Elephants have adapted to inhabit diverse ecosystems due to their high intelligence and wide range of food sources. They can consume up to 159 kg of food per day including roots, bark, grass, leaves, berries and fruits. Their skeleton, skull, and other physical attributes are adapted to support their massive size, with modifications like an orientation of the pelvis and splayed toes. Their trunk allows them to reach food sources high off the ground, and their tusks are used as tools to obtain food, water and salt. Their skin and large ears help keep their bodies cool in warm climates.

1. ORDER PROBoSCIDEA
Habitat and Adaptation

2. Habitat:
An animal’s habitat is the combination of resources (e.g. food, water)
and environmental conditions (e.g. temperature) in an area that makes
it possible for that species to survive and reproduce.

3. Because of their high intelligence level, elephants can adapt to and
modify habitat, while their wide range of food choices permits
habitation of a diverse range of ecosystems, including:
• Forest
• Woodland
• Savanna
• Grassy plains
• Swampy areas
• Sparsely vegetated desert.

4. Elephants need massive quantities of food,
perhaps 136–159 kg a day, although proportional
to their body-weight elephants eat less
than mice. The diet of elephants includes:
• Roots
• Bark
• Grass
• Leaves
• Berries
• Seedpods
• Other fruits.
They may drink up to 50 gal (189 l) of water a
day, and after drinking their fill, will splash
themselves with water and mud, wash their
young, and sometimes just frolic, tossing and
squirting water about while their young splash,
play, and roll in the mud.

5. Adaptation:
Adaptation is an evolutionary
process whereby a species’
characteristics (shape, form,
function and behavior) change over
time in response to changes in the
environment, contributing to an
animal’s ability to survive and
reproduce.

6. Skull:
The skull of modern
elephants is short and high.
The lamdoidal crest across
the back of the skull is
especially well developed.
It attach the muscles that
bear the weight of the
massive head, tusks, and
trunk. The bone over the top
of the head contains
numerous air cells.

7. Skeleton:
• The skeleton of elephants is
adapted to bear massive weight.
• Provide attachments for the
muscles. The limb bones are stout.
• Neither ulna nor tibia is reduced in
size.
• The toes are splayed and supported
at the heel by a pad of dense
connective tissue.
• The orientation of the pelvis is also
modified.

8. Food:
Elephants require huge amounts
of food, over 400 kg per
individual per day.

9. Giant Mammals:
• They are10 ft (3 m) high.
• Having a very short neck.
Weight:
• Earliest Known Member – 120 KG
• Modren Species – 6000 kG
• Mammuthus trogontherii - 9000 KG

10. Skin:
• Elephants live in warm areas with up to 50°C
(120°F) a day.
• They have to cool down quickly to keep their
body temperature at a constant level.
• They do not have any sweat glands in their
skin.
• They do not have evolved their own efficient
cooling mechanisms.
• They have wrinkled skin, which helps to keep
them cool.
• One of the best cooling devices an elephant
has are its ears.

11. Trunk:
The elephant’s long trunk has become a
very useful tool. The evolution of a long
trunk allowed elephants to reach a
wider variety of vegetation including
leaves, branches and other food high up
in trees, which are otherwise only
accessible to the tall, long-necked
giraffes. For Asian elephants, the most
substantial food supply in the tropical
and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
is found at higher levels about 2 m (6.6
ft) above the ground

12. Tusks:
• The evolution of long tusks.
• Tusks are a great tool for obtaining
> Food
> Water
> Salt.
• Elephants use their tusks like a crowbar to
peel and cut down soft wood.
• Asian elephants have access to more water
resources all year round than elephants in
Africa. This might be one reason that Asian
elephants have smaller or no tusks.