The oral mucosa lines the inside of the mouth and has several important functions. It protects underlying tissues, secretes saliva to keep the surface moist, senses temperature, touch, thirst and pain via receptors, and helps regulate temperature in some animals through panting. The oral cavity consists of two areas - the outer vestibule and inner oral cavity proper. The oral mucosa contains three main types: masticatory, lining, and specialized. It has a stratified squamous epithelium and underlying lamina propria. The oral mucosa protects, secretes saliva, senses stimuli, and helps regulate temperature.
https://userupload.net/3ppacneii1wj
Toxicologic Pathology (Second Edition), 2010
INTRODUCTION
The oral mucosa is, in many ways, similar to the skin in its architecture, function, and reaction patterns. This section only emphasizes those characteristics of the oral mucosa that influence or result in a distinct group of pathologic entities.
Because of its location at the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts and its proximity to the teeth, the oral mucosa is subjected to numerous natural and man-made xenobiotics. The peculiar architecture and absorption characteristics of the oral mucosa, especially in areas of extreme thinness, coupled with the rich microorganism flora of the mouth, makes the oral mucosa a peculiar site deserving separate discussion.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
https://userupload.net/3ppacneii1wj
Toxicologic Pathology (Second Edition), 2010
INTRODUCTION
The oral mucosa is, in many ways, similar to the skin in its architecture, function, and reaction patterns. This section only emphasizes those characteristics of the oral mucosa that influence or result in a distinct group of pathologic entities.
Because of its location at the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts and its proximity to the teeth, the oral mucosa is subjected to numerous natural and man-made xenobiotics. The peculiar architecture and absorption characteristics of the oral mucosa, especially in areas of extreme thinness, coupled with the rich microorganism flora of the mouth, makes the oral mucosa a peculiar site deserving separate discussion.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
A Complete presentation explaining the complete morphology of Maxillary first molar, for the benefit of people like me who tried and failed to find everything in one package
Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel. During amelogenesis, the ameloblast (enamel-forming cells) undergo various stages i.e the life cycle of ameloblast.
For more content check out my blog: www.rkharitha.wordpress.com "a little about everything dental"
To watch full lecture video please click the link
https://youtu.be/ZXcq3pweLjg
My youtube channel - Dr. deNto
We are discussing only the basics of oral mucosa membrane.
Definition
Classification
Components
1) Basement membrane
2) Lamina porpria
3) Submucosa
4) Epithelium
Keratinized and Nonkeratinized epithelium
Nonkeratinocytes
Cementum also commonly known as root cementum , is a highly mineralized tissue covering the entire root surface.
Cementum is also often referred to as a bone-like tissue. Cementum contains two types of fibers, mainly extrinsic (Sharpey's) fibers and intrinsic fibers. Fibroblasts and cementoblasts are the fiber secreting cells.
A Complete presentation explaining the complete morphology of Maxillary first molar, for the benefit of people like me who tried and failed to find everything in one package
Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel. During amelogenesis, the ameloblast (enamel-forming cells) undergo various stages i.e the life cycle of ameloblast.
For more content check out my blog: www.rkharitha.wordpress.com "a little about everything dental"
To watch full lecture video please click the link
https://youtu.be/ZXcq3pweLjg
My youtube channel - Dr. deNto
We are discussing only the basics of oral mucosa membrane.
Definition
Classification
Components
1) Basement membrane
2) Lamina porpria
3) Submucosa
4) Epithelium
Keratinized and Nonkeratinized epithelium
Nonkeratinocytes
Cementum also commonly known as root cementum , is a highly mineralized tissue covering the entire root surface.
Cementum is also often referred to as a bone-like tissue. Cementum contains two types of fibers, mainly extrinsic (Sharpey's) fibers and intrinsic fibers. Fibroblasts and cementoblasts are the fiber secreting cells.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Important topic for dentists, study of the topic not only describes the oral mucosa but also elaborates the uniqueness and differentiation of oral mucosa from rest of the skin parts. Gives the idea about the cell differention and its migration to the superficial layer and related abnormalities.
The term mucous membrane is used to describe the moist lining of the gastrointestinal tract, nasal passages, and other body cavities that communicate with the exterior. In the oral cavity, this lining is referred to as the oral mucous membrane, or oral mucosa. At the lips the oral mucosa is continuous with the skin; at the pharynx the oral mucosa is continuous with the mucosa lining the rest of the gut. Thus the oral mucosa is located anatomically between skin and gastrointestinal mucosa and
shows some of the properties of each.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. 2
BYBY
DR. Fawzy DarweeshDR. Fawzy Darweesh
Assistant professor of Oral BiologyAssistant professor of Oral Biology
Faculty of DentistryFaculty of Dentistry
Mansoura UniversityMansoura University
3. Definition:
Is the moist lining of the oral cavity.
At the lips it is continuous with the
skin.
At the pharynx it is continuous with
the moist mucosa lining the rest of
the gut.
5. FunctionsFunctions
1. Protection1. Protection
It protects deeper tissues fromIt protects deeper tissues from
mechanical forces, surface abrasions,mechanical forces, surface abrasions,
and microorganisms.and microorganisms.
6. 2. Secretion2. Secretion
Saliva-produced by the salivary glandsSaliva-produced by the salivary glands
which maintains the surface moist.which maintains the surface moist.
7. 3. Sensation3. Sensation
By receptors (respond to temp., touch,By receptors (respond to temp., touch,
thirst, and pain).thirst, and pain).
Reflex (swallowing, gagging, andReflex (swallowing, gagging, and
salivating) are initiated by the receptors.salivating) are initiated by the receptors.
Tongue has taste buds.Tongue has taste buds.
8. 4. Thermal regulation (dog)4. Thermal regulation (dog)
Through panting, so evaporation of waterThrough panting, so evaporation of water
from the surface mucosa control the animalfrom the surface mucosa control the animal
temperature.temperature.
9. The oral cavity consists of two areas:The oral cavity consists of two areas:
1.1. An outer vestibuleAn outer vestibule (bounded by the lips(bounded by the lips
and cheeks) .and cheeks) .
2.2. Oral cavity properOral cavity proper (separated from the(separated from the
vestibule by the alveolus bearing the teethvestibule by the alveolus bearing the teeth
and gingiva) .and gingiva) .
10. Three main types of mucosa :Three main types of mucosa :
1.1. MasticatoryMasticatory e.g. gingiva and hard palate.e.g. gingiva and hard palate.
(amounting to(amounting to 25%25% of the total area)of the total area)
2.2. LiningLining e.g. inferior surface of the tong.,e.g. inferior surface of the tong.,
labial mucosa, buccal mucosa, floor oflabial mucosa, buccal mucosa, floor of
the mouth, vestibular fornix, alveolarthe mouth, vestibular fornix, alveolar
mucosa, and soft palate.mucosa, and soft palate.
(amounting to(amounting to 60%60% of the total area)of the total area)
3.3. SpecializedSpecialized e.g. dorsum of the tonguee.g. dorsum of the tongue
and taste buds.and taste buds.
(amounting(amounting 15%15% of the total area).of the total area).
13. Component Tissues and General Consideration:Component Tissues and General Consideration:
Two main tissue components:Two main tissue components:
I. Oral epithelium (stratified squamous).I. Oral epithelium (stratified squamous).
II. Lamina propria (C.T. layer).II. Lamina propria (C.T. layer).
The interface between both is irregular.The interface between both is irregular.
(C.T. papillae interdigitate with epith.(C.T. papillae interdigitate with epith.
Rete pegs) (epithelial ridges).Rete pegs) (epithelial ridges).
(Submucosa may or may not be present(
14. ORAL MUCOSAORAL MUCOSA
Basal cell layer
Prickle cell layer
Granular cell layer
Cornified cell layer
basal
intermediate
superficial
Lamina propriaLamina propria
Stratified squamous
epithelium
Keratinized Non-
keratinized:
•orthoortho-keratin.
•parapara-keratin.
Papillary
layer
Reticular
layer glands
or
fat cells
&
B.Vs.+nerves
May
or
may not
be
present
Oral epitheliumOral epithelium SubmucosaSubmucosa
Basement
membrane
16. The interface is termed theThe interface is termed the basementbasement
membranemembrane..
It contains glycosaminoglycans (GAG),It contains glycosaminoglycans (GAG),
proteoglycan, and anchoring fibrils.proteoglycan, and anchoring fibrils.
EM: basal lamina.EM: basal lamina.
17. I. Oral Epithelium (st. squ. epith.)I. Oral Epithelium (st. squ. epith.)
It maintains its structural integrity byIt maintains its structural integrity by
continuous cell renewal (mitotic divisions)continuous cell renewal (mitotic divisions)
in the deepest layers to replace those thatin the deepest layers to replace those that
are shed.are shed.
18. Thus, the cells consist of :Thus, the cells consist of :
1. A progenitor population (in the basal or1. A progenitor population (in the basal or
parabasal area and provide new cells).parabasal area and provide new cells).
the basal cell layer and 2-3 layers of thethe basal cell layer and 2-3 layers of the
spinous cells called stratum germenativumspinous cells called stratum germenativum
that capable to produce D.N.A and dividesthat capable to produce D.N.A and divides
by mitosis to give new cells just sufficientby mitosis to give new cells just sufficient
to match those lost by desquamation at theto match those lost by desquamation at the
surfacesurface
2. A mature population (differentiate to2. A mature population (differentiate to
form a protective surface layer).form a protective surface layer).
19. Cell divission occurs and each daughterCell divission occurs and each daughter
cell recycles in the proginator populationcell recycles in the proginator population
or enters the maturing component.or enters the maturing component.
This is known as turnover time.This is known as turnover time.
20. For example;For example;
1. The turnover time is 41 to 57 days in the1. The turnover time is 41 to 57 days in the
gingiva .gingiva .
2. The turnover time is 25 days in the2. The turnover time is 25 days in the
cheek.cheek.
21. Nonkeratinized buccal epith. turns overNonkeratinized buccal epith. turns over
faster than keratinized gingival epithelium.faster than keratinized gingival epithelium.
Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs act byCancer chemotherapeutic drugs act by
blocking mitotic division of rapidlyblocking mitotic division of rapidly
dividing cancer cells, as well as normaldividing cancer cells, as well as normal
host cells.host cells.
23. In general, maturation follows two mainIn general, maturation follows two main
patterns:patterns:
1. Keratinization .1. Keratinization .
2. Nonkeratinization.2. Nonkeratinization.
24. KeratinizationKeratinization
Masticatory mucosa (hard palate andMasticatory mucosa (hard palate and
gingiva).gingiva).
Some region of specialized mucosaSome region of specialized mucosa
(dorsum of the tongue).(dorsum of the tongue).
Epithelium is inflexible and tightly boundEpithelium is inflexible and tightly bound
to lamina propria.to lamina propria.
The interface between epith. andThe interface between epith. and
underlying lamina propria showsunderlying lamina propria shows
numerous elongated papillae.numerous elongated papillae.
25. Keratinized epith. has 4 layers:Keratinized epith. has 4 layers:
1. The basal layer (stratum basale).1. The basal layer (stratum basale).
2. The prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum).2. The prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum).
3. The granular layer (stratum granulosum).3. The granular layer (stratum granulosum).
4. The keratinized layer (stratum corneum).4. The keratinized layer (stratum corneum).
27. NonkeratinizationNonkeratinization
Lining mucosa.Lining mucosa.
Is thicker than keratinized epithelium (500Is thicker than keratinized epithelium (500
um).um).
Has smooth interface with C. T.Has smooth interface with C. T.
31. Ultrastructure of the Epithelial CellsUltrastructure of the Epithelial Cells
Cells ofCells of basal layerbasal layer are the leastare the least
differentiated.differentiated.
They contain:They contain:
1. Cytoplamic organelles.1. Cytoplamic organelles.
2. Desmosomes.2. Desmosomes.
3. Tonofilaments (synthesized by ribosomes).3. Tonofilaments (synthesized by ribosomes).
32. Tonofilaments represent intracellularTonofilaments represent intracellular
proteins known asproteins known as cytokeratinscytokeratins
(characteristic constituents of epithelial(characteristic constituents of epithelial
cells).cells).
So, these epith. cells are calledSo, these epith. cells are called
keratinocyteskeratinocytes..
33. 1- Thickening of the adjacent
cell membrane.
2- A pair of attachment plaque.
3- Tonofilaments.
4- An intervening extracellular structure.
The desmosomes
35. Adhesion between the epith. cells and C.T.Adhesion between the epith. cells and C.T.
is byis by hemidesmosomeshemidesmosomes..
36. Ultrastructure of basal lamina (EM(
Hemidesmosomes (arrowheads(
Junction between epith. and C.T.
37. Two other types of connection:Two other types of connection:
1. Gap junction.1. Gap junction.
2. Tight junction.2. Tight junction.
38. The next layer :The next layer : prickel cell layerprickel cell layer andand
granular layergranular layer in keratinized andin keratinized and
intermediate layerintermediate layer in nonkeratinized epith.in nonkeratinized epith.
39. InIn both, granules discharge their contentsboth, granules discharge their contents
into the intercellular spaces, andinto the intercellular spaces, and
Thickening of intracellular (inner)Thickening of intracellular (inner)
membrane of the superficial cells.membrane of the superficial cells.
40. In keratinized epith.In keratinized epith., as the cells of, as the cells of
granular layer reach the junction withgranular layer reach the junction with
keratinized layer, a sudden changes occur.keratinized layer, a sudden changes occur.
41. These changes are:These changes are:
1. All the organelles with the nuclei and1. All the organelles with the nuclei and
keratohyaline granules disappear.keratohyaline granules disappear.
2. The cells dehydrated.2. The cells dehydrated.
3. The keratinized layer become packed3. The keratinized layer become packed
with filaments, flattened, assume thewith filaments, flattened, assume the
form of hexagonal disks (squames) .form of hexagonal disks (squames) .
This pattern of maturation is termedThis pattern of maturation is termed ortho-ortho-
keratinizationkeratinization..
42. For masticatory mucosa,For masticatory mucosa,
parakeratinizationparakeratinization may occur:may occur:
1. Incomplete removal of organelles from the1. Incomplete removal of organelles from the
cells of granular layer.cells of granular layer.
2. The nuclei remain shrunken or pyknotic.2. The nuclei remain shrunken or pyknotic.
3. Remnants of other organelles may present3. Remnants of other organelles may present
in the squames.in the squames.
44. In nonkeratinized epith.:In nonkeratinized epith.:
1. Increase in cell size (intermediate layer).1. Increase in cell size (intermediate layer).
2. In the superficial cell layer :2. In the superficial cell layer :
The cells appear more flattenend.The cells appear more flattenend.
Accumulation of glycogen.Accumulation of glycogen.
The cells contain dispersedThe cells contain dispersed
tonofilament.tonofilament.
The nuclei and some keratohyaline gr.The nuclei and some keratohyaline gr.
remain.remain.
Diminished no. of other cell organelles.Diminished no. of other cell organelles.
No signs of keratinization.No signs of keratinization.
46. Nonkeratinocytes in the oral epithelium :Nonkeratinocytes in the oral epithelium :
(Not participate in the process of(Not participate in the process of
maturation)maturation)
1. Melanocytes.1. Melanocytes.
2. Langerhan's cells.2. Langerhan's cells.
3. Markel’s cells.3. Markel’s cells.
4. Inflammatory cells (lymphocytes).4. Inflammatory cells (lymphocytes).
(( They form 10% of the epith. cellsThey form 10% of the epith. cells ))
47. Characteristics of Nonkeratinocytes in Oral EpitheliumCharacteristics of Nonkeratinocytes in Oral Epithelium
Cell Type Level in
Epithelium
Origin Function
Melanocyte Basal & sometimes
parabasal
Neural crest cells Melanin synthesis
and transfer to
surrounding
keratinocytes
Langerhan's cell Predominantly
Suprabasal
Bone marrow Antigen trapping
and processing
Markel’s cell Basal Epithelial cells Tactile sensory cell
Lymphocyte Variable Blood Associtated with
inflammatory
response in oral
mucosa
48. All these cells,All these cells, except Merkel cellsexcept Merkel cells, lack, lack
desmosomal attachment to adjacent cellsdesmosomal attachment to adjacent cells
so that during histologic processing theso that during histologic processing the
cytoplasm shrinks around the nucleus tocytoplasm shrinks around the nucleus to
produce theproduce the clear haloclear halo..
50. 1-Pigment cell
(Melanocyte, blast(
2-Langerhan’s cell 3-Merkel’s cell
Shape
Small body with long
slender and branched
process present in
the I.C.S of epith.
contain melanin
granules
(melanosomes(
Similar in shape.
Contain granules
(langerhan’s granules(
(Bir-beck granules(
They do
not have
long processes.
Contain small
membrane bounded
granules
Location Basal and parabasal
layers
High level cell and may
be found at lower
levels.
Basally in
epithelium
Stain by
H&E
Not stained so called
(Clear dentritic cell(
Not stained so called
(Clear dentritic cell(
Not stained so
called
(Clear but not
dentritic cell(
Special
stain
DOPA reaction ( for
tyrosinase enzyme(
Gold chloride PAS +ve
51. Nonkeratinocytes in oral epitheliumNonkeratinocytes in oral epithelium
These cells have the following criteria:These cells have the following criteria:
1-1- Present in both keratinized and non-kertinizedPresent in both keratinized and non-kertinized
epithelium.epithelium.
2-2- Appear as clear cells by ordinary H&E stain, theyAppear as clear cells by ordinary H&E stain, they
need special stains.need special stains.
3-3- Present as scattered cells and not in sheetsPresent as scattered cells and not in sheets..
4-4- A clear hallows around their nuclei.A clear hallows around their nuclei.
5-5- Their cytoplasm is free from tonofilaments (exceptTheir cytoplasm is free from tonofilaments (except
Merkel’s cells).Merkel’s cells).
6-6- No cellular junctions.No cellular junctions.
7-7- They do not play any role in synthesis ofThey do not play any role in synthesis of
keratohyaline granules or keratin.keratohyaline granules or keratin.
52. Junction of the Epth. and lamina propriaJunction of the Epth. and lamina propria
Light microscope: Basement membrane.Light microscope: Basement membrane.
(structureless band in H & E)(structureless band in H & E)
EM: Basal lamina.EM: Basal lamina.
(lamina lucida and lamina densa +(lamina lucida and lamina densa +
anchoring fibers)anchoring fibers)
53. All the basal lamina, except its anchoringAll the basal lamina, except its anchoring
fibrils, is synthesized by the epithelium.fibrils, is synthesized by the epithelium.
54. II. Lamina PropriaII. Lamina Propria
Can be devided into 2 layers:Can be devided into 2 layers:
1. The superficial papillary layer.1. The superficial papillary layer.
2. The deeper reticular layer.2. The deeper reticular layer.
55. The lamina propria consists of :The lamina propria consists of :
1.1. CellsCells
• Synthetic cells (fibroblasts, fat cells)Synthetic cells (fibroblasts, fat cells)
• (UMC).(UMC).
• Inflammatory cells (lymphocytes,Inflammatory cells (lymphocytes,
plama cells, macrophages, monocytes,plama cells, macrophages, monocytes,
mast cells, and neutrophils).mast cells, and neutrophils).
2. Blood vessels.2. Blood vessels.
3. Nerves.3. Nerves.
5. Fibers (collagen and elastic) embedded5. Fibers (collagen and elastic) embedded
in ground substance (in ground substance (proteoglycousproteoglycous
andand glycoproteins)glycoproteins)..
56. The papillary zone may be absent in someThe papillary zone may be absent in some
areas (alveolar mucosa).areas (alveolar mucosa).
The reticular zone is always present.The reticular zone is always present.
The lamina propria may attach toThe lamina propria may attach to
periosteum or it may overlay theperiosteum or it may overlay the
submucosa.submucosa.
57. SubmucosaSubmucosa
Consists of C.T. of varying thickness andConsists of C.T. of varying thickness and
density.density.
Attaches the MM to the underlyingAttaches the MM to the underlying
structures (loose or firm).structures (loose or firm).
Thus the MM may be movable orThus the MM may be movable or
immovable.immovable.
May be present or absentMay be present or absent ..
59. Masticatory MucosaMasticatory Mucosa
The epith. is moderately thick and may beThe epith. is moderately thick and may be
orthokeratinized or parakeratinized .orthokeratinized or parakeratinized .
B.M. is convoluted (numerous elongatedB.M. is convoluted (numerous elongated
papillae).papillae).
60. The lamina propria is thick.The lamina propria is thick.
It covers immobile structures (e.g. palateIt covers immobile structures (e.g. palate
and alveolar process).and alveolar process).
Bound firmly to the periosteum.Bound firmly to the periosteum.
61. Hard PalateHard Palate
MM is immovable.MM is immovable.
Pink in color.Pink in color.
The lamina propria isThe lamina propria is thicker anteriorlythicker anteriorly
and has numerous long papillae.and has numerous long papillae.
64. Various regions can be distinguishedVarious regions can be distinguished
because of varying structures of thebecause of varying structures of the
submucous layer.submucous layer.
65. These regions are:These regions are:
1. Gingival region (adjacent to the teeth).1. Gingival region (adjacent to the teeth).
2. palatine raphe (extending from incisive2. palatine raphe (extending from incisive
papilla posteriorly).papilla posteriorly).
3. Anterolateral area (fatty zone)between the3. Anterolateral area (fatty zone)between the
raphe and gingiva.raphe and gingiva.
4. Posterolateral area (glandular zone)4. Posterolateral area (glandular zone)
between the raphe and gingiva.between the raphe and gingiva.
67. Palate : dense lamina propria with fat in some regions of the submucosa
68. Histology of Hard PalateHistology of Hard Palate
Submucosa
Fatty zone
Glandular zone
Epithelial rete pegs
are regular, tall and
numerous
Mucosa
69. The peripheral zones (The peripheral zones (palatine gingivapalatine gingiva) do) do
not have a submucosa (identical with thenot have a submucosa (identical with the
gingiva and the palatine raphe).gingiva and the palatine raphe).
70. GingivaGingiva
Surrounds the neck of the teeth and extendsSurrounds the neck of the teeth and extends
to the alveolar mucosa.to the alveolar mucosa.
It is made up ofIt is made up of st. squ. epith.st. squ. epith. which may bewhich may be
orthokeratinized (15%) , nonkeratinizedorthokeratinized (15%) , nonkeratinized
(10%) , or parakeratinized (75%).(10%) , or parakeratinized (75%).
71. Histology of GingivaHistology of Gingiva
Stratified squamous
keratenized epithelium
Lamina propria
Epithelial rete peg
C.T.
papilla
Tall
Numerous
Slender
Irregular
No submucosa
72. The gingiva is limited on the outer surfaceThe gingiva is limited on the outer surface
by theby the mucogingival junctionmucogingival junction whichwhich
separates it from the alveolar mucosa.separates it from the alveolar mucosa.
Mucogingival junction
Gingiva
Alveolar mucosa
Labial mucosa
75. On the inner surface of the lower jaw a lineOn the inner surface of the lower jaw a line
of demarcation is found between theof demarcation is found between the
gingiva and the mucosa on the floor of thegingiva and the mucosa on the floor of the
mouth.mouth.
76. On the palate the distinction between theOn the palate the distinction between the
gingiva and the peripheral palatal mucosagingiva and the peripheral palatal mucosa
is not so sharp.is not so sharp.
77. The gingival is divided into :The gingival is divided into :
1. The free gingiva.1. The free gingiva.
2. The attached gingiva.2. The attached gingiva.
3.The interdental papilla.3.The interdental papilla.
81. Free gingival groove: between the freeFree gingival groove: between the free
gingiva and the attached gingival (0.5gingiva and the attached gingival (0.5 –– 1.51.5
mm at or apical to the botton of themm at or apical to the botton of the
nonkeratinized gingival sulcus).nonkeratinized gingival sulcus).
82. The gingival surface appearsThe gingival surface appears stippledstippled (due(due
to epith. ridges and numerous collagento epith. ridges and numerous collagen
bundles attaching the tissue to periosteum).bundles attaching the tissue to periosteum).
The gingiva appears depressed betweenThe gingiva appears depressed between
adjacent teeth (between the eminence ofadjacent teeth (between the eminence of
the socket) and form slight vertical foldsthe socket) and form slight vertical folds
calledcalled interdental groovesinterdental grooves..
85. The interdental papillaThe interdental papilla
Triangular when viewed from theTriangular when viewed from the
vestibular aspect.vestibular aspect.
In a 3 dimensional view, it isIn a 3 dimensional view, it is pyramidalpyramidal
between the ant. teeth andbetween the ant. teeth and tenttent shapedshaped
between post. teeth.between post. teeth.
The central part is concave (below theThe central part is concave (below the
contact eara) and is called the gingivalcontact eara) and is called the gingival colcol
which is covered by thinwhich is covered by thin nonkeratinizednonkeratinized
epithepith..
92. Melanin pigment is present in the gingivalMelanin pigment is present in the gingival
epith.epith.
Elaborated by melanocytes (basal layer).Elaborated by melanocytes (basal layer).
Can be studied by dopa reaction or silverCan be studied by dopa reaction or silver
staining techniques.staining techniques.
The number of melanocytes is constant (noThe number of melanocytes is constant (no
difference in their no. in blacks or whites).difference in their no. in blacks or whites).
95. Gingival SulcusGingival Sulcus
Extends from the free gingival margin toExtends from the free gingival margin to
the dentogingival junction.the dentogingival junction.
The sulcular epith. isThe sulcular epith. is nonkeratinizednonkeratinized..
It lacks epith. ridges.It lacks epith. ridges.
97. The sulcular epith. is continuous with theThe sulcular epith. is continuous with the
gingival epith. and the attachment epith.gingival epith. and the attachment epith.
They have a continouous basal lamina.They have a continouous basal lamina.
98. • Nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epith.
• Thinner than epith. of
gingiva.
• Lacks epithelial ridges
i.e. has smooth interface
with lamina propria.
• Continuous with gingival
epith. & attachement
epith.
• All three epithelia have a
continuous basal lamina
Gingival SulcusGingival Sulcus
99. Lining MucosaLining Mucosa
The epith. isThe epith. is thickerthicker than that ofthan that of
masticatory mucosa.masticatory mucosa.
The epith. isThe epith. is nonkeratinizednonkeratinized..
The surface isThe surface is flexibleflexible (withstand(withstand
streaching).streaching).
The interface with C.T. isThe interface with C.T. is smoothsmooth..
100. The lamina propria isThe lamina propria is thickerthicker than inthan in
masticatory mucosa.masticatory mucosa.
It contains fewer irregular collagen fibers.It contains fewer irregular collagen fibers.
It containsIt contains elastic fiberselastic fibers (control the(control the
extensibility).extensibility).
101. Where lining mucosa coversWhere lining mucosa covers musclemuscle (lip,(lip,
cheeks, underside of the tongue), thecheeks, underside of the tongue), the
mucosa is fixed to fascia by collagen andmucosa is fixed to fascia by collagen and
elastic fibers.elastic fibers.
102. Different zones of lining mucosa vary fromDifferent zones of lining mucosa vary from
one another in the structure of theirone another in the structure of their
submucosa.submucosa.
103. The alveolar and vestibular mucosa andThe alveolar and vestibular mucosa and
mucosa covering the floor of the mouth aremucosa covering the floor of the mouth are
attached looselyattached loosely to the underlying structureto the underlying structure
by aby a thickthick submucosasubmucosa..
104. By contrast, mucosa of the lips, cheeks,By contrast, mucosa of the lips, cheeks,
and underside of the tongue isand underside of the tongue is boundbound
firmlyfirmly to the underlying muscle.to the underlying muscle.
Submucosa isSubmucosa is thinthin..
105. Different zones of the submucosa containDifferent zones of the submucosa contain
minorminor salivary glandssalivary glands, and, and
SometimesSometimes sebaceous glandssebaceous glands (labial and(labial and
buccal mucosa).buccal mucosa).
106. Sebaceous glands in the mucosa of the cheek
Appear as yellowish spots(Fordyce’s granules(
Sebaceous
glands
Salivary glands
107. Alveolar mucosa
Floor of the mouth
Vestibular fornix
Loosely Attached “Movable”mucosa
loosely attached
to periosteum
loosly attached to
underlying structures
allows mobility of the tongue
allows mobility
of lips and cheeks
108. Alveolar
mucosa
mucogingival
junction
Epithelium: st. sq. nonker. epith.,
few or no epith. ridges
lamina
propria:
Loose C.T,
collagen & elastic fibers
Submucosa: thick elastic fibers
& mixed salivary
glands
Floor of the mouth Very thin epith.
lamina propria
highly vascularized
Vestibular fornix
Loosely Attached“Movable”mucosa
109. Firmly Attached Immovable mucosaFirmly Attached Immovable mucosa
Lip & cheek
mucosa
Inferior surface
of the tongue
Soft palate
Oral side
Nasal side:
pseudustratified
ciliated epith.
110. Specializd MucosaSpecializd Mucosa
Location: dorsal surface of the tongue.Location: dorsal surface of the tongue.
Covered by masticatory mucosaCovered by masticatory mucosa
(keratinized).(keratinized).
Containing different types of ling. papillae.Containing different types of ling. papillae.
Some of these papillae bear taste buds.Some of these papillae bear taste buds.
112. 112
Microanatomy of the tongueMicroanatomy of the tongue:: Microanatomy of the tongueMicroanatomy of the tongue::
Specialized mucosaSpecialized mucosa::
))Dorsal surface of the tongueDorsal surface of the tongue(.(.
The dorsal surface of the tongue isThe dorsal surface of the tongue is
divided intodivided into::
Anterior 2/3 or papillary or movableAnterior 2/3 or papillary or movable
partpart..
Posterior 1/3 or root or base of thePosterior 1/3 or root or base of the
tongue (lymphatictongue (lymphatic(.(.
These two parts are separated byThese two parts are separated by VV shapeshape
sulcus terminalssulcus terminals..
113. 113
Anterior 2/3 or oral part orAnterior 2/3 or oral part or
papillary partpapillary part::
Covered by tongue papillaeCovered by tongue papillae
taste budstaste buds..
Microanatomy of the tongueMicroanatomy of the tongue:: Microanatomy of the tongueMicroanatomy of the tongue::
114. 114
Tongue papillaTongue papilla:: Tongue papillaTongue papilla::
))11((Filliform papillaFilliform papilla::
ConeCone shapedshaped..
High conical structureHigh conical structure
arranged in parallel rowsarranged in parallel rows
and near the post 1/3 theand near the post 1/3 the
raw became parallel toraw became parallel to VV
shape sulcus terminalsshape sulcus terminals..
115. 115
•It is covered by Stratified Squamous KeratinizedIt is covered by Stratified Squamous Keratinized
EpitheliumEpithelium
•It has a C.T core (primary papilla) that may send fromIt has a C.T core (primary papilla) that may send from
1-2 secondary papilla1-2 secondary papilla..
•It doesIt does notnot containcontain taste budstaste buds..
116. 116
))22((Fungiform papillae: (fungus likeFungiform papillae: (fungus like(( ))22((Fungiform papillae: (fungus likeFungiform papillae: (fungus like((
MushroomMushroom like narrow at thelike narrow at the
base with smooth rounded topbase with smooth rounded top..
Present on the dorsal surface ofPresent on the dorsal surface of
the Tongue between thethe Tongue between the
Filliform papillaFilliform papilla..
Are numerous at the tip of theAre numerous at the tip of the
tonguetongue..
Covered by ST.SQ. Non K. EPCovered by ST.SQ. Non K. EP..
117. 117
Fungiform papillaeFungiform papillae
Primary C.T papillae 1-3Primary C.T papillae 1-3
secondary C.T papillae makesecondary C.T papillae make
the B.V. near its surface so itthe B.V. near its surface so it
appears redappears red..
It contains 1-2 taste budsIt contains 1-2 taste buds..
The papilla at the tongueThe papilla at the tongue tiptip isis
responsible for theresponsible for the sweetsweet
sensation and that of thesensation and that of the
laterallateral borders is responsibleborders is responsible
forfor saltsalt sensationsensation..
118. 118
))33((circumvalate papillacircumvalate papilla:: ))33((circumvalate papillacircumvalate papilla::
From 4-12 in numberFrom 4-12 in number..
present anterior to sulcuspresent anterior to sulcus
TerminalisTerminalis..
They not protrude above theThey not protrude above the
tongue surfacetongue surface..
It is surrounded by deepIt is surrounded by deep
troughtrough..
the wall of the troughthe wall of the trough
contains taste budscontains taste buds..
Von EbnerVon Ebner minor salivaryminor salivary
glands open in the bottomglands open in the bottom..
120. 120
Circumvalate papillaCircumvalate papilla
The trough cleans food debrisThe trough cleans food debris
and help taste sensationand help taste sensation..
It has narrow base and wideIt has narrow base and wide
surface with central core ofsurface with central core of
C.T which send secondaryC.T which send secondary
C.T papilla to the ST.SQ. NonC.T papilla to the ST.SQ. Non
K. EPK. EP..
It is responsible forIt is responsible for bitterbitter
sensationsensation..
121. ))44((Foliate papilla: (leaf likeFoliate papilla: (leaf like(.(. ))44((Foliate papilla: (leaf likeFoliate papilla: (leaf like(.(.
Present as sharp parallelPresent as sharp parallel
clefts on the lateral side ofclefts on the lateral side of
sulcus Terminalissulcus Terminalis..
It surrounded by through inIt surrounded by through in
which Von Ebner minorwhich Von Ebner minor
Salivary glands openSalivary glands open..
It contains taste budsIt contains taste buds..
It responsible forIt responsible for SourSour
sensationsensation..
122. 122
Taste budsTaste buds:: Taste budsTaste buds::
SiteSite::
All tongue papilla exceptAll tongue papilla except
Filliform papillaFilliform papilla..
Soft palateSoft palate..
Posterior surface of epiglottisPosterior surface of epiglottis..
ShapeShape::
ovoid with roundedovoid with rounded
Base toward C.T and pointedBase toward C.T and pointed
At the outer surface (tasteAt the outer surface (taste
porepore(.(.
SizeSize::
8080M height x 40 M widthM height x 40 M width..
123. 123
HistologyHistology:-:-
Outer supporting cellsOuter supporting cells typetype::
cells like layers of onion andcells like layers of onion and
are in contact with theare in contact with the
epithelium they are rod shapeepithelium they are rod shape
with basal nucleuswith basal nucleus..
Inner supporting cellsInner supporting cells type:type:
rod shape cells with basalrod shape cells with basal
nucleusnucleus..
Neuro- epithelial cellsNeuro- epithelial cells
(receptors of taste stimuli)(receptors of taste stimuli)
they are 10-12 and presentthey are 10-12 and present
between the inner supportingbetween the inner supporting
cellscells..
126. 126
They areThey are slender
with basallywith basally darkdark
stainedstained nucleusnucleus,,
and apicallyand apically stiffstiff
bristlebristle like processlike process
extended to theextended to the
space beneath thespace beneath the
taste poretaste pore..
127. 127
Nerve plexus presentNerve plexus present
beneath taste bud in thebeneath taste bud in the
C.T same nerve fibersC.T same nerve fibers
enter it and end in contactenter it and end in contact
with the taste cellswith the taste cells..
128. Taste SensationTaste Sensation
1. Any substance to be tasted must become1. Any substance to be tasted must become
dissolved in saliva and passed to the tastedissolved in saliva and passed to the taste
pores.pores.
2. This affects the microvilli of the taste cells2. This affects the microvilli of the taste cells
(hairlets).(hairlets).
3. So, a nerve impulse is set up and3. So, a nerve impulse is set up and
transmitted along the sensory nerve fiberstransmitted along the sensory nerve fibers
to the brain.to the brain.
129. SweetSweet is tasted at the tip (fungiform).is tasted at the tip (fungiform).
SaltySalty at the lateral border of papillaryat the lateral border of papillary
portion (fungiform).portion (fungiform).
BitterBitter (circumvallate-midde area).(circumvallate-midde area).
SourSour (foliate-lateral area) on the posterior(foliate-lateral area) on the posterior
part of the tongue.part of the tongue.
(bitter is also tasted on the palate).(bitter is also tasted on the palate).
131. Sweet and salty taste sensations areSweet and salty taste sensations are
mediated by chordatympani.mediated by chordatympani.
Bitter and sour taste sensations areBitter and sour taste sensations are
mediated by glossopharyngeal nerve.mediated by glossopharyngeal nerve.
132. 132
Lingual tonsilsLingual tonsils:: Lingual tonsilsLingual tonsils::
It is small rounded or oval elevationsIt is small rounded or oval elevations
composed of lymphatic nodules in thecomposed of lymphatic nodules in the
under lying C.T known as lingualunder lying C.T known as lingual
follicle is covered by ST.SQ. Non K.follicle is covered by ST.SQ. Non K.
EP. That extends darn in many sites toEP. That extends darn in many sites to
form lingual cryptform lingual crypt..
The lymphatic tissue composed ofThe lymphatic tissue composed of
germinal centers and diffused lymphaticgerminal centers and diffused lymphatic
tissue fill the spaces between thesetissue fill the spaces between these
centerscenters..
Into the bottom of these lingual cryptInto the bottom of these lingual crypt
duct from theduct from the WeberWeber minor salivaryminor salivary
glands openedglands opened..
134. 134
Inferior surface of the tongueInferior surface of the tongueInferior surface of the tongueInferior surface of the tongue
•Firmly attached lining mucosaFirmly attached lining mucosa..
•Non keratinized epitheliumNon keratinized epithelium..
135. 135
Muscles of the TongueMuscles of the TongueMuscles of the TongueMuscles of the Tongue
Two groups of tongue:Two groups of tongue:
muscles themuscles the intrinsicintrinsic andand
extrinsicextrinsic are united into oneare united into one
organ ,however, has separateorgan ,however, has separate
structural and functionalstructural and functional
characteristicscharacteristics
11--ExtrinsicExtrinsic
Genioglossus MuscleGenioglossus Muscle
Hyoglossus MuscleHyoglossus Muscle
Styloglossus MuscleStyloglossus Muscle
136. 136
Muscle of the tongueMuscle of the tongueMuscle of the tongueMuscle of the tongue
22--IntrinsticIntrinstic
longitudinal fiberslongitudinal fibers
transverse fiberstransverse fibers
vertical fibersvertical fibers
137. 137
Innervations of the tongueInnervations of the tongue:: Innervations of the tongueInnervations of the tongue::
Anterior 2/3Anterior 2/3::
Chorda Tympani for taste sensationChorda Tympani for taste sensation..
Lingual nerve for general sensationLingual nerve for general sensation..
Posterior 1/3Posterior 1/3::
Glosspharyngeal nerve for taste andGlosspharyngeal nerve for taste and
general sensationgeneral sensation..
The hypoglossal nerve for motor supplyThe hypoglossal nerve for motor supply..
139. Circumvallate papilla with deep groove into which open
the duct of minor salivary glands
Keratinized epith.: superiorly
Nonkeratinized epith.: laterally
Contains taste buds laterally