This document discusses the chemical analysis and phytochemical constituents of orange peel (Citrus sinensis). It provides details on the plant origin, description, anatomy, traditional and modern uses, biological activity, results of physicochemical experiments, and phytochemical screening of orange peel. The peel is rich in fibers, phenolic compounds, limonene, and vitamin C. It has various traditional medicinal uses and modern uses in cosmetics. Experimental results found moisture content, extractable matter, ash content, and volatile oil to be within expected ranges. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, saponins, and tannins.

1. Quality Control for
Medicinal Plants Materials
Chemical analysis
and phytochemical
constituents of
Orange peel
Citrus sinensis
By
Isra Osman
Mishkat Jubara
Remaz alnazeer

2. Plant Origin
• The analyzed herbal: Sweet orange peel
• Scientific name: Citrus sinensis
• Citrus represents one of the major fruits in the world.
• The fruits belong to six genera
(Fortunella, Eremocitrus, Clymendia, Poncirus, Microcitrus,& Citrus),
• The center of origin of citrus species has been discovered to be the
southeast foothills of the Himalayas, Meghalaya, eastern areas of
Assam, India, Northern Myanmar, and the Western Yunnan
province, China, on the basis of genomic, phylogenetic, and
biogeographic research on citrus fruits
• Citrus belongs to the Rutaceae family and comprises 140 genera
and 1300 species.

4. Brief DescriptionTrees
Sweet orange trees have drooping in growth habit, medium to large in size
and vigorous. They are thorny, to varying degrees depending on the variety.
Leaves
Elliptical large or medium-sized, with short petioles and rudimentary wings.
Leaf blade with entire margin. No scent is exuded on being crushed.
Flowers
The flowers is medium in size, with white petals and yellow anthers, except in
the Navel group, which has white or pale yellow anthers.
Fruits and seeds
the fruits are globose, medium-sized and orange in colour. The rind is of
average thickness, smooth and moderately tight. Solid or semi-solid central
axis. Pulp is juicy, tender, yellow, orange or with reddish veining in the case of
Blood oranges.
They have a varying number of seeds, which are polyembryonic, with white
cotyledons. The juice, which is abundant, has excellent qualities thanks to the
balance between sweetness and acidity; its colour spans many shades,
ranging from pale orange to blood red.

6. Varieties of Citrus Sinensis

7. Fruit Anatomy
• Orange is composed of an external layer formed
by flavedo (epicarp or exocarp) and albedo
(mesocarp), and an inner material called
endocarp that contains vesicles with juice.
• Juice, flavedo and albedo account for about 50,
10 and 25% (w/w) respectively of the whole fruit.
• Fruit peel, or fruit skin is outer most covering or
skin or the fruit.
• Peels of citrus fruits comprises of two layers, red
outer layer as flavedo and inner white layer as
albedo

8. Fruit Anatomy

9. Chemical Constituents
• Peel is a rich source of rough dietary fibers, also known
as NSP (nonsoluble polysaccharides), such as hemi-
cellulose, pectin, tannins, and gums etc.
• Peel is low in calories, sugar, and fats and free from
cholesterol. It adds bulk to the food and helps cut
down overall calories intake.
• The citrus peel and seeds are very rich in phenolic
compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids
• Peel also contains limonene, citral, neohesperidin,
naringin, rutin, rhamnose, eriocitrin, and vitamin-C.

11. Traditional Uses
• C. sinensis has been used traditionally to treat
ailments like
constipation, cramps, colic, diarrhea,
bronchitis, tuberculosis, cough, cold, obesity,
menstrual disorder, angina, hypertension,
anxiety, depression , stress and palpitation.

12. Medicinal Uses of Orange
- Arthritis
- Asthma
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Parkinson’s disease
- Macular degeneration
- Diabetes mellitus
- Gallstones
-Multiple sclerosis
- Cholera
- Gingivitis
- Optimal lung function
- Cataracts
- Ulcerative colitis
- Crohn’s disease

13. Modern Use of Orange Peel
• essential oil can be used in cosmetic in a
variety of ways.
• Hesperidins, extracted from the peel of the
sweet orange are used in Rejuvenating Eye
Treatment Cream.
• Pectin, a multifunctional constituent of peel
cell wall is a high value functional food
ingredient and can be used as excepient

14. Biological Activity
• anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti- diabetic,
cardio- protective, anti-cancer, anti-arthritic,
anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-
Tubercular, anti-asthmatic and anti-
hypertensive.

15. Physiochemical results for the experiments run
in the ………..Lab
CommentsRef. valueExperimental valueParameter
0ut of the range as
contaminant were
delbertily added
1-2%6.30%Foreign matter
Varies according to
the drying method
5.67 - 14%
5.14%
6.00%
Moisture content
method 1(oven dry)
method 2(distillation
increases with
increasing water
concentration in the
solvent
33 - 54% DW
48%
????
36%
61%
Extractable matter
Hot extraction
Cold maceration
H2O
Eth
Continuous distillation
Within the range5.34 - 13%5.87%Ash content
Yield depends on
drying method
0.87-1.7 %1%Volatile oil

16. Phytochemical screening
LiteratureExperimentParameter
++Alkaloid(1%HCL)
++Saponin(H2O
extract)
++Tannin (H2O
extract)
--Anthraquinon (dil
HCL)
--Cardiac glycosides
(70%eth)
--bitter principle
Furanchromone)
70%alcohol )

17. References
• PETER O. OSARUMWENSE; LUCKY O OKUNROBO; E.G
UWUMARONGIE-ILORI Phytochemical screening, proximate
and elemental analysis of Citrus sinensis peels (l.) Osbeck.
JASEM ISSN 1119-8362J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. March
2013 Vol. 17 (1) 47-50
• Zahra N. et.al , Nutritional Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity
of Zest obtained from orange (Citrus sinensis),International
Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences, 9(1): 07-10(2017)
• Fakayode O. , Abobi K.ingsley, Optimization of oil and pectin
extraction from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels: a response
surface approach,
Journal of Analytical Science and Technology (2018) 9:20
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-018-0151-3

18. References
• Oikeh E. I., Oriakhi K. and Omoregie1 E. S Proximate Analysis
and Phytochemical Screening of Citrus sinensis Fruit Wastes
The Bioscientist: Vol. 1(2):164-170, September, 2013.
Available online at
http://www.bioscientistjournal.com
• Liew et al. (2018), Phytochemical composition and in
vitro antioxidant activities of Citrus sinensis peel extracts.
PeerJ 6:e5331; DOI 10.7717/peerj.5331
• Favela-Hernández J. et al, Chemistry and Pharmacology of
Citrus sinensis, 2017

19. References
• M. E. Ibrahim1, S. A. El-Saw, J. Mater., Quality and Quantity of
Volatile Oil Resulting From the Recycling of Different Forms of
Orange Peel Using Drying Methods, Environ. Sci., 2019,
Volume 10, Issue 7, Page 598-603
• Srivastava P. and Malviya R. Extraction, Characterization
and Evaluation of Orange Peel Waste Derived Pectin as
a Pharmaceutical Excipient, Natural Products Journal,
2011, 1, 65-70 65
• Milind P. and Dev C., ORANGE: RANGE OF BENEFIT,
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, Parle
Milind et al. IRJP 2012, 3 (7)

20. References
• Arora M., Parminder Ka, PHYTOCHEMICAL
SCREENING OF ORANGE PEEL AND PULP IJRET:,
International Journal of Research in Engineering and
Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
• https://www.justingredients.co.uk/media/catalog/product/2/
4/24op.pdf