This document provides an overview of substance abuse and dependence. It defines key terms like tolerance, dependence, addiction, withdrawal, and craving. It then examines specific substances in more detail, including the effects of nicotine, cannabis, opioids, alcohol, hallucinogens, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and others. For each substance, it discusses acute and long term effects, intoxication, withdrawal symptoms, hazards, and psychiatric disorders associated with abuse. The document concludes with sections on management of substance abuse/dependence, rehabilitation centers, and pharmacological treatment options.
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of the substance-related disorder.
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of the substance-related disorder.
Its defined as patterns of drinking or using drugs (prescription and illicit) that result in harm to a person’s health, well-being, relationships, and productivity. A person who abuses drugs and alcohol is not necessarily an addict. However, abuse of these substances is a risk factor for developing an addiction because continuous abuse can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Substance Abuse
outlines
Definition
Factsheet
Risk factors
ICD classification
Sign and Symptom
The harmful effect of substance abuse on health and behaviour
Prevention and Rehabilitation for substance abusers
References
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Its defined as patterns of drinking or using drugs (prescription and illicit) that result in harm to a person’s health, well-being, relationships, and productivity. A person who abuses drugs and alcohol is not necessarily an addict. However, abuse of these substances is a risk factor for developing an addiction because continuous abuse can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Substance Abuse
outlines
Definition
Factsheet
Risk factors
ICD classification
Sign and Symptom
The harmful effect of substance abuse on health and behaviour
Prevention and Rehabilitation for substance abusers
References
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Overview of substance abuse/addiction prevention principles including risk and protective factors. NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
Drug abuse is a common problem that is ruining not only the individuals but offering a global issue. People experiment with drugs for many different reasons. Many first try drugs out of curiosity, to have a good time, because friends are doing it, or in an effort to improve athletic performance or ease another problem, such as stress, anxiety, or depression. Use doesn't automatically lead to abuse, and there is no specific level at which drug use moves from casual to problematic. It varies by individual. Addiction is less about the amount of substance consumed or the frequency, and more to do with the consequences of drug use. No matter how often or how little you’re consuming, if your drug use is causing problems in your life, at work, school, home, or in your relationship, you likely have a drug abuse or addiction problem. And if you are having this problem you are actually in trouble.
A DSM 5 Update: Substance - Related And Addictive DisordersChat 2 Recovery
Within the next year, most insurance providers will be expecting all claims to include the new DSM-5 nomenclature. It is imperative for all mental health professionals to be comfortable with the new diagnostic criteria and recording procedures. This presentation provides participants with a clear understanding of the revisions made in the category of Substance - Related and Addictive Disorders from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5.
Topics presented by Nick Lessa, CEO of Inter-Care: an addiction treatment program in New York City.
Includes:
Changes in the diagnostic criteria from the DSM–IV to the DSM-5
The distinction between Substance Use Disorders and the Substance - Induced Disorders
Recording procedures for Substance Related Disorders
How Addiction effects us ,our fnf, our different body parts & how to treat it... It could be treated & there is still hope out there... So be brave and strong ...U can do it...U can do anything because it is ur great legacy...
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
4. Tolerance
• 1. Previous exposure to a drug or to a similar one
• 2. Quantitative response characterized by either:
a. A usual dose no longer evokes its desired
effect.
b. A larger dose than the previous one must
be used to produce the same effect.
5. Dependence:
• This is an adaptive
psychological, physiological and
biochemical state caused by the repeated
exposure to a drug.
• Continued use of the drug becomes
necessary for the well-being of the
organism.
• Sometimes the word "dependence" is
used as a synonym of addiction.
6. Withdrawal
* Withdrawal syndrome: psychological
or physiological symptoms may
occur.
* A closely related substance is taken
to relieve or avoid withdrawal
symptoms.
7. Compulsive substance taking
behavior:
* The substance is taken in larger amounts or
over a longer period than intended.
* Unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control
substance use.
* A great deal of time is spent in
obtaining, using and recovery from
substance effects.
* Social, occupational or recreational activities
are given up or reduced.
* Continuing despite physical or
8. Craving:
• it is a strong subjective drive to use the
substance. It is likely to be experienced by
most (if not all) individuals with substance
dependence.
9. Substance Abuse:
• It is repetitive use of substances resulting in
recurrent and significant adverse
consequences, e.g.
• * Failure to fulfill major role obligations at
work, school or home.
• * Recurrent substance use in situations in
which it is physically hazardous (e.g. driving an
automobile).
• * Recurrent substance related legal problems.
10. Gateway Substances
• These are addictive substances their frequent
use has been directly related to subsequent
abuse and dependence of other more dangerous
substances, such as Heroin and Cocaine.
• They include:
1. Tobacco
2. Cannabinoids (Hashish, Marijuana,
Bango)
• They are the best predictor of other drug use
during adolescence.
11. Addiction:
• The diagnosis of addiction implies the
use of a drug with the following clinical
criteria:
* The use of the drug is not upon medical
indication
* Tolerance
* Withdrawal
12. Types of Drugs of Abuse and
Dependence
• Most of substances known to be amenable for
abuse and dependence (Addiction) can be
grouped into the following classes:
1. Alcohol.
2. Sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics.
3. Cannabinoids [e.g. Bango - Hashish - Marijuana].
4. Opioids [e.g. Heroin, Opium, Morphine, Codeine
and Codeine-containing cough sedatives].
5. Cocaine.
13. Types of Drugs of Abuse and
Dependence
6. Amphetamines and other stimulants.
7. Tobacco.
8. Caffeine.
9. Hallucinogens [e.g. LSD, Anticholinergics, Mescaline ...]
10. Phencyclidine [e.g. Ketamine]
11. Volatile solvents.
• N.B. Poly-substance abuse and dependence is
common.
Substances may be mixed with others.
14. (1) Nicotine
• Nicotine, in mild to moderate doses, is a
central nervous system stimulant.
• It enhances central cholinergic receptors
(activated by acetyl choline).
• The dependence-producing effects of
nicotine appear to be modulated by
dopamine (nicotinic-cholinergic receptors
lie on dopamine neurons, nicotine
increases dopamine).
15. (1) Nicotine
• Nicotine also increases nor
epinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin
and these increases may modulate some of
the reinforcing effects from cigarettes.
• In large toxic doses, it exerts an inhibitory
effect on peripheral cholinergic receptors.
16. Nicotine Withdrawal (Nicotine
Abstinence Syndrome)
* Subjective symptoms:
o Dysphoria or depressed mood.
o Irritability.
o Anxiety.
o Decreased concentration.
o Restlessness, impatience, confusion then rapidly appears.
o Desire for nicotine.
* Objective symptoms (signs):
o Decreased heart rate.
o Insomnia.
o Increased reaction time (reaction is slowed down).
19. Hazards of smoking
• Death is the primary adverse effect of cigarette
smoking.
• Causes of death include:
* Chronic bronchitis.
* Emphysema.
* Bronchogenic cancer.
* Cerebrovascular disease.
* Cardiovascular disease.
20. Hazards of smoking
• In pregnant women, nicotine crosses the
placenta freely and is in the amniotic fluid and
umbilical cord blood of neonates.
• Sustained exposure of the fetus causes:
*Slow growth in utero and lower than average
birth weights.
*Increased incidences of newborns with
persistent pulmonary hypertension.
22. Cannabinoids
• The psychoactive compound in
cannabinoids is delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
• Cannabinoids are usually smoked, but may be
taken orally and are sometimes mixed with
tea or food.
• Common forms of Cannabinoids include
Hashish. Marijuana, and Bango.
23. Cannabinoids
• THC is lipid soluble and rapidly absorbed after
inhalation.
• It is redistributed from blood into other
tissues.
• It is then released from its adipose tissue
stores into the blood stream. This explains the
prolonged effects of THC after acute intake.
24.
25. Effect of cannabinoids
• Cannabinoids exert many of their actions by
influencing several neurotransmitter systems.
These include acetylcholine, dopamine, gammaamino-butyric acid (GABA), histamine, serotonin,
norepinephrine, opioid peptides, and
prostaglandins.
26. cannabis intoxication
• in the form of impaired motor
coordination, euphoria, anxiety, sensation of
slowed time, impaired judgment and social
withdrawal.
27. Cannabis withdrawal
• have been described in association with the
use of high doses in the form of:
* Irritable or anxious mood
* Tremor
* Perspiration
* Nausea
* Sleep disturbances
28. Hazards of cannabinoids
• Chronic cannabinoids use is associated with poor social
and vocational functioning due to the development of
Amotivational Syndrome.
• A number of psychiatric disorders such as bipolar mood
disorder, anxiety, depersonalization, and dissociative
episodes are reported as a consequence of cannabinoid
abuse.
• Affective disorders and paranoid symptoms may be
exacerbated after cannabinoid abuse
29. Opioids
• Opioids are highly addicting.
• Forms of Opioids include opium, morphine,
heroin, codeine and some analgesic opiate
derivatives.
30. Acute effects of Opioids
• 1. Central nervous system effects: Opioids are
central nervous system suppressants
(endogenous opioid receptors).
Their effects include:
* Analgesia
* Mood changes
* "Mental clouding",
* Sedation
* Central nausea and vomiting
• 2. Gastrointestinal effects:
• 3. Pupillary constriction
• 4. Respiratory depression
31.
32. Over dose of opiates
Severe intoxication is diagnosed by the triad of:
• 1- Coma
• 2- Pinpoint pupils
• 3- Respiratory depression.
• It is a medical emergency that requires
immediate attention.
33. Opioids Withdrawal Syndrome
• Time of onset differs according to the half-life of
the drug used: e.g. 4-6 hours after the last use of
heroin but up to 36 hours after the last use of
methadone.
• Severity varies with the dose and duration of
drug use.
• Early findings may include
tachycardia, hypertension, pupillary
dilatation, and diffuse musculo-skeletal pains
34. Opioids Withdrawal Syndrome
• Central nervous system symptoms include
restlessness, irritability and insomnia
• Gastrointestinal symptoms are
anorexia, vomiting, abdominal colics, and
diarrhea
• Cutaneous and mucocutaneous symptoms
include lacrimation, rhinorrhea and
piloerection , also known as "gooseflesh"
• Opioids Craving
35. Alcohol
• 90% of USA population are using
alcohol, whereas only 12% or 18% have abuse
or dependence problem, respectively.
36. Effect of alcohol on
the brain
• * Alcohol is a CNS suppressant.
• It exerts this suppressant effect in a
descending manner, where higher cortical
centers are inhibited first, resulting in
euphoria and then disinhibition.
• In larger doses, lower vital centers are
inhibited, leading to hypotension and
respiratory depression.
37. Effect of alcohol on neurotransmitters
• * It is found that ion channel activities
associated with acetyl choline, serotonin
and GABA receptors are enhanced by
alcohol.
• Ion channel activities associated with
glutamate receptors are inhibited.
• * Death is due to central respiratory
depression or inhalation of vomitus
40. Alcohol withdrawal
• The classic signs of alcohol withdrawal are due
to sympathetic over activity and tendency to
develop epileptic convulsions.
• Symptoms include
tremulousness, sweating, restlessness and even
excitement.
• They may include psychotic symptoms (such as
delusions and hallucinations).
• Seizures and symptoms of delirium tremens may
eventually develop.
41. Fetal alcohol syndrome
• It occurs when fetuses are exposed in utero to
alcohol by their mothers' drinking alcohol.
• This syndrome is the leading cause of mental
retardation in the United States.
• Women with alcohol related disorders have a
35 percent risk of having a child with deficits.
42.
43. Hallucinogens
• Agents that induce a state of marked perceptual
alterations.
• They are CNS stimulants.
• Examples are:
• lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and
amphetamines.
• They have both an antagonist and an agonist
effect on serotonergic systems.
44. lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
• LSD is synthetic derivative of ergot fungus.
• It is extremely potent and is effective in
extremely low doses.
• It is ingested orally or through other mucous
membranes (sublingual, orally or corneal).
• Tolerance quickly develops, leading to
ingestion of larger doses or increased
frequency of use.
• It is not highly addicting,
45. Hazards of hallucinogen use
1. A drug precipitated psychosis may
continue following the cessation of
hallucinogen use.
2. Flashbacks are brief spontaneous
recurrences of perceptual changes, such
as experienced while using
hallucinogens.
They have been reported days, months or
years after drug use.
46. Cocaine
• Cocaine is one of the most addictive of
commonly abused substances and one of the
most dangerous.
• Cocaine, variously referred to as
crack, snow, cock, girl and lady,
• It is a white powder that is inhaled, smoked or
injected.
47. Effect of cocaine on CNS
• Cocaine is a psychoactive stimulant.
• Its primary pharmacologic action is related to its
competitive blockade of dopamine reuptake by
dopamine transporters.
• This leads to marked elevation of dopamine in
synaptic clefts.
• Cocaine has powerful addictive qualities.
• psychological dependence on cocaine can
develop after a single use.
48. Withdrawal symptoms of cocaine
• Withdrawal symptoms are mild compared to
those of opioids.
• They include depressed
mood, dysphoria, fatigue, hypersomnolence.
• Suicidal ideations may occur.
• Symptoms persist for a few days up to one
week.
• Craving is very strong.
49. Over dose of cocaine
• Intoxication by high doses is associated with
delirium, seizures, cerebrovascular diseases
and myocardial infarction which may lead to
death.
50. Psychiatric disorders with cocaine
abuse
They include:
• psychotic disorders,
• mood disorders,
• anxiety disorders,
• sexual dysfunction and
• sleep disorders.
51. Benzodiazepines (BDZ)
• Benzodiazepines are psychoactive depressant
drugs that are used to control anxiety and
epilepsy and in induction of anesthesia.
• Tolerance to benzodiazepines is common.
• Benzodiazepines are widely used in
combination with heroin, cocaine, alcohol and
stimulants.
52. Intoxication of BDZ
• includes somnolence and behavioral
disinhibition.
• In higher doses, they cause hypotension and
central respiratory depression, particularly if
taken with another depressant drug
(e.g., alcohol).
53. Withdrawal of BDZ
• symptoms include rebound
anxiety, restlessness, agitation, hypertension, an
d tachycardia.
• Epileptic seizure is a serious emergency and may
be fatal.
• Hospitalization and gradual withdrawal of
benzodiazepines are the main lines of treatment
of benzodiazepine addiction.
• Prevention of seizures by antiepileptics may be
needed.
54. Management of Substance
Abuse/Dependence
• Two major goals:
• the first is abstinence from the
substance;
• the second is physical, psychiatric, and
psychosocial well-being of the patient.
55. Management of Substance
Abuse/Dependence
•
•
•
•
* Inpatient or outpatient settings.
* Detoxification,
* Rehabilitation.
* Throughout
treatment, individual, family, and group
therapies (alcoholic & narcotic anonymous)
can be effective.
• * Any underling psychiatric disorder should be
57. Pharmacological Treatment of
Substance Abuse
• * Because substance abuse/dependence is
in part a neuropharmacological
phenomenon, there is at present an
aggressive search for agents that may:
o decrease the reinforcing properties of
substances (block the drug euphoric effect)
o decrease craving associated with substances
o function as replacements for the drug of
abuse
58. Pharmacological Treatment of
Substance Abuse
• * Naltrexone (an opiate receptor blocking agent)
decreases alcohol consumption and relapse in
alcoholic patients, also in opiate abuse.
• * Nicotine replacement using nicotine
gum, patch, spray and inhalation have been used
with successful results in nicotine dependence.
• * Methadone - an opiate receptor agonist proved to be highly effective in abstinence from
opiate use.