition and classes including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Terpenes and isoprenoids are derived lipids formed from isoprene units.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule, including that carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy; lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are used to store energy and provide structure; proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes; and nucleic acids contain genetic information essential for life. Each macromolecule is composed of smaller monomers that polymerize to form the larger macromolecule.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and the key building blocks that make up living organisms. It states that water makes up 70% of a cell's weight, and carbon is the basis for nearly all cellular molecules except water. The four most abundant elements in organisms are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, which make up 96.5% of an organism's weight. Carbon has unique properties that allow it to form long chains and rings that are the basis for important biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. These macromolecules are assembled through enzyme-controlled reactions and their function depends on the sequence of their monomer subunits.
Biochemistry of carbohydrates_prepared_by_Drx_Raju_Yadav_2021RajYadav238
Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks. Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates, including their biochemical and medical importance, classification, structure, properties, and reactions. It defines carbohydrates as substances that yield polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones upon hydrolysis. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Monosaccharides can further be classified based on the number of carbons. Carbohydrates have important roles as energy sources and structural components in living organisms.
Biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are organic compounds that form the basis of life. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on whether they break down into 1, 2-10, or more than 10 monosaccharide units. Common monosaccharides include glucose and fructose. Proteins are made of amino acid monomers linked through peptide bonds. There are 20 common amino acids that make up proteins. Carbohydrates and proteins are essential for building and maintaining living organisms.
1) Carbohydrates are an essential class of biomolecules that serve as the primary energy source for many organisms. They are classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on their size.
2) Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Oligosaccharides consist of 2-9 monosaccharide units and include disaccharides like sucrose and maltose. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
3) Carbohydrates play important biological roles like energy storage, structure, transport, and prevention of diseases. Glucose is a key energy source, while
This document discusses carbohydrates and classifies them into three categories: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that serve as building blocks. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides bond together. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed from chains of many monosaccharides bonded together. Carbohydrates provide energy, energy storage, and structural support in organisms. Their general formula is CH2O.
This document discusses biomolecules and carbohydrates. It begins by defining biomolecules and explaining their importance in living systems. It then classifies and describes different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and maltose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It discusses the structures, properties, and functions of these carbohydrates. The document also briefly mentions proteins and amino acids.
Here are the key points about lipids:
- Lipids are organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important structural and energy storage functions.
- The main types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats and oils. They are long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated or unsaturated.
- Triglycerides are composed of fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. They are the main form of energy storage in animals.
- Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. They have a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and
nucleic acid, glucose, fructose, preparation of sucrose, monosaccahrides, disaccharides, pedptide bond, glycosidic linkage, gluconic acid, DNA, RNA, Structure of amines, zwitter ion of amino acids, fibrous and globular protein,denaturation of proteins, Chemical properties of glucose, alpha helix and beta folded structure, ring structure of glucose and fructose, biomolecules, polyhydroxy aldose, poly hydroxy ketose
The document discusses different types of biomolecules. It focuses on carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and provides details about their structure, functions and classification. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Major lipids are triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sterols. Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information.
Carbohydrates range in size from small monosaccharides like glyceraldehyde to large polysaccharides such as amylopectin. They serve important functions like energy storage, structural components of cell walls, and cell signaling. Monosaccharides can exist as linear or cyclic structures, with cyclic forms predominating in solution. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose, which differ in stereochemistry and functional groups. Glucose is frequently used to test for reducing sugars through colorimetric or electrochemical methods.
The document discusses carbohydrates, including their definition, classification, properties, and forms. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monosaccharide units. Monosaccharides like glucose are the most basic units and important biologically. Glucose exists in both open-chain and cyclic forms, and can exhibit mutarotation between alpha and beta anomer configurations. Carbohydrates serve important structural and energy storage functions in living organisms.
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a major source of energy. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Important disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates can be identified using chemical tests such as Molisch, Fehling's, Benedict's, Barfoed, and iodine tests. These tests identify carbohydrates based on properties such as being reducing or non-reducing sugars.
Carbohydrates are an essential class of biomolecules that serve as energy sources and structural components in living systems. They include monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (short chains of sugars), and polysaccharides (long chains of sugars). Common examples are glucose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose. Carbohydrates are classified based on their structure, number of monomer units, and whether they are reducing or non-reducing. Glucose and fructose are important monosaccharides that exist in both open-chain and cyclic forms. Disaccharides like sucrose and lactose consist of two monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic linkages, while polysaccharides contain many monomer units
This document defines lipids and describes their subtypes. It explains that lipids are nonpolar compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The main subtypes are phospholipids, triglycerides, and steroids. Phospholipids are the major constituent of cell membranes and are composed of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group. Triglycerides are formed when three fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule. Steroids have different structures and functions in the body.
- Carbohydrates are synthesized through photosynthesis in plants and gluconeogenesis in animals. Glucose is the main fuel for most organisms.
- Carbohydrates exist as monomers, dimers, oligomers and polymers. Monomers include glucose and fructose. Polymers serve structural and storage functions.
- Carbohydrates can exhibit different structural isomers including anomers, epimers and cyclic/acyclic forms which impact their properties. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism can cause diseases like diabetes.
This document defines and describes the main types of biomolecules found in living organisms. It begins by explaining that chemical analysis of tissues reveals elements like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that are present in higher concentrations than in non-living materials. The document then defines biomolecules as the carbon compounds present in living cells, dividing them into macromolecules and micromolecules. It provides examples of different classes of biomolecules including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and their monomers. The document explains how to analyze the chemical composition of tissues and describes some of the key properties and examples of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and nitrogen bases that make up nucleic acids. It concludes by distinguishing between primary metabolites
1. Biomolecules are organic compounds that form the basis of life processes. They include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other molecules.
2. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their structure. Glucose and fructose are common monosaccharides while sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples of disaccharides. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are polysaccharides.
3. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are 20 common amino acids that make up proteins. Amino acids contain amino and carboxyl groups and can be acidic, basic, or neutral.
Biomolecules are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of living organisms. The four most abundant elements in the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Biomolecules are typically carbon-based and have specific three-dimensional shapes defined by bonds between carbon atoms. Functional groups on biomolecules, such as hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, determine their chemical properties. Carbohydrates are an important class of biomolecules that serve as energy stores. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides.
Chemistry of carbohydrates and their structuremuti ullah
The document discusses carbohydrates and their classification. It notes that carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be further classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they have an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Common monosaccharides include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. Disaccharides are formed from the condensation of two monosaccharide units and include maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are formed from the condensation of many monosaccharide units and can be homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides.
This document provides an overview of the major biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. It discusses the structures and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The main types of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides formed from the linkage of two monosaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Polysaccharides serve structural and storage functions and include cellulose, glycogen, and starch. The document also covers lipid composition and classes including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Terpenes and isoprenoids are derived lipids formed from isoprene units.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule, including that carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy; lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are used to store energy and provide structure; proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes; and nucleic acids contain genetic information essential for life. Each macromolecule is composed of smaller monomers that polymerize to form the larger macromolecule.
Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body.
Chemically, carbohydrates are defined as “optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or the compounds which produce units of such type on hydrolysis”.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule type including their monomers, polymers, functional groups, and roles in maintaining life processes. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy. Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store energy. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that make up living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and function in energy storage, protection, and insulation. Proteins contain amino acids and perform a variety of functions including growth, energy production, and pH buffering. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and store and transmit genetic information that directs cellular functions. These macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis.
The document provides information about various biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, DNA, glucose, amino acids, glycerol and triglycerides. It defines each molecule, describes their monomers and polymers where relevant, lists some of their functions and provides examples of common types. It also describes tests that can be used to identify each molecule and gives their structures.
Carbohydrates : carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis. A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (CH2O)n. Simple carbohydrates are also known as "Sugars" or "Saccharides".
Depending upon the composition and complexity, carbohydrates are divided into four groups:
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Oligosaccharides
4. Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides: are simplest sugars, or the compounds which possess a free aldehyde (CHO) or ketone (C=O) group and two or more hydroxyl (OH) groups. They are simplest sugars and cannot be hydrolyzed further into smaller units. Examples of monosaccharides include:
1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
Disaccharides: Those sugars which yield two molecules of the same or different molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis are called Disaccharides. Three most common disaccharides of biological importance are:
1. Maltose
2. Lactose
3. Sucrose
Oligosaccharides: are compound sugars that yield more than two and less than ten molecules of the same or different monosaccharides on hydrolysis. Depending upon the number of monosaccharides units present in them oligosaccharides can be classified as Trisaccharides, Tetrasaccharides, Pentasaccharides and so on.
Polysaccharides: polysaccharides are polymers containing ten or more monosaccharides units attached together. Polysaccharides are also known as Glycans. Polysaccharides are further classified into:
1. Homopolysaccharides: are also known as homoglycans. Homopolysaccharides are polymer of same monosaccharide units. Example includes:
1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Inulin
5. Dextrin
6. Dextran
7. Chitin
Heteropolysaccharides: heteropolysaccharides are polysaccharides that contains different types of monosaccharides. Heteropolysaccharides can be classified as: GAG, AGAR, AGAROSE, PECTIN.
Macromolecules and their subunits and its chemical bonding SonaA13
The document discusses the key macromolecules and chemical bonds found in living organisms. It describes the four main macromolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids - and their subunits. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, phosphate groups, and the sugars deoxyribose or ribose. Lipids are esters of fatty acids and glycerol. The document also discusses primary chemical bonds including glycosidic bonds, peptide bonds, ester bonds, and phosphodiester bonds that form the
This document provides information on biological molecules. It begins by defining biomolecules as molecules involved in living organisms that are typically made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. The main types of biomolecules discussed are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and glycogen. Lipids include fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. The properties of water that allow it to act as the universal solvent in living systems are also summarized.
This document discusses carbohydrate chemistry and digestion. It defines carbohydrates and describes their functions in the body. It outlines the nomenclature of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Key monosaccharides like glucose, fructose and galactose are explained. Important disaccharides like sucrose, lactose and maltose are defined. Polysaccharides discussed include starch, glycogen, cellulose, and heteroglycans. The process of carbohydrate digestion by salivary and pancreatic amylases and intestinal disaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes is summarized. Lactose intolerance is also briefly explained, along with monosaccharide absorption mechanisms.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth and serve important functions in living organisms. They include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, oligosaccharides like sucrose and lactose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Monosaccharides are either aldoses or ketoses and commonly exist as cyclic structures with α and β anomers. Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides into oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, which serve structural roles like cellulose and chitin or storage roles like starch and glycogen. Carbohydrates play key roles through their diverse structures and functions.
This document discusses carbohydrates, including:
1. Carbohydrates are abundant biomolecules that serve as an energy source for living organisms through photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
2. Carbohydrates are classified by size into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can further be classified by number of carbons, carbonyl group position, and cyclic/open-chain structures.
3. Carbohydrates exhibit different isomeric forms including enantiomers, diastereomers, anomers, and epimers due to chiral carbon positions. Glucose exists predominantly in cyclic alpha and beta anomeric forms.
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important structural and energy storage functions. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and sterols. They undergo digestion in the small intestine by pancreatic lipases into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols. Fatty acids are transported to tissues for energy production or storage. Triglycerides in adipose tissue undergo lipolysis to release fatty acids into the bloodstream. In mitochondria, fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in repeated cycles to produce acetyl-CoA for the TCA cycle or ketone body production.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical composition and reactions in living matter. It includes inorganic compounds like water and CO2, as well as organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Organic compounds are made of polymers of monomers like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules are essential to life processes in cells and provide structure, energy storage, homeostasis, and genetic information.
The document provides an overview of biochemistry and chemistry concepts. It discusses the basic units of matter like elements and atoms. It then explains chemical bonds, compounds, and mixtures. Key biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are introduced along with their structures and functions. Finally, it briefly covers chemical reactions, enzymes, and pH.
The study of food composition and properties is known as food chemistry. Food contains nutrients that provide energy and support growth, while nutrients are components of food used by the body. Lipids are composed of glycerol and fatty acids, and can be saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Carbohydrates have the formula (CH2O)n and include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The most common monosaccharides are pentoses and hexoses, with glucose being a hexose. Monosaccharides can form ring structures and optical isomers. Glucose exists in D and L forms, with D-glucose being natural. Monosaccharides can link together to form disaccharides like sucrose and polysaccharides like starch. Starch is made of amylose and amylopectin and is an important energy storage carbohydrate in plants. Polysaccharides also provide energy, store energy as glycogen, act as precursors for other molecules, and serve as dietary fiber.
biomolecules- senior high physical science.pptxZayraAtrero2
powerpoint presentation and teaching material for bio molecules of senior high school physical science, equip with topic aligned with curriculum guide and Most essential learning outcomes
The document discusses the four major categories of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on each category, including their monomers (sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides), general formulas, elements, examples, and common tests used to identify each type of biomolecule. Carbohydrates include sugars such as glucose and starch, lipids are made of fatty acids and include fats and oils, proteins comprise amino acids like albumin and enzymes, and nucleic acids involve nucleotides to form structures like DNA and RNA.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth and serve important functions in living organisms. They include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, oligosaccharides like sucrose and lactose, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. Monosaccharides are aldoses or ketoses that exist as cyclic or linear structures. Polysaccharides function as energy storage molecules like starch and glycogen or provide structure to plant cell walls and insect exoskeletons like cellulose and chitin. Carbohydrates undergo oxidation reactions and form glycosidic bonds between monosaccharide units.
Nucleic Acids, RNA, DNA, Protein Synthesis, DNA Replication, Chromosomes: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts.
Metabolism and Energy: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
Tissues, Organs and Systems: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
Bonding, Proteins, Polymers, Nucleic Acids, Polarity, Tonicity, pH, Enzymes: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
Cell Structure, Cell Parts, Bacteria, Gram Positive Gram Negative, Viruses: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
Life and Evolution: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphone,classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
ISTE2011 - Model Lesson. Be the student in three math lessons enhanced with different types of targeted-learning GeoGebra (freeware) applets: classroom, math practice, and one you will create. http://bit.ly/sdedBK
http://bit.ly/n7KhJO What is the worst way to integrate technology in the classroom? Create a presentation with static content, turn on your video projector, dim the lights and …your kiddies will go straight into a coma. Instead use a tablet PC or graphics tablet - no extra work and really effective.
GeoGebra is dynamic mathematics software that helps visualize and understand mathematics concepts through an interactive and simple interface. It is free and open source, allowing it to be downloaded on all platforms and used anywhere in over 50 languages translated by volunteers. GeoGebra promotes understanding for both teachers and students, and allows students to build creative works like animations and simulations. It has a large global community of millions of users in 190 countries supported by volunteer translation, development, and education institutes around the world.
Making and publishing screencasts must become a required tool in education for both teachers and students. Adding captions makes our screencasts more accessible to all learners and YouTube translates captions into many, many languages. Learn how to caption screencasts so they are available to a global audience.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Molecular Biology 1-3
1. Molecular Biology 1-3
put together by: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska
Disclaimer: I put these together for my kid for his smartphone.
However, I found most images had very small type and increased the
font size. I am posting it because another teacher might find this useful.
The sources are given.
If I have used anything illegally, write me and I will take it off.
3. Carbohydrates = Saccharides
• The term carbohydrate = saccharide in biochemistry.
• The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four
chemical groupings:
– monosaccharides = simple sugar
– disaccharides (2 simple sugars)
– oligosaccharides (3-6 simple sugars) and
– polysaccharides (>6 simple sugars = macromolecule)
• monosaccharides and disaccharides = sugars
4. Carbohydrates = Saccharides
• A carbohydrate is an organic compound; it consists only of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
• General formula is: Cm(H2O)n with H:O atom ratio of 2:1 (like water).
• However, there are exceptions to this. One common example would
be deoxyribose, a component of DNA, which has the empirical
formula C5H10O4.
• Carbohydrates are not technically hydrates of carbon. Structurally it
is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and
ketones.
• Monosaccharides and disaccharides are called sugars and are
“small molecules”; polysaccharides are large or “macromolecules”.
5. Chirality
• Chiral molecule is NOT superposable on its mirror
image.
– It lacks an internal plane of symmetry and thus is not
superposable on its mirror image.
– Chiral molecules usually have an asymmetric carbon atom.
An achiral (non-chiral,
symmetric) molecule and its
enantiomer (mirror image).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_%28chemistry%29
6. Monosaccharide = Simple Sugar
• Monosaccharides or simple sugars are the most basic
units of biologically important carbohydrates.
• Monosaccharides are monomers. They are used to build
disaccharides such as sucrose and polysaccharides (such as
cellulose and starch).
• Usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids.
• Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose and ribose.
• Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group
(except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number
of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula.
• For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses,
but have different chemical and physical properties.
9. Disaccharides
• A disaccharide is the carbohydrate formed when two
monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction and
bind together in one molecule.
• As we shall see, a condensation reaction is a
synthesis or anabolic reaction that releases water.
• Common disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and
maltose.
• As we shall see, the bond formed between the 2 simple
sugars of a disaccharide is called a glycosidic bond.
11. Lipids
• Lipid is a group of naturally occurring molecules
– fats = triglycerides
– steroids
• steroid hormones
• subgroup sterols (example: chloresterol)
– phospholipids
– fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K),
– monoglycerides,
– diglycerides
– others.
12. Lipids
The main biological functions of lipids include
• energy storage
fat (adipose tissue)
• structural components of cell membranes
phospholipids, cholesterol, ...
• important signaling molecules
steroid hormones, prostaglandins
14. Fatty Acids
Fatty acid is
simplest lipid
http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Lipids.html
15. Fats = Triglycerides
• All fats are derivatives of fatty acids and glycerol.
• The molecules are called triglycerides, which are
esters of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
• an ester is molecule formed from the reaction of the
– carboxylic acid and an
– organic alcohol
If “straightened”, the fatty acids would
each be a horizontal line; the glycerol
"backbone" would be the vertical line
that joins the 3 horizontal lines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat
16. Esters Glycerol + Fatty Acids
The
hydrophobic
tail of a
phospholipid
•glycerol
•2 fatty acids
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/
17. Glycerol (3-C alcohol)
• Glycerol is an alcohol with multiple hydroxyl OH groups.
• The glycerol backbone is central to all glyceride lipids.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol
18. Keywords
• An alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl
functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom and
this carbon center is saturated, having single bonds to three
other atoms.
• Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) compounds that have
only hydrogen and carbon atoms and have ONLY single
bonds (saturated compounds). The simplest alkane is
methane CH4.
• Cycloalkanes (naphthenes) are types of alkanes that
have one or more rings of carbon atoms (all with single
bonds). Steroids have four cycloalkane rings.
19. Steroids
• Steroid is an organic compound with a characteristic
arrangement of four cycloalkane rings
• The core of steroids is ≥17 carbon atoms bonded
together:
– 3 cyclohexane rings A, B, C and 1 cyclopentane ring D
– steroids vary by functional groups
attached to this four ring core and
by the oxidation state of the rings
• Examples:
– Hormones and sterols
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid
21. Steroids – Sterols - Cholesterol
• Sterols are special forms of steroids,
• with a hydroxyl group at position-3 and
• a skeleton derived from cholestane
• Examples: Vitamin D and Cholesterol
http://www.cytochemistry.net/cell-biology/membrane_intro.htm
22. Cholesterol
• Cholesterol = build and maintain membranes
– hydroxyl group on cholesterol interacts with the polar head
groups of the membrane phospholipids and sphingolipids,
– bulky steroid and the hydrocarbon chain are embedded in
the membrane, alongside the nonpolar fatty acid chain of
the other lipids.
• Cholesterol reduces the permeability of the plasma
(cell) membrane so only neutral solutes, protons H+ and
sodium ions can pass through.
23. Cholesterol
• Within cell membrane, cholesterol also functions
intracellular transport, cell signaling and nerve
conduction.
• Within cells, cholesterol is the precursor molecule.
• Cholesterol is an important precursor for the synthesis of
vitamin D and for the steroid hormones.
• In the liver, cholesterol is contained in bile.
24. Cholesterol - Steroid Hormones
• Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol
• Sex hormones
– Progesterone
– Testosterone
– Estradiol
• Aldosterone
• Cortisol
25. Membrane Lipids
• Membrane lipids are lipids in the cell membrane.
Ex: phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
25
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html
27. Bile – Digestion of Lipids
• Bile is mostly of water (85%) and bile salts (10%)
• Bile salts solubilize fats in the digestive tract and aid
in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as well as
the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K.
Bile salts
surround fat
(lipid) to
solubilize it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile
28. Amino acids
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a
carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain that is specific to
each amino acid.
The key elements of an amino acid are
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Structure of an
amino acid
28
http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/chem/V.27/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg
29. Amino acids - Glysine
Side chain = H so it is smallest of the 20 amino acids
•Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG
•M = 75 g/mol. Solubility=250 mg/ml
•Not essential. Can be manufactured artificially and in the body.
•Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid.
•It is achiral (not chiral); all other amino acids are chiral.
•It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its
two hydrogen atom side chain.
29
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/glycine.html
30. Amino acids - Lysine
• Lysine is an essential amino acid,
(human body cannot synthesize it).
• Lysine's codons are AAA and AAG.
• Lysine is a base
30