The document discusses the oral mucosa, including its development, functions, tissue components, and divisions. The oral mucosa is lined by stratified squamous epithelium that can be keratinized or non-keratinized. It has three tissue components - epithelial tissue, lamina propria, and submucosa. The oral mucosa is divided into keratinized areas like gingiva and hard palate and non-keratinized areas like lips, cheeks, and floor of the mouth. Regional variations in the oral mucosa are described for sites like residual alveolar ridges.
Frankel functional appliance /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the treatment of pseudoclass III malocclusion with Balter's bionator. Pseudoclass III is caused by an anterior crossbite resulting in forward positioning of the mandible. Balter's bionator is a functional appliance that holds the mandible open and forward to correct the malocclusion. It consists of acrylic portions in the upper and lower arches connected by a palatal bar. Case reports demonstrate its effectiveness in correcting pseudoclass III malocclusion in a few months without need for fixed appliances. While it encourages favorable skeletal growth, disadvantages include inability to fully align teeth without additional treatment.
Frankel’s functional regulator /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
- Frankel's functional regulator (FR) is a functional appliance developed by Rolf Frankel to correct malocclusions by expanding the oral space.
- It works by altering muscle function through the use of acrylic shields and wires rather than directly moving teeth.
- Studies on the FR have found it effective in correcting Class II malocclusions through dentoalveolar changes rather than true skeletal changes. It induces downward and forward mandibular rotation.
- Modifications to the FR include capped designs, modifications to address vertical maxillary excess, and hybrid designs combining FR and activator elements. Comparative studies found it and twin block effective but with different dentoalveolar effects.
The document discusses the Bionator, an orthodontic appliance used to extend the lower jaw and correct overbite. It promotes growth of the lower jaw by channelizing natural growth in a forward direction to align the upper and lower incisors correctly. The Bionator is best used between ages 7-10 when the jaw is still developing, and can be used for open bites, Class I and II malocclusions. Standard, open bite, and reversed Bionators are described for different orthodontic issues.
Frankel’s functional regulator /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
macroscopic/ clinical features of gingiva
With video clips
Short video descriptions
Lecture for 3rd BDS students
Periodontology
Periodontics aspect
Clinical features of the gingiva
Frankel functional appliance /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the treatment of pseudoclass III malocclusion with Balter's bionator. Pseudoclass III is caused by an anterior crossbite resulting in forward positioning of the mandible. Balter's bionator is a functional appliance that holds the mandible open and forward to correct the malocclusion. It consists of acrylic portions in the upper and lower arches connected by a palatal bar. Case reports demonstrate its effectiveness in correcting pseudoclass III malocclusion in a few months without need for fixed appliances. While it encourages favorable skeletal growth, disadvantages include inability to fully align teeth without additional treatment.
Frankel’s functional regulator /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
- Frankel's functional regulator (FR) is a functional appliance developed by Rolf Frankel to correct malocclusions by expanding the oral space.
- It works by altering muscle function through the use of acrylic shields and wires rather than directly moving teeth.
- Studies on the FR have found it effective in correcting Class II malocclusions through dentoalveolar changes rather than true skeletal changes. It induces downward and forward mandibular rotation.
- Modifications to the FR include capped designs, modifications to address vertical maxillary excess, and hybrid designs combining FR and activator elements. Comparative studies found it and twin block effective but with different dentoalveolar effects.
The document discusses the Bionator, an orthodontic appliance used to extend the lower jaw and correct overbite. It promotes growth of the lower jaw by channelizing natural growth in a forward direction to align the upper and lower incisors correctly. The Bionator is best used between ages 7-10 when the jaw is still developing, and can be used for open bites, Class I and II malocclusions. Standard, open bite, and reversed Bionators are described for different orthodontic issues.
Frankel’s functional regulator /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
macroscopic/ clinical features of gingiva
With video clips
Short video descriptions
Lecture for 3rd BDS students
Periodontology
Periodontics aspect
Clinical features of the gingiva
Bionator is a functional appliance used to treat malocclusions. It works by enlarging the oral space and training tongue function. There are different types of bionators for different malocclusions, including standard, open bite, and reversed bionators. The bionator is constructed with acrylic and wire components to guide jaw and tooth movement. It is trimmed periodically to reduce its volume while maintaining anchorage as teeth align.
Grafts in Nasal Surgery - Advanced Rhinoplastyjwmenger
The document is a lecture on the use of various nasal cartilage grafts in rhinoplasty surgery. It discusses different types of grafts including columellar struts, shield grafts, spreader grafts, dorsal onlay grafts, septal replacement grafts, alar rim grafts, and sidewall grafts. For each graft, it provides details on preferred materials, placement in the nose, and pre-operative and post-operative images showing examples of patients who received the grafts. The purpose of the grafts is to improve nasal function and breathing, achieve a desired nasal shape, and camouflage asymmetries.
1. The document discusses principles of implant flap design including conservative flap design, evaluation of bony architecture, and maintaining papillary anatomy.
2. It describes trapezoidal flap techniques including crestal, remote, and papilla-saving incisions to provide exposure while preserving tissues.
3. Specialized flap techniques like advancement flaps are discussed to close gaps when additional tissue mobilization is needed.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the muscles of mastication, including their origins, insertions, nerve supply and actions. It describes the masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles as the primary muscles of mastication. It also covers the accessory muscles involved in mastication like the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and buccinator.
Oral mucous membrane /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Histology of oral mucous membrane including gingiva/certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Oral mucous membrane /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document describes the anatomy and histology of the oral cavity. It discusses the boundaries and subdivisions of the oral cavity. It describes the layers of the oral epithelium including the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. It discusses the types of oral mucosa including masticatory, lining, and specialized mucosa. It also describes the lamina propria, submucosa, blood and nerve supply of the oral cavity.
This document discusses calcium and phosphorus regulation in the body. It covers calcium and phosphorus metabolism, factors that regulate them, and their roles in tooth mineralization. Calcium is the most abundant mineral and is essential for skeletal structure, muscle function, nerve impulses, and other physiological processes. Homeostasis of calcium is maintained through dietary intake, absorption in the gut, and regulation by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D, and kidneys.
Deglutition involves the coordinated passage of food from the mouth to the stomach through three phases - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. During the oral phase, tongue movements prepare and transfer food into a bolus. In the pharyngeal phase, swallowing becomes reflexive as the bolus passes through the pharynx, with the soft palate and epiglottis protecting the airway. The esophageal phase propels the bolus through peristaltic contractions into the stomach. Swallowing is controlled by brain centers that coordinate the complex activity of muscles and nerves to allow for breathing and swallowing while preventing food from entering the airway.
This document discusses the posterior palatal seal area for maxillary dentures. It defines the posterior palatal seal and describes the relevant anatomy, including the soft palate, muscles of the soft palate, and structures related to the posterior palatal seal such as the hamular process. It also discusses classifications of the soft palate and palatal forms, the functions of the posterior palatal seal, and guidelines for its placement based on a review of literature.
Calcium and phosphate metabolism is tightly regulated in the body. Calcium is mainly stored in bones while phosphate is found intracellularly and extracellularly. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin control calcium and phosphate levels by impacting absorption in the gut and kidneys. An imbalance can result in hypercalcemia with symptoms like nausea and fatigue, or hypocalcemia which can cause tetany.
The document summarizes the oral mucosa and its components. It describes that the oral mucosa lines the oral cavity and provides protection, sensation and secretion. It is made up of epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa and periosteum/bone. The document further describes the different types of oral epithelium and the layers that make up keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelium. It also summarizes the different types of oral mucosa including lining mucosa and masticatory mucosa, as well as the structures they line.
Bionator is a functional appliance used to treat malocclusions. It works by enlarging the oral space and training tongue function. There are different types of bionators for different malocclusions, including standard, open bite, and reversed bionators. The bionator is constructed with acrylic and wire components to guide jaw and tooth movement. It is trimmed periodically to reduce its volume while maintaining anchorage as teeth align.
Grafts in Nasal Surgery - Advanced Rhinoplastyjwmenger
The document is a lecture on the use of various nasal cartilage grafts in rhinoplasty surgery. It discusses different types of grafts including columellar struts, shield grafts, spreader grafts, dorsal onlay grafts, septal replacement grafts, alar rim grafts, and sidewall grafts. For each graft, it provides details on preferred materials, placement in the nose, and pre-operative and post-operative images showing examples of patients who received the grafts. The purpose of the grafts is to improve nasal function and breathing, achieve a desired nasal shape, and camouflage asymmetries.
1. The document discusses principles of implant flap design including conservative flap design, evaluation of bony architecture, and maintaining papillary anatomy.
2. It describes trapezoidal flap techniques including crestal, remote, and papilla-saving incisions to provide exposure while preserving tissues.
3. Specialized flap techniques like advancement flaps are discussed to close gaps when additional tissue mobilization is needed.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the muscles of mastication, including their origins, insertions, nerve supply and actions. It describes the masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles as the primary muscles of mastication. It also covers the accessory muscles involved in mastication like the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and buccinator.
Oral mucous membrane /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Histology of oral mucous membrane including gingiva/certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Oral mucous membrane /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document describes the anatomy and histology of the oral cavity. It discusses the boundaries and subdivisions of the oral cavity. It describes the layers of the oral epithelium including the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. It discusses the types of oral mucosa including masticatory, lining, and specialized mucosa. It also describes the lamina propria, submucosa, blood and nerve supply of the oral cavity.
This document discusses calcium and phosphorus regulation in the body. It covers calcium and phosphorus metabolism, factors that regulate them, and their roles in tooth mineralization. Calcium is the most abundant mineral and is essential for skeletal structure, muscle function, nerve impulses, and other physiological processes. Homeostasis of calcium is maintained through dietary intake, absorption in the gut, and regulation by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D, and kidneys.
Deglutition involves the coordinated passage of food from the mouth to the stomach through three phases - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. During the oral phase, tongue movements prepare and transfer food into a bolus. In the pharyngeal phase, swallowing becomes reflexive as the bolus passes through the pharynx, with the soft palate and epiglottis protecting the airway. The esophageal phase propels the bolus through peristaltic contractions into the stomach. Swallowing is controlled by brain centers that coordinate the complex activity of muscles and nerves to allow for breathing and swallowing while preventing food from entering the airway.
This document discusses the posterior palatal seal area for maxillary dentures. It defines the posterior palatal seal and describes the relevant anatomy, including the soft palate, muscles of the soft palate, and structures related to the posterior palatal seal such as the hamular process. It also discusses classifications of the soft palate and palatal forms, the functions of the posterior palatal seal, and guidelines for its placement based on a review of literature.
Calcium and phosphate metabolism is tightly regulated in the body. Calcium is mainly stored in bones while phosphate is found intracellularly and extracellularly. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin control calcium and phosphate levels by impacting absorption in the gut and kidneys. An imbalance can result in hypercalcemia with symptoms like nausea and fatigue, or hypocalcemia which can cause tetany.
The document summarizes the oral mucosa and its components. It describes that the oral mucosa lines the oral cavity and provides protection, sensation and secretion. It is made up of epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa and periosteum/bone. The document further describes the different types of oral epithelium and the layers that make up keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelium. It also summarizes the different types of oral mucosa including lining mucosa and masticatory mucosa, as well as the structures they line.
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND ITS RECENT ADVANCES- by Dr. JAGADEESH KODITYALAJagadeesh Kodityala
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, classification, setting reaction, properties, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Glass ionomer cement was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971, consisting of a glass powder and aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.
- It is classified based on its intended use, such as luting cement, restorative cement, or liner/base material.
- The setting reaction involves an acid-base reaction between the glass powder and polyacrylic acid, forming bonds through a calcium polyacrylate matrix that continues to harden over time.
- Properties include adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, fluoride
The document discusses the histology of oral mucosa and gingiva. It describes the epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, and organization of oral mucosa. The epithelium can be keratinized or non-keratinized. Gingiva specifically surrounds the teeth and consists of free gingiva, attached gingiva, and interdental papillae. The document provides detailed information on the structure and layers of oral mucosa and gingiva.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Biological consideration in maxillary edentulous arch/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dentaleducation , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the anatomy and features of dental pulp. It describes the pulp as a soft connective tissue occupying the pulp cavity at the center of teeth. The pulp is divided into coronal and radicular pulp. The coronal pulp is in the pulp chamber while the radicular pulp occupies the root canals. The document outlines the cell types found in pulp, including odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and immune cells. It also discusses the structural organization and development of pulp.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses the structure and formation of enamel. It begins by explaining that enamel is the hard, mineralized tissue that covers tooth crowns and protects the underlying dentin and pulp. The document then delves into detailed descriptions of enamel's physical characteristics, chemical composition, and the multi-step process of amelogenesis. It explains that amelogenesis involves matrix secretion and mineralization in secretory and maturation stages, guided by enamel-forming cells called ameloblasts. In addition, the roles of enamel proteins and disturbances in formation are reviewed.
This document discusses important anatomical landmarks for complete dentures in the maxilla and mandible. It describes 14 maxillary landmarks including the labial and buccal frenums, vestibules, alveolar ridge, tuberosity, hamular notch, hard palate features, and rugae. It also describes 9 mandibular landmarks like the labial and lingual frenums and vestibules, buccal shelf area, retromolar pad, and pear shaped pad. Understanding these landmarks is essential for proper denture fit and function as well as preservation of underlying tissues.
- There are three junctions in the oral mucosa: the mucocutaneous junction between the mucosa and skin, the mucogingival junction between the alveolar mucosa and attached gingiva, and the dentogingival junction between the tooth and gingiva.
- The mucocutaneous junction, also called the vermilion border, is the transitional zone between the lip skin and mucosa. It is characterized by long papillae, large blood vessels, and sensory nerve endings.
- The mucogingival junction can be identified clinically by the mucogingival groove and change in color from pink alveolar mucosa to pale gingiva. Histologically
biological consideration for maxillary denture bearing areas / dental coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
biological consideration for maxillary denture bearing areas / dental coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of salivary glands and saliva. It discusses the development, growth, classification and structure of major and minor salivary glands. It describes the secretion of saliva through parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation. The document also outlines the composition and functions of saliva, as well as diseases associated with alterations in salivary secretion such as hypo-secretion and hyper-secretion. Finally, it discusses the applied diagnostic imaging and uses of saliva as a diagnostic aid.
The dental pulp is the soft connective tissue located within the root canals and pulp chamber of teeth. It contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and tissues that help form dentin. The pulp develops from the dental papilla and contains several cell types including odontoblasts that form dentin and fibroblasts. It has a complex anatomy with a coronal pulp located in the crown and radicular pulp extending into the root. The extracellular matrix of the pulp contains collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that provide structure and regulate cell behavior.
The oral mucosa lines the inside of the mouth and has several important functions. It protects underlying tissues, secretes saliva to keep the surface moist, senses temperature, touch, thirst and pain via receptors, and helps regulate temperature in some animals through panting. The oral cavity consists of two areas - the outer vestibule and inner oral cavity proper. The oral mucosa contains three main types: masticatory, lining, and specialized. It has a stratified squamous epithelium and underlying lamina propria. The oral mucosa protects, secretes saliva, senses stimuli, and helps regulate temperature.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Oral mucous membrane /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
This document discusses the oral mucosa, including its development, functions, tissue components, and regional variations. It covers the epithelium, lamina propria, and submucosa layers of the oral mucosa and their characteristics. It also describes the different types of oral mucosa such as keratinized vs non-keratinized and their locations in the oral cavity. Key areas discussed in more depth include the hard palate, alveolar mucosa, vestibular spaces, and maxillary and mandibular edentulous ridges.
Dental pulp /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
This document provides information about the dental pulp. It begins with an introduction to the pulp and its unique environment as a soft connective tissue within teeth. The document then covers topics like the embryology, anatomy, innervation, pathways of pain, structural organization, cells, extracellular matrix, microvasculature, vitality tests, achieving anesthesia, functions, and clinical considerations of the dental pulp. It provides details on each topic with sections devoted to development, features, anatomy of coronal and radicular portions, innervation, neuropeptides, pathways of pain, extracellular matrix components like collagen and proteoglycans, morphological zones, cell types, and odontoblastic processes.
Development & growth of salivary glands /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Similar to Oral mucous membrane/ oral surgery courses (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. .SHWETA POOVANI
•ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education
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2. CONTENTSCONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION
2.DEVELOPMENT2.DEVELOPMENT
3.FUNCTION3.FUNCTION
4.TISSUE COMPONENTS OF ORAL4.TISSUE COMPONENTS OF ORAL
MUCOSAMUCOSA
5.DIVISION OF ORAL MUCOSA5.DIVISION OF ORAL MUCOSA
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3. PROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATIONSPROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATIONS
6.BEHAVOIUR OF ORAL MUCOSA UNDER STRESS6.BEHAVOIUR OF ORAL MUCOSA UNDER STRESS
7.INFLAMATION AND ORAL MUCOSA .7.INFLAMATION AND ORAL MUCOSA .
8.INFLUENCE OF LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE8.INFLUENCE OF LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE
ONON ORAL MUCOSA.ORAL MUCOSA.
9.SUMMARY & CONCLUSION9.SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
10.REFERENCES.10.REFERENCES.
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4. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
The oral cavity is in many respects a very interestingThe oral cavity is in many respects a very interesting
part of the human body .part of the human body .
Many different kind of tissue from the hardest teeth toMany different kind of tissue from the hardest teeth to
the softest, the salivary glands are found therein.the softest, the salivary glands are found therein.
The oral cavity is lined with an uninterrupted mucosaThe oral cavity is lined with an uninterrupted mucosa
which is continuous with the skin near vermillion borderwhich is continuous with the skin near vermillion border
of the lips and with the pharyngeal mucosa in the regionof the lips and with the pharyngeal mucosa in the region
of soft palate.of soft palate.
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5. DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
Primitive oral cavity develops from the fusion of thePrimitive oral cavity develops from the fusion of the
embryonic stomodeum with foregut after the rupture ofembryonic stomodeum with foregut after the rupture of
buccopharyngeal membrane.(26 days)buccopharyngeal membrane.(26 days)
Oral cavity is lined by both ectoderm and endoderm.Oral cavity is lined by both ectoderm and endoderm.
Structures developed from brachial archStructures developed from brachial arch
Ectoderm ---tongueEctoderm ---tongue
Endoderm---Palate ,cheeks ,GingivaEndoderm---Palate ,cheeks ,Gingiva
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6. FUNCTIONS OF THE ORAL MUCOSAFUNCTIONS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA
1.PROTECTION.1.PROTECTION.
• Protects the deeper tissues and organs.Protects the deeper tissues and organs.
• Adapts to withstand mechanical forces.Adapts to withstand mechanical forces.
• Barrier in preventing microorganism.Barrier in preventing microorganism.
2.SENSATION.2.SENSATION.
• Receptors responsible for the taste , thirst,Receptors responsible for the taste , thirst,
temperature.temperature.
3.SECRETION.3.SECRETION.
• Major &minor salivary gland secretions –secreteMajor &minor salivary gland secretions –secrete
protective substance.protective substance.
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7. COMPONENT TISSUECOMPONENT TISSUE
A. ORAL EPITHELIUMA. ORAL EPITHELIUM
B.LAMINA PROPRIAB.LAMINA PROPRIA
C.SUBMUCOSAC.SUBMUCOSA
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8. DIVISION OF ORAL MUCOSADIVISION OF ORAL MUCOSA
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9. EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM
Epithelium of the oralEpithelium of the oral
mucosa is stratifiedmucosa is stratified
squamous epithelium.squamous epithelium.
It may be ;It may be ;
1.Keratinized1.Keratinized
2.Non keratinized2.Non keratinized
Keratinized layerKeratinized layer
ortho keratinizedortho keratinized
Para keratinizedPara keratinized
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11. NON KERATINIZED EPITHELIUMNON KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM
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12. CELLS OF NON KERATINOCYTESCELLS OF NON KERATINOCYTES
MELANOCYTES;MELANOCYTES; SynthesizeSynthesize
melanin pigment granules & transfermelanin pigment granules & transfer
to surrounding keratinocytesto surrounding keratinocytes
LANGERHANS CELL ;LANGERHANS CELL ; AntigenAntigen
trapping & processing.trapping & processing.
MERKEL CELLMERKEL CELL ; Tactile sensory; Tactile sensory
cell.cell.
LYMPHOCYTES ;LYMPHOCYTES ; Associated withAssociated with
inflammatory response in oralinflammatory response in oral
mucosa.mucosa.
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13. SMOKERS MELANOSISSMOKERS MELANOSIS
Smoking tobacco imparts smokers melanosis.Smoking tobacco imparts smokers melanosis.
Deposition of melanin in basal layer of mucosa.Deposition of melanin in basal layer of mucosa.
Affects elderly person –heavy smokers.Affects elderly person –heavy smokers.
Appears as a diffuse brown patch.Appears as a diffuse brown patch.
Mandibular ant. Gingiva & buccal mucosa commonlyMandibular ant. Gingiva & buccal mucosa commonly
affected.affected.
Labial mucosa ,palate, tongue, floor of the mouth ,Labial mucosa ,palate, tongue, floor of the mouth ,
lips .lips .
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14. JUNCTION OF THEJUNCTION OF THE
EPITHELIUM, & LAMINAEPITHELIUM, & LAMINA
PROPRIA.PROPRIA.
The region where connective tissue of the laminaThe region where connective tissue of the lamina
propria meets the overlying epithelium.propria meets the overlying epithelium.
Metabolic exchange between epithelium & CT takesMetabolic exchange between epithelium & CT takes
placeplace
Epithelium has no blood vessels.Epithelium has no blood vessels.
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15. The interface consistsThe interface consists
of CT ridges ,conicalof CT ridges ,conical
papillae projecting intopapillae projecting into
the epithelium.the epithelium.
The surface area of theThe surface area of the
interface is flat &interface is flat &
provide betterprovide better
attachmentattachment
It helps in dissipating theIt helps in dissipating the
force applied on theforce applied on the
epithelium to greaterepithelium to greater
area of CT.area of CT.
MASTICATORYMASTICATORY
MUCOSA has greaterMUCOSA has greater
number of papillae pernumber of papillae per
unit area .unit area .
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16. It is also called asIt is also called as BASAL LAMINABASAL LAMINA..
Two zones ;Two zones ;
Lamina Lucida Lamina densa.Lamina Lucida Lamina densa.
45 nm wide. 50 nm thick45 nm wide. 50 nm thick..
Towards epithelium . Towards tissue.Towards epithelium . Towards tissue.
Quite clear. Granular.Quite clear. Granular.
Glycoprotein. Type 4 collagenGlycoprotein. Type 4 collagen
Bullous phemphigoid antigen. Proteoglycon.Bullous phemphigoid antigen. Proteoglycon. ..
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17. Basal lamina attached byBasal lamina attached by
hemidesmosomes.hemidesmosomes.
The tonofilaments , desmosomes ,The tonofilaments , desmosomes ,
hemidesmosomes togetherhemidesmosomes together
represents the mechanical linkagerepresents the mechanical linkage
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18. FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
Provides mechanical bond .Provides mechanical bond .
Semipermeable, acts as a barrier.Semipermeable, acts as a barrier.
Respond to tissue injury.Respond to tissue injury.
MUCOSAL BLISTER;MUCOSAL BLISTER; Separation of theSeparation of the
epithelium from the connective tissue atepithelium from the connective tissue at
Lamina lucidaLamina lucida
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19. LAMINA PROPRIALAMINA PROPRIA
The connective tissue supporting the oralThe connective tissue supporting the oral
epithelium is termed lamina propria.epithelium is termed lamina propria.
Two layers ;Two layers ;
1.PAPILLARY LAYER.1.PAPILLARY LAYER.
Close to epithelial ridges.Close to epithelial ridges.
Arranged loosely.Arranged loosely.
2.RETICULAR LAYER2.RETICULAR LAYER
parallel to epitheliumparallel to epithelium
fibers are very thick.fibers are very thick.
form networkform network
It consists of cells , blood vessels ,It consists of cells , blood vessels ,
neural elements & fibers embedded inneural elements & fibers embedded in
amorphous ground substanceamorphous ground substance
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20. CELLS FOUND IN LAMINACELLS FOUND IN LAMINA
PROPRIAPROPRIA
FibroblastFibroblast - secretion of fibers &ground substance- secretion of fibers &ground substance
HistiocytesHistiocytes - precursor of macrophage- precursor of macrophage
MacrophagesMacrophages - phagocytosis- phagocytosis
Mast cellMast cell - inflammatory mediator (kinins),- inflammatory mediator (kinins),
vasoactive agent (histamine)vasoactive agent (histamine)
Polymorphonuclear leucocytesPolymorphonuclear leucocytes - phagocytosis- phagocytosis
LymphocytesLymphocytes - cell mediated immune response- cell mediated immune response
Plasma cellsPlasma cells - synthesis immunoglobulin- synthesis immunoglobulin
Endothelial cellsEndothelial cells - lining of blood & lymphatic- lining of blood & lymphatic
channelschannels
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21. SUBMUCOSASUBMUCOSA
..
Consists of connectiveConsists of connective
tissue of various thickness .tissue of various thickness .
It attaches the mucousIt attaches the mucous
membrane to themembrane to the
underlying structures.underlying structures.
It may be a loose or a firmIt may be a loose or a firm
attachment - to glands,attachment - to glands,
blood vessels , nerves, andblood vessels , nerves, and
adipose tissuesadipose tissues
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22. DIVISION OF THE ORAL MUCOSADIVISION OF THE ORAL MUCOSA
KERATINZED AREASKERATINZED AREAS
MASTICATORY MUCOSA.MASTICATORY MUCOSA.
GINGIVAGINGIVA
HARD PALATEHARD PALATE
VERMILION BORDER OF LIPVERMILION BORDER OF LIP
NON KERATINIZED AREASNON KERATINIZED AREAS
LINING OR REFLECTING MUCOSALINING OR REFLECTING MUCOSA
LIPLIP
CHEEKCHEEK
VESTIBULAR FORNIXVESTIBULAR FORNIX
ALVEOLAR MUCOSAALVEOLAR MUCOSA
FLOOR OF THE MOUTHFLOOR OF THE MOUTH
SOFT PALATESOFT PALATE
SPECIALIZED MUCOSASPECIALIZED MUCOSA
DORSUM OF THE TONGUEDORSUM OF THE TONGUE
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23. REGIONAL VARIATIONS;REGIONAL VARIATIONS;
MAXILLARY EDENTULOUSMAXILLARY EDENTULOUS
FOUNDATIONFOUNDATION
CREST OF THE RESIDUALCREST OF THE RESIDUAL
RIDGERIDGE
Firmly attached to the bone.Firmly attached to the bone.
Keratinized epitheliumKeratinized epithelium
Dense collagen fibersDense collagen fibers
Sub mucosa – fat or glandular cellsSub mucosa – fat or glandular cells
Although the sub mucosa is thin itAlthough the sub mucosa is thin it
is thick to provide adequateis thick to provide adequate
resiliency for primary support ofresiliency for primary support of
denture .denture .
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24. SLOPES OF RESIDUAL RIDGESLOPES OF RESIDUAL RIDGE
Non keratinized or Para keratinized.Non keratinized or Para keratinized.
Tissues are loosely attached to periosteum.Tissues are loosely attached to periosteum.
This marks the end of residual attached mucousThis marks the end of residual attached mucous
membrane.membrane.
These tissues will not withstand the masticatoryThese tissues will not withstand the masticatory
and other stress.and other stress.
Less stresses should be placed on the movableLess stresses should be placed on the movable
tissue during impression making.tissue during impression making.
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25. ALVEOLAR MUCOSAALVEOLAR MUCOSA
EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM ; thin; thin
nonkeratinizednonkeratinized
LAMINA PROPRIA;LAMINA PROPRIA;
Short papillaeShort papillae
CT contains many elastic fibers .CT contains many elastic fibers .
Capillary loops close to the surface.Capillary loops close to the surface.
Vessels –run superficial to theVessels –run superficial to the
periosteum.periosteum.
SUB MUCOSASUB MUCOSA
Loose CTLoose CT
Thick elastic fibers connects periosteumThick elastic fibers connects periosteum
–alveolar process–alveolar process
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26. REGIONS OF HARD PALATEREGIONS OF HARD PALATE
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27. HARD PALATEHARD PALATE
.EPITHELIUM.EPITHELIUM;; thickthick
orthokeratinizedorthokeratinized
LAMINA PROPRIALAMINA PROPRIA ;; long papillae, thicklong papillae, thick
collagenous tissue especially under rugaecollagenous tissue especially under rugae
Moderate vascular supply with short capillaryModerate vascular supply with short capillary
loops.loops.
SUBMUCOSA;SUBMUCOSA;
Dense collagenous CT attaching mucosa toDense collagenous CT attaching mucosa to
periosteum .periosteum .
Fat & minor salivary gland – CT –overlyingFat & minor salivary gland – CT –overlying
neurovascular bundle.neurovascular bundle.
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28. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCECLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Tissues should be recorded in restingTissues should be recorded in resting
position .position .
If the tissues displace during impressionIf the tissues displace during impression
procedures, they tend to return to normalprocedures, they tend to return to normal
Such dentures cause soreness of mouth.Such dentures cause soreness of mouth.
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29. MID PALATINE SUTUREMID PALATINE SUTURE
Extends from the incisive papilla to posteriorExtends from the incisive papilla to posterior
region of hard palate .region of hard palate .
Sub mucosa is very thin .Sub mucosa is very thin .
Mucosal layer is practically in contact withMucosal layer is practically in contact with
underlying bone .underlying bone .
Tissue covering the suture is non resilientTissue covering the suture is non resilient
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30. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCECLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Little or no pressure should be applied to this regionLittle or no pressure should be applied to this region
..
This area is highly sensitive .This area is highly sensitive .
Excessive pressure in this area causes pain .Excessive pressure in this area causes pain .
Relief should be given in this areaRelief should be given in this area
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31. PALATINE RUGAEPALATINE RUGAE
Irregularly shaped rolls of soft tissue in the anterior part ofIrregularly shaped rolls of soft tissue in the anterior part of
hard palate.hard palate.
It is a secondary stress bearing areaIt is a secondary stress bearing area
It resists forward movement of denture.It resists forward movement of denture.
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32. SOFT PALATESOFT PALATE
EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM;;
thinthin
Non keratinized, taste budsNon keratinized, taste buds
LAMINA PROPRIA;LAMINA PROPRIA;
thickthick
numerous papillae, elastic fibersnumerous papillae, elastic fibers
Highly vascular- developed capillaryHighly vascular- developed capillary
network.network.
SUB MUCOSA;SUB MUCOSA; diffuse tissue containingdiffuse tissue containing
minor salivary glandsminor salivary glands
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33. BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY OF PALATEBLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY OF PALATE
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35. STOMATITIS NICOTINA PALATISTOMATITIS NICOTINA PALATI
Response of oral mucosa toResponse of oral mucosa to
prolong smoking.prolong smoking.
Middle , elderly men.Middle , elderly men.
Initially- diffuse erythematous.Initially- diffuse erythematous.
Palate becomes grayish whitePalate becomes grayish white
,sec to hyperkeratosis.,sec to hyperkeratosis.
Multiple discrete keratoticMultiple discrete keratotic
papules with depressed redpapules with depressed red
center.center.
opening of the glands dilate &opening of the glands dilate &
inflame.inflame.
Papules enlarge if irritationPapules enlarge if irritation
persist.persist.
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36. BUCCAL- LABIAL MUCOSABUCCAL- LABIAL MUCOSA
EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM;; thickthick
Non keratinizedNon keratinized..
LAMINA PROPRIALAMINA PROPRIA;;
Long slender papillae, dense fibrousLong slender papillae, dense fibrous
CT containing collagen & elasticCT containing collagen & elastic
fibers .fibers .
Rich vascular supply. AnastomosingRich vascular supply. Anastomosing
capillary loops into papillaecapillary loops into papillae..
SUBMUCOSA;SUBMUCOSA; firmly attached tofirmly attached to
thethe
under lying muscles by collagen &under lying muscles by collagen &
elastinelastin
Fat, minor salivary gland .Fat, minor salivary gland .
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37. FORDYCE’S SPOTSFORDYCE’S SPOTS
Fordyce’s spots are ectopicFordyce’s spots are ectopic
sebaceous glands present in thesebaceous glands present in the
buccal and labial mucosa.buccal and labial mucosa.
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38. LINEA ALBALINEA ALBA
A raised white wavy lineA raised white wavy line
of variable length andof variable length and
prominence located at theprominence located at the
level of occlusion.level of occlusion.
Thin keratin layer.Thin keratin layer.
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39. VESTIBULAR SPACESVESTIBULAR SPACES
It is bound facially by mucosa of lips , cheek &It is bound facially by mucosa of lips , cheek &
orally by mucosa of residual ridge .orally by mucosa of residual ridge .
Vestibule is divided medially by labial frenum &Vestibule is divided medially by labial frenum &
laterally by buccal frenum.laterally by buccal frenum.
Epithelium is thin & nonkeratinized.Epithelium is thin & nonkeratinized.
Submucosa is thick ,Submucosa is thick ,
Large amount of loose areolar tissue.Large amount of loose areolar tissue.
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40. FRENUMFRENUM
It is fold of mucousIt is fold of mucous
membranemembrane
Labial frenum is fanLabial frenum is fan
shapedshaped
Buccal frenum isBuccal frenum is
associated with musclesassociated with muscles
Relief should be providedRelief should be provided
in denturein denture
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41. VIBRATING LINEVIBRATING LINE
It is an imaginary lineIt is an imaginary line
drawn across the softdrawn across the soft
palate.palate.
Sub mucosa containsSub mucosa contains
glandular tissue .glandular tissue .
Lamina propria hasLamina propria has
elastic fibers.elastic fibers.
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42. MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF HAMULARMUCOUS MEMBRANE OF HAMULAR
NOTCHNOTCH
Space between the posterior part of theSpace between the posterior part of the
maxillary tuberosity & pterygoid hamulsmaxillary tuberosity & pterygoid hamuls
It is thick and is made of loose areolarIt is thick and is made of loose areolar
tissue.tissue.
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43. MANDIBULAR EDENTULOUSMANDIBULAR EDENTULOUS
FOUNDATIONFOUNDATION
SUPPORTING STRUCTURESSUPPORTING STRUCTURES
CREST OF THE RESIDUALCREST OF THE RESIDUAL
RIDGERIDGE
It is similar to maxillary ridge.It is similar to maxillary ridge.
Keratinized epithelium .Keratinized epithelium .
Sub mucosa is looselySub mucosa is loosely
attached.attached.
Nutrient canal openings.Nutrient canal openings.
When the soft tissue isWhen the soft tissue is
movable in the crest of themovable in the crest of the
ridge ,impression should beridge ,impression should be
recorded in its resting position.recorded in its resting position.
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44. BUCCAL SHELFBUCCAL SHELF
Partially keratinized.Partially keratinized.
Loosely attached.Loosely attached.
Thick submucosal layer.Thick submucosal layer.
Bone – compact boneBone – compact bone
That why it is primaryThat why it is primary
stress bearing area.stress bearing area.
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45. VESTIBULAR SPACESVESTIBULAR SPACES
Similar to the maxilla.Similar to the maxilla.
Epithelium is thin .Epithelium is thin .
Non-keratinized .Non-keratinized .
Submucosa- loose areolar tissue ,elastin fibers.Submucosa- loose areolar tissue ,elastin fibers.
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46. MOLAR REGIONMOLAR REGION
Here the sub mucosa is attached to theHere the sub mucosa is attached to the
mylohyoid muscle .mylohyoid muscle .
Length and form of the lingual flange of theLength and form of the lingual flange of the
tray should reflect the physiologic activitytray should reflect the physiologic activity
of these structures .of these structures .www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
47. RETROMOLAR PADRETROMOLAR PAD
Epithelium is thin .Epithelium is thin .
Non-keratinized .Non-keratinized .
Submucosa – glands , looseSubmucosa – glands , loose
areolar tissue , blood vesselsareolar tissue , blood vessels
…..…..
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCECLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Because of these structuresBecause of these structures
impression should beimpression should be
recorded in resting position .recorded in resting position .
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48. FLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITYFLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITY
EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM; very thin; very thin
Non keratinized .Non keratinized .
LAMINA PROPRIALAMINA PROPRIA ;Short papillae.;Short papillae.
Elastic fibers.Elastic fibers.
Extensive vascular fibers.Extensive vascular fibers.
Short anastomosing capillary loopsShort anastomosing capillary loops
SUBMUCOSASUBMUCOSA ;loose fibrous CT;loose fibrous CT
Fat, minor salivary glands .Fat, minor salivary glands .
BLOOD SUPPLYBLOOD SUPPLY;;
Sublingual artery branch of lingualSublingual artery branch of lingual
artery.artery.
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49. FLOOR OF THE MOUTHFLOOR OF THE MOUTH
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50. Extension of the denturesExtension of the dentures
posterior lingual flangesposterior lingual flanges
usually will allow for a stableusually will allow for a stable
denture.denture.
This objective will not beThis objective will not be
fulfilled in this case,fulfilled in this case,
Unfavorable highUnfavorable high
attachment & mobile floorattachment & mobile floor
of the mouth.of the mouth.
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51. LIPSLIPS
VERMILION ZONEVERMILION ZONE
EPITHELIUM;EPITHELIUM; thin ,thin ,
orthokeratinized.orthokeratinized.
LAMINA PROPRIA;LAMINA PROPRIA; narrownarrow
papillaepapillae..
Capillary loops close toCapillary loops close to
surface layersurface layer
SUBMUCOSA;SUBMUCOSA; mucosamucosa
firmly attached tofirmly attached to thethe
underlying musclesunderlying muscles ..www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
52. INTERMIDIATE ZONEINTERMIDIATE ZONE
EPITHELIUM;EPITHELIUM; thinthin
Para keratinizedPara keratinized
LAMINA PROPRIALAMINA PROPRIA;; longlong
,irregular papillae, elastic,irregular papillae, elastic
fibers ,collagen fibersfibers ,collagen fibers
SUBMUCOSA;SUBMUCOSA; mucosa ismucosa is
firmly attached to musclefirmly attached to muscle
,sebaceous gland,sebaceous gland
,minor salivary gland ,fat.,minor salivary gland ,fat.
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53. BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLYBLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY
BLOOD;BLOOD;
UPPER LIP; SUPERIOR LABIAL ARTERYUPPER LIP; SUPERIOR LABIAL ARTERY
LOWER LIP; INFERIOR LABIAL ARTERYLOWER LIP; INFERIOR LABIAL ARTERY
MENTAL ARTEYMENTAL ARTEY
branch of inferior alveolar artery.branch of inferior alveolar artery.
NERVENERVE
UPPER LIP ; INFRAORBITAL branch of max nerve .UPPER LIP ; INFRAORBITAL branch of max nerve .
LOWER LIP; MENTAL branch of inferior alveolar .LOWER LIP; MENTAL branch of inferior alveolar .
BUCCAL branch of mandibular nerve .BUCCAL branch of mandibular nerve .
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54. GINGIVAGINGIVA..
EPITHELIUM;EPITHELIUM; Ortho-keratinizedOrtho-keratinized
Para-keratinized ,stippling .Para-keratinized ,stippling .
LAMINA PROPRIALAMINA PROPRIA ;long narrow;long narrow
papillaepapillae
Dense collagenous CT .Dense collagenous CT .
Not highly vascular, but long capillaryNot highly vascular, but long capillary
loops with anastomoses are presentloops with anastomoses are present ..
SUB MUCOSASUB MUCOSA ;; no distinct layer .no distinct layer .
Mucosa is firmly attached by collagenMucosa is firmly attached by collagen
fibers to cememtum & periosteum offibers to cememtum & periosteum of
alveolar processalveolar process..
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55. GINGIVAGINGIVA
A. ALVEOLAR MUCOSA B. GINGIVA C. MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTIONA. ALVEOLAR MUCOSA B. GINGIVA C. MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTION
D. ATTACHED GINGIVA E. FREE GINGIVA F. INTERDENTAL GINGIVAD. ATTACHED GINGIVA E. FREE GINGIVA F. INTERDENTAL GINGIVA
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56. TYPES OF EPITHELIUM IN GINGIVATYPES OF EPITHELIUM IN GINGIVA
3 TYPES;3 TYPES;
1.Outer epithelium1.Outer epithelium
2. Sulcular epithelium2. Sulcular epithelium
3.Junctional epithelium3.Junctional epithelium
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57. INTERDENTAL GINGIVAINTERDENTAL GINGIVA
COLCOL
Non keratinizedNon keratinized
Depression betweenDepression between
buccal & lingual papillabuccal & lingual papilla
Connects both the papillaConnects both the papilla
Found below the contactFound below the contact
pointpoint
Anteriorly – pyramidalAnteriorly – pyramidal
Posteriorly – tent shape.Posteriorly – tent shape.
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63. TASTE BUDSTASTE BUDS
Chemoreceptor organsChemoreceptor organs
Barrel shapedBarrel shaped
seen in –fungiform papillaeseen in –fungiform papillae
circumvallate papillaecircumvallate papillae
soft palate ….soft palate ….
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64. VENTRAL SURFACE OF THEVENTRAL SURFACE OF THE
TONGUETONGUE
EPITHELIUM;EPITHELIUM; Thin, nonThin, non
keratinized .keratinized .
LAMINA PROPRIA ;LAMINA PROPRIA ;Thin ,Thin ,
• Numerous short papillae .Numerous short papillae .
Few elastic fibers .Few elastic fibers .
Minor salivary glands. capillaryMinor salivary glands. capillary
network in sub papillary layernetwork in sub papillary layer
Reticular layer relatively avascularReticular layer relatively avascular
SUBMUCOSASUBMUCOSA; Thin & irregular; Thin & irregular
Fat & small vesselsFat & small vessels
Bound to the CT surrounding theBound to the CT surrounding the
tongue musculature.tongue musculature.
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65. LINGUAL VERUCOSITESLINGUAL VERUCOSITES
( PHLEBECTASIA )( PHLEBECTASIA )
Common in elder individuals.Common in elder individuals.
Purplish blue nodular area.Purplish blue nodular area.
Due to dilation & increased tortusity ofDue to dilation & increased tortusity of
lingual veins.lingual veins.
Increase venous pressureIncrease venous pressure
decrease in elasticity of venous wall.decrease in elasticity of venous wall.
Lack of support by surrounding tissues.Lack of support by surrounding tissues.
COMPLICATIONS;COMPLICATIONS;
Ulceration, thrombosis, hemorrhage.Ulceration, thrombosis, hemorrhage.
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66. BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY OF TONGUEBLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY OF TONGUE
Ant 23Ant 23rdrd
-- deep lingual artery-- deep lingual artery
Post 13Post 13rdrd
--dorsal lingual artery--dorsal lingual artery
NERVE SUPPLY;NERVE SUPPLY;
Glossopharengeal nerveGlossopharengeal nerve
Lingual nerveLingual nerve
Chorda tympani.Chorda tympani.
Vagus nerveVagus nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY;
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67. EFFECT OF AGING ON THE ORAL MUCOSAEFFECT OF AGING ON THE ORAL MUCOSA
HISTOLOGYHISTOLOGY
Epithelial thinningEpithelial thinning
Decreased keratinizationDecreased keratinization
Less prominent rete pegsLess prominent rete pegs
Decreased cellular proliferationDecreased cellular proliferation
Loss of submucosal elastin and fatLoss of submucosal elastin and fat
Increased fibrotic connective tissue withIncreased fibrotic connective tissue with
degenerative alteration in the collagen.degenerative alteration in the collagen.
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68. These changes in the histology of oral mucosa are moreThese changes in the histology of oral mucosa are more
marked in women especially post menopausal.marked in women especially post menopausal.
Vascular changes in the oral mucosa include theVascular changes in the oral mucosa include the
development of vascular nodules and nevi.development of vascular nodules and nevi.
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69. Wound healing and regeneration of tissue may be delayedWound healing and regeneration of tissue may be delayed
with age. Oral mucosal immunity is also believed to undergowith age. Oral mucosal immunity is also believed to undergo
some age related changes. The number of langerhan’s cellssome age related changes. The number of langerhan’s cells
decreases with age which contributes to a decline in celldecreases with age which contributes to a decline in cell
medicated immunity.medicated immunity.
This decrease in rate of wound healing is more pronouncedThis decrease in rate of wound healing is more pronounced
in connective tissue than epithelium.in connective tissue than epithelium.
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70. AGING IN GINGIVAAGING IN GINGIVA
With the aging there is decreasedWith the aging there is decreased
keratinization and stipplingkeratinization and stippling
Though gingival recession increases with ageThough gingival recession increases with age
it is not necessary a physiologic process.it is not necessary a physiologic process.
There is decreased width of attachedThere is decreased width of attached
gingival with constant relocation of thegingival with constant relocation of the
mucogingival junction throughout the adultmucogingival junction throughout the adult
life.life.
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71. There is stiffening of the walls of theThere is stiffening of the walls of the
blood vessels and decrease in theirblood vessels and decrease in their
diameter due to arthrosclerosis.diameter due to arthrosclerosis.
Decreased connective tissue cellularityDecreased connective tissue cellularity
and oxygen consumption.and oxygen consumption.
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72. BEHAVIOUR OF ORAL MUCOSABEHAVIOUR OF ORAL MUCOSA
UNDER STRESSUNDER STRESS
Oral mucosa under compression behaves in aOral mucosa under compression behaves in a
viscoelastic fashion.viscoelastic fashion.
Loads imposed on masticatory mucosa – mastication &Loads imposed on masticatory mucosa – mastication &
prosthesis consists of shear & compressive force, theyprosthesis consists of shear & compressive force, they
produce regions of tensile stress in mucosaproduce regions of tensile stress in mucosa
Loaded epithelium demonstrates decrease in the depthLoaded epithelium demonstrates decrease in the depth
of epithelial ridges & connective tissue papillaeof epithelial ridges & connective tissue papillae
Care to be taken during impression procedures byCare to be taken during impression procedures by
applying minimal pressures.applying minimal pressures.
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74. Function & ParafunctionFunction & Parafunction
PRESSURE FORCE TIMEPRESSURE FORCE TIME
controlled by controlled bycontrolled by controlled by
Tissue damage caused by 1 correct clinical nocturnal tissueTissue damage caused by 1 correct clinical nocturnal tissue
occluding local circulationoccluding local circulation technique resttechnique rest
2 permanent2 permanent
soft linersoft liner
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76. SOFT TISSUE HYPERPLSIASOFT TISSUE HYPERPLSIA
Rolls of hyperplastic tissues under dentureRolls of hyperplastic tissues under denture
basebase
Due to bone resorbtion, with lesion filling theDue to bone resorbtion, with lesion filling the
space under denture base.space under denture base.
Develops slowly, painless.Develops slowly, painless.
RxRx
Surgical removal.Surgical removal.
New dentures.New dentures.
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77. PAPILLARY HYPERPLASIAPAPILLARY HYPERPLASIA
Granular type of inflammation seen in palatal region.Granular type of inflammation seen in palatal region.
numerous papillary projections give a warty appearance.numerous papillary projections give a warty appearance.
They show precancerous tendenciesThey show precancerous tendencies
RxRx SurgerySurgery
Discontinue denture wearingDiscontinue denture wearing
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79. DENTURE STOMATITISDENTURE STOMATITIS
SYMPTOMS;SYMPTOMS;
Redness of the tissue.Redness of the tissue.
Pain.Pain.
Burning sensationBurning sensation
Rx;Rx;
Discontinue denture wearing .Discontinue denture wearing .
good oral hygiene proceduresgood oral hygiene procedures
Anti fugal Rx ( if candidal inf)Anti fugal Rx ( if candidal inf)
New dentures.New dentures.
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80. CONTACT STOMATITISCONTACT STOMATITIS
Certain individuals react to materials & drugsCertain individuals react to materials & drugs
differently than others do.differently than others do.
In oral cavity it is termed as contact stomatitis.In oral cavity it is termed as contact stomatitis.
Marked redness in limited area contact withMarked redness in limited area contact with
acrylic partial denture.acrylic partial denture.
Such contact sensitivity isSuch contact sensitivity is
rarerare..
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81. CANDIDIASISCANDIDIASIS
Usually seen in,Usually seen in,
Unclean mouth.Unclean mouth.
Debilitated patientsDebilitated patients
Systemic disease such as diabetes.Systemic disease such as diabetes.
Unhygienic conditions will facilitate theUnhygienic conditions will facilitate the
candidal growth.candidal growth.
SYMPTOMS;SYMPTOMS;
Redness with pain.Redness with pain.
Swelling of the denture supporting tissue.Swelling of the denture supporting tissue.
RxRx Discard the existing denture.Discard the existing denture.
Anti fungal therapy.Anti fungal therapy.
New dentures.New dentures.
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82. ANGULAR CHELITIS.ANGULAR CHELITIS.
SIGNSSIGNS;;
Bilateral lesion that develops at the angle of theBilateral lesion that develops at the angle of the
lips.lips.
Deep fissure or crack may be seen.Deep fissure or crack may be seen.
Appear ulcerated.Appear ulcerated.
Exudatve crust may be present.Exudatve crust may be present.
Rx;Rx;
Anti fungal therapy.Anti fungal therapy.
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89. SUMMARYSUMMARY
The oral mucosa consists of stratifiedThe oral mucosa consists of stratified
squamous epithelium followed by Laminasquamous epithelium followed by Lamina
propria & Submucosa.propria & Submucosa.
The structure varies according to functionThe structure varies according to function
in different regions they can be classifiedin different regions they can be classified
as – Masticatory mucosaas – Masticatory mucosa
Lining mucosaLining mucosa
Specialized mucosaSpecialized mucosa
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90. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
The dentures must function in harmony with theThe dentures must function in harmony with the
remaining tissues that both support andremaining tissues that both support and
surround them .surround them .
For this harmony of living tissues & non livingFor this harmony of living tissues & non living
materials (dentures) to coexist for reasonablematerials (dentures) to coexist for reasonable
period of time, the dentist must fully understandperiod of time, the dentist must fully understand
both the macroscopic & microscopic anatomy ofboth the macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of
supporting & limiting structures of dentures.supporting & limiting structures of dentures.
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91. REFERENCESREFERENCES
1.A.R.Tencate -Oral Histology1.A.R.Tencate -Oral Histology
,Development ,Structure and Function -- 6,Development ,Structure and Function -- 6thth
EditionEdition
2.Anne M R, Ming C Lee Grants atlas of2.Anne M R, Ming C Lee Grants atlas of
anatomy 10anatomy 10thth
Edition.Edition.
3.Bouchers –Prosthodontic treatment for3.Bouchers –Prosthodontic treatment for
edentulous patients 10edentulous patients 10thth
& 11& 11thth
EditionEdition
4.B.K.B .Bercovitz , Color atlas & text of oral4.B.K.B .Bercovitz , Color atlas & text of oral
anatomy .anatomy .
5.Bernard .L. The anatomical basis of dentistry.5.Bernard .L. The anatomical basis of dentistry.
22ndnd
Edition.Edition.
6.Colby, Kerr Color atlas of oral pathology. 46.Colby, Kerr Color atlas of oral pathology. 4thth
EditionEdition
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92. 7.Hubert E Schroeder -Oral Structural7.Hubert E Schroeder -Oral Structural
Biology --3Biology --3rdrd
EditionEdition
8.John J Sharry -Complete denture8.John J Sharry -Complete denture
prosthodontics 1962prosthodontics 1962
9.Keith L Moore -Clinically Oriented9.Keith L Moore -Clinically Oriented
Anatomy --3Anatomy --3rdrd
EditionEdition
10.Nagle & Sears -Dental Prosthetics ,10.Nagle & Sears -Dental Prosthetics ,
Complete denture.Complete denture.
11.Orbans -Oral Histology And11.Orbans -Oral Histology And
Embryology 11Embryology 11thth
EditionEdition
12.Zarb-Bolendar Prosthodontic12.Zarb-Bolendar Prosthodontic
treatment for edentulous patients 12treatment for edentulous patients 12thth
Edition.Edition.
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