A chemically defined medium was optimised for the biomass production of Clostridium acetobutylicum in the fermentor using rice husk as the carbon source.
1. The document describes the production of the enzyme amylase through fermentation methods using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.
2. It provides details on the history of amylase discovery and types. Common microbes used for industrial production include Bacillus species and Aspergillus fungi through solid-state and submerged fermentation.
3. The fermentation process involves selection of microbes, growth media, fermentation conditions like temperature and pH, and recovery of the amylase product.
This document discusses immobilized cell technology and its applications in the beer, wine, and dairy industries. It begins with an introduction to immobilization, which involves imprisoning cells or enzymes in a support or matrix. This allows cells to be reused as they are separated from products. The document then discusses specific applications of immobilized cell technology in wine production, beer production, and dairy industry production. It outlines various support materials and immobilization techniques used for each industry.
this presentation elaborates about the process of producing baker's yeast in detail
contents:1)Introduction
2)media and other raw material preparation
3)fermentation conditions
4)industrial preparation
5)Flowchart for the production of baker’s yeast
6)applications of bakers yeast.
Pullulan is a polysaccharide produced by the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans through fermentation. It has various applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to its film-forming, adhesive, and emulsifying properties. Pullulan production involves fermentation using starch as a carbon source, recovery of the fungus, and purification of the extracellular pullulan. It is used as a thickener, emulsifier, film former and oxygen barrier in various food products.
This document discusses the development of media for industrial fermentation. It begins by defining fermentation and describing the factors that influence the fermentation rate. It then discusses the types of industrial fermentation and criteria for selecting fermentation media. The remainder of the document focuses on describing various types of media including synthetic, semi-synthetic, complex media and examples of carbon and nitrogen sources that can be used, such as molasses, malt extract, starch, whey, and fats/oils.
This document discusses amylase production through submerged fermentation using Bacillus spp. It defines amylases as enzymes that break down starch and describes their classification. It explores the advantages of using microbes like Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for producing amylases economically and to specification. The document outlines the materials and methods used, including culturing Bacillus spp., varying the fermentation temperature and pH, extracting and assaying the amylase. It concludes by reviewing industrial applications of alpha, beta, and gamma amylases.
Cheese making is an ancient process that involves coagulating the casein in milk using rennet or lactic acid to produce curd. The curd is then pressed, shaped, and aged to produce different varieties of cheese. The document discusses the key steps in cheese making including preparation of milk, addition of starter cultures, coagulation, processing the curd, salting, and ripening. It also describes the major types of cheeses classified by moisture content and ripening method as well as the microorganisms involved and physical changes that occur during the ripening process.
1. The document describes the production of the enzyme amylase through fermentation methods using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.
2. It provides details on the history of amylase discovery and types. Common microbes used for industrial production include Bacillus species and Aspergillus fungi through solid-state and submerged fermentation.
3. The fermentation process involves selection of microbes, growth media, fermentation conditions like temperature and pH, and recovery of the amylase product.
This document discusses immobilized cell technology and its applications in the beer, wine, and dairy industries. It begins with an introduction to immobilization, which involves imprisoning cells or enzymes in a support or matrix. This allows cells to be reused as they are separated from products. The document then discusses specific applications of immobilized cell technology in wine production, beer production, and dairy industry production. It outlines various support materials and immobilization techniques used for each industry.
this presentation elaborates about the process of producing baker's yeast in detail
contents:1)Introduction
2)media and other raw material preparation
3)fermentation conditions
4)industrial preparation
5)Flowchart for the production of baker’s yeast
6)applications of bakers yeast.
Pullulan is a polysaccharide produced by the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans through fermentation. It has various applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to its film-forming, adhesive, and emulsifying properties. Pullulan production involves fermentation using starch as a carbon source, recovery of the fungus, and purification of the extracellular pullulan. It is used as a thickener, emulsifier, film former and oxygen barrier in various food products.
This document discusses the development of media for industrial fermentation. It begins by defining fermentation and describing the factors that influence the fermentation rate. It then discusses the types of industrial fermentation and criteria for selecting fermentation media. The remainder of the document focuses on describing various types of media including synthetic, semi-synthetic, complex media and examples of carbon and nitrogen sources that can be used, such as molasses, malt extract, starch, whey, and fats/oils.
This document discusses amylase production through submerged fermentation using Bacillus spp. It defines amylases as enzymes that break down starch and describes their classification. It explores the advantages of using microbes like Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for producing amylases economically and to specification. The document outlines the materials and methods used, including culturing Bacillus spp., varying the fermentation temperature and pH, extracting and assaying the amylase. It concludes by reviewing industrial applications of alpha, beta, and gamma amylases.
Cheese making is an ancient process that involves coagulating the casein in milk using rennet or lactic acid to produce curd. The curd is then pressed, shaped, and aged to produce different varieties of cheese. The document discusses the key steps in cheese making including preparation of milk, addition of starter cultures, coagulation, processing the curd, salting, and ripening. It also describes the major types of cheeses classified by moisture content and ripening method as well as the microorganisms involved and physical changes that occur during the ripening process.
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
The document discusses the production of citric acid through fermentation using Aspergillus niger fungus. It provides details on the demand and supply of citric acid, the production process which involves fermentation, separation and purification steps, and the design of equipment like bioreactors and separation columns. Environmental and safety considerations for the production process are also covered.
Production of cellulase and it's applicationRezwana Nishat
The document discusses the production of cellulase enzymes from Aspergillus isolates and its applications. Four Aspergillus isolates were identified as good cellulase producers. One isolate, Aspergillus oryzae AKAL8, produced the highest level of cellulase over time. Crude cellulase was used for denim biostoning and was found to remove more indigo dye than bleach alone. Cellulase was also stable when combined with bleach. Finally, cellulase treatment of banana peel was able to produce cellulosic nanofibers.
This document discusses the production of lipases and cellulases. It describes that lipases are produced by microbes like bacteria, fungi and yeast through fermentation and are used in industries like food processing, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. Cellulases are enzymes that break down cellulose and are produced by fungi and bacteria through fermentation. They have applications in food, textile, pulp and paper industries. The document provides details on lipase-producing microorganisms, fermentation conditions, purification methods, and applications of both lipases and cellulases.
The document discusses various types of industrial bioreactors used for fermentation processes. It describes stirred tank bioreactors, including their key components like vessels, agitators, baffles and aeration systems. It also covers airlift bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and solid-state bioreactors like tray bioreactors and packed bed bioreactors. Commercial examples of different bioreactor designs are provided. Control systems for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and other parameters are also summarized.
This document discusses tower fermenters, which are elongated fermentation vessels with a height to width aspect ratio of 6:1 or more that allow for the unidirectional flow of gases. There are several types of tower fermenters including bubble columns, vertical tower beer fermenters, and multistage fermenter systems. Tower fermenters have been used for the production of products such as citric acid, tetracycline, beer, and to cultivate organisms like yeast and E. coli. They provide a simple design for aerobic fermentation of cells and enzymes.
This document discusses the use of immobilized plant cells for the production of food flavors, colors, additives, and supplements. Specifically, it describes how plant cell cultures can be used as an alternative to direct plant extraction to produce flavors like esters, pyrazines, lactones, and terpenes. It also discusses using fungi and algae to produce red, yellow, and purple pigments for food coloring. Food additives that can be produced using microorganisms are described like MSG, nucleotides, amino acids, vitamins, and organic acids. In general, the document outlines how immobilized plant cells and microorganisms can be used to efficiently produce a variety of compounds for use as flavors, colors, additives and
This document summarizes the process of ethanol production. It discusses that ethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars by microorganisms like yeast and bacteria. The key raw materials used are sugars, starches, and lignocellulosic biomass from crops like sugarcane, corn, and wheat. The production process involves milling and liquefying the raw material, saccharification to convert starches to sugars, fermentation of sugars to ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to produce anhydrous ethanol. Byproducts like dried distillers grains and carbon dioxide are also discussed.
Nisin Biotechnological production and ApplicationsRamesh Pothuraju
Biotechnology refers to the use of living organisms to develop products. Nisin is a bacteriocin discovered in 1928 that is produced by Lactococcus lactis bacteria and is effective against gram-positive bacteria. It has a variety of applications including use as a food preservative and therapeutic agent. Nisin is produced through fermentation and purified using various methods before being approved for use in processed foods and to preserve dairy products.
Yogurts are fermented dairy products obtained from lactic acid fermentation by two species of lactic acid bacteria, that is, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. This fermentation leads to acidification and milk coagulation, without addition of rennet (as in cheese), and allows an increase of the shelf life as a result of the low pH. world. They involve probiotic bacteria, which are defined according to the FAO/WHO in 2011 as ‘live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.’
A PERFECT BLEND OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY INFORMATION WITH FIRST HAND TECHNIQUES EXPLAINED IN DETAIL ABOUT VARIOUS FILTRATION TECHNIQUES, CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND SEPRATION AND CELL LYSIS TECHNIQUE WITH ALL THE BASIC INFORMATION TO BEGINNERS
Definition of fermentation, Range of fermentation process, Chronological development of the fermentation industry, components parts of a fermentation process.
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide produced through the fermentation of glucose or sucrose by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. It was first discovered in the 1950s and commercialized in 1964. Xanthomonas campestris is commonly found on plants and produces xanthan gum as part of its cell wall. The gum is manufactured through the aerobic fermentation of a nutrient-rich medium inoculated with the bacterium. Xanthan gum has numerous applications as a thickening, emulsifying, and stabilizing agent in foods, baked goods, dressings, and other products due to its ability to maintain viscosity over a wide range of pH and temperatures.
This document discusses citric acid production through fermentation. It begins by introducing citric acid and describing its isolation from lemon juice. It is most commonly produced using the fungus Aspergillus niger through submerged fermentation. Several microorganisms can be used including bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Aspergillus niger is commonly used as it is easy to handle and can ferment a variety of raw materials like molasses to produce high citric acid yields. Citric acid can be produced through surface, submerged, and solid-state fermentation methods. Submerged fermentation is widely used as it allows for easier control and product recovery from the liquid fermentation broth. Citric acid has various applications in
This document summarizes the production of antibiotics through microbial fermentation. It discusses the discovery of penicillin from Penicillium fungi in the 1890s and its mass production process. Key points include that antibiotic production involves screening microbes, optimizing strains for high yield through genetic modification, and using controlled fermentation with batch or fed-batch reactors. The document also specifically describes the industrial production process for penicillin using Penicillium chrysogenum, including nutrient medium composition, extraction and purification into crystalline form. Streptomycin production using Streptomyces griseus is also overviewed.
The document provides an introduction to bacterial biomass. It defines bacterial biomass as the total organic cell substance of a living organism. The history of bacterial biomass consumption is discussed dating back to ancient Egyptians and Greeks. Bacterial biomass production is needed to meet the world's rising food demand. Bacteria are well-suited for biomass production due to their high growth rate, protein content, and ability to be produced in fermenters without land. The document outlines factors that affect bacterial biomass production and describes applications such as use in protein supplements, the food industry, and probiotics. It also discusses the economical aspects and future research opportunities around bacterial biomass.
This document discusses single cell proteins (SCP), which are dried cells from bacteria, algae, yeast, and fungi that are rich in protein. SCP can be produced from various waste materials and includes residues from orange peels, sugarcane, paper mills, wheat straw, sugar beets, coconuts, grapes, and mangos. The selection of microbe strain and substrate is crucial, choosing ones that do not produce toxins or harm consumers. SCP is produced through fermentation, harvesting, and processing to isolate pure protein while removing impurities. Advantages are high protein content and ability to modify production easily using various raw materials, while disadvantages include potential toxins, allergic reactions, and high costs
Fermented milk products, also known as cultured dairy foods, cultured dairy products, or cultured milk products, are dairy foods that have been fermented with lactic acid bacteria.
This particular presentation describes all the fermented milk products like yoghurt, cheese etc. VIEW, SHARE, ENJOY!
Downstreamprocessing of Cephalosporins and Aspartic acidSurender Rawat
This document discusses the production and purification of L-aspartic acid through fermentation. Key points:
- L-aspartic acid is produced from ammonium fumarate by fermentation using immobilized E. coli cells. It is one of the most commonly produced amino acids, with an annual production of 4000 metric tons.
- Downstream processing involves centrifugation to remove cells, followed by precipitation of aspartic acid at its isoelectric point of pH 2.7 using a glycine buffer. Further purification steps include chromatography techniques like HPLC and ion exchange chromatography.
- Final purification is done via cation exchange chromatography using an SP Sepharose column, eluting the aspartic
Bacteria like Clostridium acetobutylicum and E. coli can break down cellulose from plants and paper into sugars and then into biofuels. While biofuels provide alternatives to fossil fuels and reduce CO2 levels, current methods are not yet cost-effective. However, as procedures improve, the cost of biofuels is expected to decrease over time. Additional research also aims to address ethical concerns about bacteria spreading from biofuel production.
Algae wastewater treatment for biofuel productionylimeoen
The document discusses using algae to treat wastewater and produce biofuels. It describes how algae can effectively remove nutrients from wastewater while also generating biomass that can be converted to biofuels. This creates a mutually beneficial situation where wastewater is treated and a feedstock for biofuel production is obtained. The document also reviews various types of algae production systems and wastewater treatment ponds that can integrate algae cultivation and wastewater treatment.
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
The document discusses the production of citric acid through fermentation using Aspergillus niger fungus. It provides details on the demand and supply of citric acid, the production process which involves fermentation, separation and purification steps, and the design of equipment like bioreactors and separation columns. Environmental and safety considerations for the production process are also covered.
Production of cellulase and it's applicationRezwana Nishat
The document discusses the production of cellulase enzymes from Aspergillus isolates and its applications. Four Aspergillus isolates were identified as good cellulase producers. One isolate, Aspergillus oryzae AKAL8, produced the highest level of cellulase over time. Crude cellulase was used for denim biostoning and was found to remove more indigo dye than bleach alone. Cellulase was also stable when combined with bleach. Finally, cellulase treatment of banana peel was able to produce cellulosic nanofibers.
This document discusses the production of lipases and cellulases. It describes that lipases are produced by microbes like bacteria, fungi and yeast through fermentation and are used in industries like food processing, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. Cellulases are enzymes that break down cellulose and are produced by fungi and bacteria through fermentation. They have applications in food, textile, pulp and paper industries. The document provides details on lipase-producing microorganisms, fermentation conditions, purification methods, and applications of both lipases and cellulases.
The document discusses various types of industrial bioreactors used for fermentation processes. It describes stirred tank bioreactors, including their key components like vessels, agitators, baffles and aeration systems. It also covers airlift bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and solid-state bioreactors like tray bioreactors and packed bed bioreactors. Commercial examples of different bioreactor designs are provided. Control systems for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and other parameters are also summarized.
This document discusses tower fermenters, which are elongated fermentation vessels with a height to width aspect ratio of 6:1 or more that allow for the unidirectional flow of gases. There are several types of tower fermenters including bubble columns, vertical tower beer fermenters, and multistage fermenter systems. Tower fermenters have been used for the production of products such as citric acid, tetracycline, beer, and to cultivate organisms like yeast and E. coli. They provide a simple design for aerobic fermentation of cells and enzymes.
This document discusses the use of immobilized plant cells for the production of food flavors, colors, additives, and supplements. Specifically, it describes how plant cell cultures can be used as an alternative to direct plant extraction to produce flavors like esters, pyrazines, lactones, and terpenes. It also discusses using fungi and algae to produce red, yellow, and purple pigments for food coloring. Food additives that can be produced using microorganisms are described like MSG, nucleotides, amino acids, vitamins, and organic acids. In general, the document outlines how immobilized plant cells and microorganisms can be used to efficiently produce a variety of compounds for use as flavors, colors, additives and
This document summarizes the process of ethanol production. It discusses that ethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars by microorganisms like yeast and bacteria. The key raw materials used are sugars, starches, and lignocellulosic biomass from crops like sugarcane, corn, and wheat. The production process involves milling and liquefying the raw material, saccharification to convert starches to sugars, fermentation of sugars to ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to produce anhydrous ethanol. Byproducts like dried distillers grains and carbon dioxide are also discussed.
Nisin Biotechnological production and ApplicationsRamesh Pothuraju
Biotechnology refers to the use of living organisms to develop products. Nisin is a bacteriocin discovered in 1928 that is produced by Lactococcus lactis bacteria and is effective against gram-positive bacteria. It has a variety of applications including use as a food preservative and therapeutic agent. Nisin is produced through fermentation and purified using various methods before being approved for use in processed foods and to preserve dairy products.
Yogurts are fermented dairy products obtained from lactic acid fermentation by two species of lactic acid bacteria, that is, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. This fermentation leads to acidification and milk coagulation, without addition of rennet (as in cheese), and allows an increase of the shelf life as a result of the low pH. world. They involve probiotic bacteria, which are defined according to the FAO/WHO in 2011 as ‘live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.’
A PERFECT BLEND OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY INFORMATION WITH FIRST HAND TECHNIQUES EXPLAINED IN DETAIL ABOUT VARIOUS FILTRATION TECHNIQUES, CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND SEPRATION AND CELL LYSIS TECHNIQUE WITH ALL THE BASIC INFORMATION TO BEGINNERS
Definition of fermentation, Range of fermentation process, Chronological development of the fermentation industry, components parts of a fermentation process.
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide produced through the fermentation of glucose or sucrose by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. It was first discovered in the 1950s and commercialized in 1964. Xanthomonas campestris is commonly found on plants and produces xanthan gum as part of its cell wall. The gum is manufactured through the aerobic fermentation of a nutrient-rich medium inoculated with the bacterium. Xanthan gum has numerous applications as a thickening, emulsifying, and stabilizing agent in foods, baked goods, dressings, and other products due to its ability to maintain viscosity over a wide range of pH and temperatures.
This document discusses citric acid production through fermentation. It begins by introducing citric acid and describing its isolation from lemon juice. It is most commonly produced using the fungus Aspergillus niger through submerged fermentation. Several microorganisms can be used including bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Aspergillus niger is commonly used as it is easy to handle and can ferment a variety of raw materials like molasses to produce high citric acid yields. Citric acid can be produced through surface, submerged, and solid-state fermentation methods. Submerged fermentation is widely used as it allows for easier control and product recovery from the liquid fermentation broth. Citric acid has various applications in
This document summarizes the production of antibiotics through microbial fermentation. It discusses the discovery of penicillin from Penicillium fungi in the 1890s and its mass production process. Key points include that antibiotic production involves screening microbes, optimizing strains for high yield through genetic modification, and using controlled fermentation with batch or fed-batch reactors. The document also specifically describes the industrial production process for penicillin using Penicillium chrysogenum, including nutrient medium composition, extraction and purification into crystalline form. Streptomycin production using Streptomyces griseus is also overviewed.
The document provides an introduction to bacterial biomass. It defines bacterial biomass as the total organic cell substance of a living organism. The history of bacterial biomass consumption is discussed dating back to ancient Egyptians and Greeks. Bacterial biomass production is needed to meet the world's rising food demand. Bacteria are well-suited for biomass production due to their high growth rate, protein content, and ability to be produced in fermenters without land. The document outlines factors that affect bacterial biomass production and describes applications such as use in protein supplements, the food industry, and probiotics. It also discusses the economical aspects and future research opportunities around bacterial biomass.
This document discusses single cell proteins (SCP), which are dried cells from bacteria, algae, yeast, and fungi that are rich in protein. SCP can be produced from various waste materials and includes residues from orange peels, sugarcane, paper mills, wheat straw, sugar beets, coconuts, grapes, and mangos. The selection of microbe strain and substrate is crucial, choosing ones that do not produce toxins or harm consumers. SCP is produced through fermentation, harvesting, and processing to isolate pure protein while removing impurities. Advantages are high protein content and ability to modify production easily using various raw materials, while disadvantages include potential toxins, allergic reactions, and high costs
Fermented milk products, also known as cultured dairy foods, cultured dairy products, or cultured milk products, are dairy foods that have been fermented with lactic acid bacteria.
This particular presentation describes all the fermented milk products like yoghurt, cheese etc. VIEW, SHARE, ENJOY!
Downstreamprocessing of Cephalosporins and Aspartic acidSurender Rawat
This document discusses the production and purification of L-aspartic acid through fermentation. Key points:
- L-aspartic acid is produced from ammonium fumarate by fermentation using immobilized E. coli cells. It is one of the most commonly produced amino acids, with an annual production of 4000 metric tons.
- Downstream processing involves centrifugation to remove cells, followed by precipitation of aspartic acid at its isoelectric point of pH 2.7 using a glycine buffer. Further purification steps include chromatography techniques like HPLC and ion exchange chromatography.
- Final purification is done via cation exchange chromatography using an SP Sepharose column, eluting the aspartic
Bacteria like Clostridium acetobutylicum and E. coli can break down cellulose from plants and paper into sugars and then into biofuels. While biofuels provide alternatives to fossil fuels and reduce CO2 levels, current methods are not yet cost-effective. However, as procedures improve, the cost of biofuels is expected to decrease over time. Additional research also aims to address ethical concerns about bacteria spreading from biofuel production.
Algae wastewater treatment for biofuel productionylimeoen
The document discusses using algae to treat wastewater and produce biofuels. It describes how algae can effectively remove nutrients from wastewater while also generating biomass that can be converted to biofuels. This creates a mutually beneficial situation where wastewater is treated and a feedstock for biofuel production is obtained. The document also reviews various types of algae production systems and wastewater treatment ponds that can integrate algae cultivation and wastewater treatment.
The document discusses how scientists genetically modified E. coli bacteria to produce enzymes that break down cellulose from plants into sugars, which the bacteria then converts into long-chained hydrocarbons used for biodiesel. It notes the advantages of biodiesel like being renewable and less prone to spills compared to fossil fuels. However, it also mentions challenges like the current low 10% efficiency of the process and some biodiesels not performing well in cold weather. In conclusion, it says that while more research is needed to improve efficiency, biodiesels will become increasingly important as fossil fuels are depleted within 44 years.
Microorganisms such as microalgae, fungi and bacteria have the potential to be used for biodiesel production as they can accumulate high amounts of lipids. Oleaginous microorganisms accumulate over 20% of their dry weight as lipids. While microalgae and some fungi have been shown to accumulate over 60% lipids, genetic engineering and screening methods aim to further improve lipid yields. The biodiesel produced from microbial lipids has properties that meet biodiesel standards but the high costs of production need to be reduced for microbial biodiesel to compete with conventional fuels.
This document discusses microbial biodiesel production. It begins with an introduction to biodiesel and its history. It then discusses what biodiesel is and how it is made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or microbes. The rest of the document focuses on biodiesel production using microbes like microalgae, bacteria, fungi and yeast. It discusses the advantages of using microbes, such as their ability to grow rapidly and accumulate high amounts of lipids. It also provides details on the biodiesel production process when using different types of microbes, including lipid extraction and transesterification. In conclusion, while microbial biodiesel production is promising, further improvements are still needed to make it economically competitive with
The document describes experiments conducted to isolate and identify Clostridium bacteria from environmental samples. Soil and mud samples were used to grow a biofilm. Gram-positive, spore-forming rods were isolated and identified through staining, biochemical tests, and carbohydrate fermentation profiles. The isolates were likely Clostridium species from Group III or IV based on morphology and tests, possibly Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium perenne, or Clostridium putrefaciens. Improved sampling and growth methods were suggested to obtain clearer results.
Biofuels Issues, Trends and Challenges
"RENALT ENERGY" - providing integrated solutions to "Green" petrochemicals, integrated Bio-Refining /conventional oil Refining, and Biomass-to-chemicals, primarily through Energy and Process Consultancy.
Biomass-to-"Green" chemicals: Biomass-to-chemicals refers to the process of producing chemicals from Biomass. The major Biomass -to-chemicals processes utilized in worldwide, with our strategic focus on, Biomass-to-methanol, MTO and MTP processes that produce the same chemical products, such as ethylene and propylene, as the petrochemical facilities, due to better cost efficiencies and greater demand for these chemicals.
We also have interest in, Biomass-to-olefins, Biomass-to-PVC, Biomass to-aromatics and Biomass-to-ammonia/urea processes.
We provide a broad range of integrated services spanning the project life-cycle from feasibility studies, consulting services, provision of proprietary technologies, design, engineering, and after-sale technical support.
This presentation describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of veterinary important Clostridia; their main virulence factors, pathogenesis and the common diseases in animals.
This document discusses converting plastic waste into fuel. It aims to solve the twin problems of plastic pollution and the need for alternative fuel sources. Plastic waste would be converted into valuable fuel through processes like pyrolysis and gasification. These processes involve heating plastic in the absence of oxygen to produce liquid and gas fuels. Converting plastic waste to fuel is proposed as an environmentally friendly solution that generates profit while reducing plastic in landfills and the problems they cause.
A variety of fuels can be made from biomassi resources including the liquid fuels ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methane. Biofuels research and development is composed of three main areas: producing the fuels, applications and uses of the fuels, and distribution infrastructure.
Biofuels are primarily used to fuel vehicles, but can also fuel engines or fuel cells for electricity generation. For information about the use of biofuels in vehicles, see the Alternative Fuel Vehicle page under Vehicles. See the Vehicles page for information about the biofuels distribution infrastructure. See the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells page for more information about hydrogen as a fuel.
The document discusses UNEP's 3-year project to convert waste plastics into fuel in order to address the growing problem of plastic waste. The project aims to build local capacity to identify appropriate waste plastic conversion technologies, assess feasibility, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Three cities - Nakhon Ratchasima, Phitsanulok, and Cebu Municipality - participated in pilot projects to convert waste plastics into pellets, liquid fuel, and solid fuel respectively. The project also produced guidelines on plastic waste assessment and identified appropriate conversion technologies.
Seminar on conversion of plastic wastes into fuelsPadam Yadav
This document summarizes the process of converting plastic wastes into fuels through catalytic pyrolysis. Plastic wastes are subjected to heat in the presence of a calcium carbide catalyst. This results in the breakdown of the plastic polymers into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Testing showed the liquid fuels obtained met standards for gasoline, diesel and kerosene. When used in a diesel engine, the plastic fuel provided similar performance to diesel fuel. The process provides a feasible way to convert the 1 billion tons of annual plastic waste generated into useful fuels while reducing environmental impacts.
This document describes the process of converting waste plastic into fuel through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis involves thermally degrading plastic in the absence of oxygen to produce solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. The process uses a specially designed reactor heated to 350°C along with catalysts to cause the random depolymerization of plastics into fuel products. The machine used in pyrolysis consists of a reactor, catalytic cracker containing ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, condenser to liquefy vapors, and nitrogen cylinder to provide an inert atmosphere. Converting waste plastic to fuel through pyrolysis solves disposal issues while producing valuable energy sources.
- Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that can cause gas gangrene. It produces several potent toxins and enzymes.
- It forms central or subterminal spores and appears as large bacilli on microscopy. It turns meat pink on culture but does not digest it. It causes target hemolysis on blood agar.
- Gas gangrene is a serious infection caused by C. perfringens that involves muscle tissue necrosis and gas formation. It presents with increasing pain, edema, and tissue blackening. Other Clostridium species such as C. septicum can also cause gas gangrene.
Escherichia coli is a common bacteria found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most E. coli strains are harmless, some can cause illness. There are several pathogenic types of E. coli including enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). These pathogenic strains cause illnesses ranging from mild diarrhea to bloody diarrhea and even life-threatening complications like hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pathogenic E. coli are identified through tests of their genetic and phenotypic characteristics.
1. Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans.
2. It forms spores that allow it to survive in hostile environments and spreads through contamination of wounds or ingestion of contaminated food.
3. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected wounds under anaerobic conditions and observing lecithinase activity and alpha toxin production on egg yolk agar.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits. It is produced industrially via fermentation using fungi like Aspergillus niger. Citric acid was first isolated in 1784 and industrial production began in 1890 based on the Italian citrus industry. Today, around 70% of the 1.5 million tons of citric acid produced annually is used in the food industry as a preservative and flavor enhancer. Key factors that affect citric acid fermentation are the carbon source, pH levels, aeration, and nutrient limitations. Recovery methods include precipitation, solvent extraction, and electrodialysis before the citric acid is purified and crystallized. Its major applications are in food & be
Isolation , characterization and comparative study of lactobacillus sp. using...Vaibhav Maurya
The document summarizes a study that aimed to isolate, characterize, and compare Lactobacillus strains from different milk product samples. Various tests were performed on isolated strains including Gram staining, biochemical tests, analysis of growth parameters like absorbance and pH, and FTIR analysis. Results showed that the Lactobacillus ATCC 7469 strain and a strain isolated from Bifilac produced the highest amounts of lactic acid and had growth most similar to the reference strain based on FTIR analysis. The study characterized and compared Lactobacillus isolates from different milk sources.
1) The document discusses a study on using biosurfactants produced by microorganisms to improve mobilization of hydrocarbons during microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR).
2) Four hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Citrobacter, and Escherichia) were isolated from contaminated soil samples. Tests showed two isolates could produce biosurfactants.
3) In core flooding experiments, primary recovery obtained 25% of oil, water flooding (secondary recovery) obtained 20%, and MEOR using biosurfactants obtained up to 50% of original oil in place, showing its potential to improve oil recovery.
Ethanol production in an immobilized cell reactor using Saccharomyces Cervisiaemanalrazick
This document discusses ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an immobilized cell reactor. Yeast cells were immobilized using calcium alginate beads. Batch fermentation and immobilized cell reactor experiments were conducted and compared. The immobilized cell reactor showed higher ethanol productivity and yield than batch fermentation. Statistical analysis found the calcium alginate beads containing yeast cells were uniform in size and shape. The document evaluates different alginate concentrations for immobilizing yeast cells and identifies the optimal concentration.
This document discusses ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an immobilized cell reactor. Yeast cells were immobilized using calcium alginate beads. Batch fermentation and immobilized cell reactor experiments were conducted and compared. The immobilized cell reactor showed higher ethanol productivity and yield than batch fermentation. Statistical analysis found the calcium alginate beads containing yeast cells were uniform in size and shape. The document evaluates different alginate concentrations for immobilizing yeast cells and identifies the optimal concentration.
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Yogurt is produced from milk fermentation under the influence of lactic acid bacteria. Two key bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, convert lactose in milk to lactic acid through fermentation. An experiment was designed to isolate these lactic acid bacteria from yogurt samples and study the effects of temperature, incubation time, and bacterial ratios on yogurt fermentation. Bacteria were isolated on MRS agar plates and purified using streak plating. The lactic acid content of fermented yogurt was measured through titration at various time points. Results showed that temperature and incubation time impacted bacterial growth and lactic acid production.
Production of Enzyme - Lipase.
INTRODUCTION: Lipases are hydrolases capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of Triglycerols (TAGs) into Glycerol and Fatty acids (FAs).
These enzymes operate at the interfaces of Biphasic systems, which is a phenomenon known as interfacial activation.
These do not require co-factors and are easily immobilized on different matrices.
The active sites of lipases are generally characterized by amino acid triad composed of serine, histidine and aspartate.
Lipases exihibit region-selective properties and enantioselective catalytic behaviour and are considered to be the most versatile catalyst in lipid biotechnology.
These enzymes can be employed in a large number industrial processes ( production of agrochemicals, cosmetics , biodiesel etc.)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: In 1856, Claude Bernard first discovered a lipase in pancreatic juice as an enzyme that hydrolyzed insoluble oil droplets and converted them to soluble products.
In 1901, the presence of lipases has been observed for Bacillus prodigiosus , B.pycocyancus and B.fluorescens which represents today’s best studied lipase producing bacteria now named Serratia marcescens , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P.fluorescens.
Lipase have traditionally been obtained from animal pancreas and are used as a digestive aid for human consumption either in crude mixture with other hydrolases (pancreatin) or as a purified grade.
Lipolase was the first commercial recombinant lipase industialized from the fungus Thermomycesl anugiwnosus and expressed in Aspergillus oryzae in 1994.
PROPERTIES: pH optima
Temperature optima and thermal inactivation
Activation and inactivation of the enzyme
Substrate specificity
SOURCES: Plant lipases:
These have been isolated from the leaves, oils, latex and seeds of oleaginous plants and cereals.
Yeast Lipases:
These include species Candida antartica, Candida rugosa, Candida utilis and Saccharomyces species. The production of Biodiesel includes lipases from Thermomycesl anuginosus.
Animal Lipases:
These include pancreatic and pregastric lipases.
Porcine and Human pancreas were the first sources of lipases used in food processing.
Bacterial Lipases: The genera Pseudomonas and Burkholderia are the most widely used for the production of bacterial lipases. P.aeruginosa produces a cystiene hydrolase solvent tolerant lipase.
Fungal Lipases:
Filamentous fungi are considered to be the best source for production of lipases. The genera includes Aspergillus, Rhizopus , Penicillium , Mucor, Geotrichum and Yarrowia etc.
PRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGY:
UpstreamProcessing:
Screening
Strain selection
Inoculum preparation
Immobilization
Fermentation :
Solid-State Fermentation
Submerged Fermentation
Downstream Processing:
Filtration
Centrifugation
Chromatography
Aqueous two phase
Raw Materials and Nutrients:Olive oil, Palm oil, Coconut oil
wheat Bran, rice bran
yeast extract, peptone
Urea, NaNO2
Sucrose , glucose , fructose
KH2PO4
MgSO4 .7 H2O
Microbial Sources:
Bacillus sp.
Whey is the byproduct generated during cheese and casein production. It is rich in minerals and vitamins but considered a pollutant due to its high biological oxygen demand. Various methods can bioconvert whey into saleable products like ethanol, yeast biomass, methane, organic acids, and lactic acid. These processes involve culturing microorganisms like yeast or bacteria using whey as a substrate, followed by separation and purification steps to isolate the final products. Bioconversion reduces the organic load of whey by over 75% while generating value-added goods.
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The document summarizes the industrial production process of acetone and butanol through fermentation using Clostridium acetobutylicum. It involves inoculum preparation using C. acetobutylicum spores, preparation of a fermentation mash using corn as the raw material, and conducting fermentation in large tanks. The fermentation produces butyric acid and acetic acid which are then converted to the final products, butanol and acetone. These products are recovered through distillation and fractional separation. The fermentation occurs in three phases with acid production in phase 1, acid consumption and solvent production in phase 2, and declining activity in phase 3.
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Optimization of ABE Fermentation from Rice Husk Medium using Clostridium acetobutylicum.
1. Optimization of ABE Fermentation
from Rice husk medium
using Clostridium acetobutylicum
Mentor: Dr.Aradhana Srivastava
By: Pranav Dadhich
USCT-IV Year
03116101411
2. Outline of the Presentation
• Introduction
• Pathway for ABE fermentation
• Selection and Preparation of Substrate
• Microorganism : Inoculum Preparation and
Culture Maintenance
• Culture Transfer
• Design of the Experiment
• Results and Conclusions
3. ABE Fermentation – An Introduction
• Uses bacterial fermentation to form Acetone, Butanol and
Ethanol from sugar.
• Developed by Chaim Weizmann during WW I.
• Anaerobic process.
• It produces solvents in 3:6:1 ratio where 3 parts acetone,
6 part butanol and 1 part ethanol are produced.
• Uses the strain of bacteria genus Clostridia. Clostridium
acetobutylicum is generally used.
• Potential renewable source of energy with Butanol as
biofuel.
5. Metabolic stages
• It can be divided into two major and distinct
phases [1]:
– Acidogenesis
• Occurs during exponential growth phase.
• Formation of acetate and butyrate from acetyl – CoA
and Butyryl – CoA.
– Solventogenesis
• Occurs as cell growth slows down
• Solvent production such as butanol, ethanol and
acetone.
6. Substrate : Rice Husk
• One of the most widely produced agricultural waste.
• Contains 75-90% organic matter viz. cellulose, lignin etc.
• Rice husk consists of 36–40% cellulose, and 12–19%
hemicelluloses[2].
Fig 1: Rice Husk (Powdered Form)
7. Why Rice Husk?
• Approximately, 24 million tonnes of rice husk
produced in India annually.
• Most of it is burnt or dumped in land.
• Using rice husk for fermentation will ensure
less harm to the environment which is caused
due to burning or dumping.
8. Preparation of Rice Husk
• Rice Husk was sieved using a sieve tray so as to get a
evenly distributed sample of biomass.
• The smaller and equal size of the biomass will
confirm a better digestion of rice husk (or uniform
hydrolysis).
Fig 2 : Sieve tray
• 307 grams of biomass is weighed
from the collected sample.
•This weighed quantity is then
mixed with 1200 ml of water and
incubated overnight in a shaking
incubator at 40 rpm for better
mixing and softening.
9. Acid Pre-treatment
• Hydrolysis involves cleaving the polymers of cellulose and
hemicellulose into their monomers. Complete hydrolysis of
cellulose results in glucose, whereas the hemicellulose gives
rise to several pentoses and hexoses.
• Concentrated Sulphuric acid is used for Acid pre treatment of
the rice husk.
• Concentrated acid Pre-treatment process
ensures higher glucose yield and operation
at lower temperatures.
•100 ml of concentrated Sulphuric Acid was
used for the process.
•The solution was incubated at 50°C and 20
rpm in a shaking Incubator for 3 days.Fig 3 : Sample of Acid
pretreated biomass
10. Filtration of the
Pre – treated biomass
• The Pre-treated biomass was filtered using a
filter paper and the filtrate was collected in a
beaker.
• Final volume obtained after the filtration of
the pre-treated biomass was 660 ml.
• This solution is finally used as the sugar
solution.
Fig 4 : Filtered and
pretreated sugar
solution
11. Sugar Estimation
• The methods to estimate the amount of sugar
in a sample are:
1.) Phenol Sulphuric Acid test- Gives us the total
amount of sugar present in the sample[3].
2.) DNS Acid test– Gives us the total fermentable
amount of sugars present in the sample[4].
(Reducing Sugars)
12. Microorganism : Clostridium acetobutylicum
• There are several wild strains of ABE – producing bacteria, majorly of
Clostridia family, which are gram positive, spore forming obligate
anaerobes.
• There are 4 particular species of clostridia – Clostridium
acetobutylicum, C. beijirinckii, C.saccharobutylicum and C.
saccharoperbutylacetonium.
• They possess wide substrate utilization ability and can use many types
of carbon sources ranging from glucose, sucrose, lactose, xylose, xylan,
starch and glycerol.
• They are not pathogenic or toxicogenic to humans, animals or plants.
Out of all the four strains, C. acetobutylicum has the greatest yield in the
ABE fermentation in normal conditions[5].
Fig 5 : Clostridium
acetobutylicum
• Culture was obtained from Microbial Type
Culture Collection, Institute of Microbial
Technology, Chandigarh, India; was Clostridium
acetobutylicum MTCC 11274.
13. Inoculum Formation
• The growth medium (Reinforced Clostridium Medium) for the inoculum
consist of:
– Beef Extract 10.0g
– Yeast Extract 3.0g
– Peptone 10.0g
– Dextrose 5.0g
– Soluble Starch 1.0g
– Sodium Acetate 3.0g
– Cysteine Hydrochloride 0.5g
– NaCl 5.0g
– Distilled water 1.0L
– Adjust pH to 6.8
• Divide the 1L RCM into 750 ml and 250 ml respectively.
• Add 15 g of Agar to the 250 ml RCM for solid medium.
• Autoclave both the media.
Fig 6 : Liquid and Solid RCM
medium respectively
14. Culture Transfer
• Lyophilised form of the culture is transferred into a liquid broth which
is incubated for 1-2 days at 37 °C in Laminar Flow. This is our master
culture.
• From the liquid broth the culture can be grown in two forms:
– Solid Agar medium :
• Plates are made using the RCM containing agar. Agar plates were prepared
aseptically.
• 4-5 plates are filled with the medium and a drop of culture from master culture
is spread with the help of spreader aseptically.
• Finally the plates are kept for incubation at 37 °C.
– Liquid Broth :
• A drop of culture is transferred into the liquid RCM under laminar hood.
• Culture from plates can also be used to make the same with the help of loop.
• The liquid broth is kept for incubation at 37 °C and 40 rpm in a shaking incubator.
16. Preparation of CBS Fermentation
medium
• Central Bureau Seer (CBS) medium is synthetically designed for anaerobic
growth of the bacteria by TU Delft, Netherlands. [6]
• CBS medium comprises of 4 solutions:
– Saline Solution :
• (NH4)2SO4
• KH2PO4
• MgSO4·7H2O
• Autoclave and store at room temperature.
– Trace Metal Solution
• EDTA
• Calcium Chloride
• Zinc Sulphate
• Ferrous Sulphate
• Boric Acid
• Manganese Chloride
• Sodium Molybdate
• Cupric Chloride
• Copper Sulphate
• Pottasium Iodide
• Adjust pH at 4.00 with NaOH, autoclave and store at 4 °C
17. Preparation of CBS Fermentation
medium
– Vitamin Solution :
• Dissolve 25mg d – Biotin in 0.1 M NaOH.
• Add 400ml water and adjust the ph to 6.5.
• Add the following:
– P-Amino Benzoic Acid
– Nicotinic acid
– Ca- panthanoate
– Pyrodixine, HCl
– Thiamine, HCl
– Adjust pH to 6.5 and add m-Inositol.
– Adjust pH to 6.5 and transfer it into an autoclave reagent bottle at
4 °C.
– Tween 80 Solution:
• Add Tween 80 to pure ethanol for making solution.4
18. Design of the experiment
• Design of the experiment for the optimization of ABE is done using
Design Expert 9.0, Statease Inc, USA.
• The chemically defined CBS medium was optimized for biomass
production of Clostridium acetobutylicum by using rice husk as the
carbon source and (NH4)2SO4 as the nitrogen source.
• Box – Behnken Method was used for the experiment design.
• 4 factors were varied and hence varying concentrations for different
factors were obtained.
• The concentrations of saline solution (KH2PO4 and MgSO4·7H2O),
Ammonium Sulphate solution, vitamin solution and trace metal
solution in the medium were optimized by response surface
methodology using a four factor, three-level Box–Behnken design[7].
• A total of 20 experimental runs with different combinations of four
factors were obtained and carried out.
19. Implementation Of Design
• Applying Box-Behnken method, 20 batches of the synthetic CBS
medium were prepared.
• Batches were divided into 2 equal halves for better estimation.
• 3 ml sugar solution was introduced in every batch and the volume was
build up till 10 ml by distilled water.
• The pH of every batch was maintained at 6.8 for optimum growth.
• A drop of Tween 80 solution was added in every batch for segregation.
• The batches were autoclaved and 0.6 mL Clostridium acetobutylicum
was added to every batch.
• The batches were left for incubation in a shaking incubator at 37°C
and 40 RPM for 2 days.
• After optimum growth and total consumption of sugar, the biomass
build up was measured by taking the OD in spectrophotometer at 600
nm.
21. Response Curves
• The Optical Density of every run was
submitted to Design Expert as a response for
developing the response curves.
• The response curves were studied for
optimized values of all the four factors with
respect to the biomass buildup and the
optimized conditions for fermenter run were
obtained.
22. Response Curves
• The experimental results were fitted to a full quadratic
second order polynomial equation by applying multiple
regression analysis.
• OD = 3.07 - 0.18*A - 0.045*B + 0.31*C - 0.023*D + 0.14*AB
-0.022*AC + 0.14*AD - 0.31*BC - 0.13*BD - 0.30*CD -
0.62*A2 - 0.76*B2 - 0.53*C2 - 0.53*D2 + 0.53*A2B - 0.15*A2C
- 0.17*A2D + 0.30*AC2
• When the values of A-D were substituted in the above
equation, the predicted biomass production (Y) was
obtained.
• The predicted values were compared with the
experimentally obtained values, indicating that these data
were in reasonably close agreement.
24. Results
• The co-efficient of multiple determinations, R
squared was found to be 0.9992, which means
that model could explain 99.92% of the total
variations in the system.
• The relatively high value of R-squared
indicated that second order polynomial
equation is capable of representing the system
under the given experimental domain.
25. P-value
• The p value of a model
suggests that the
experimental design is
statistically significant and
not just a sampling error if
p<0.05.
• The p – value suggests the
significant models in the
experiment.
26. Curve between Trace metal solution and Vitamin solution
The optimum value for the graph was obtained by drawing perpendicular from the
top most point and extending them till the Vitamins and Trace Metal axis.
The optimized values for vitamin and trace metal according to graph are 0.02 mL
and 0.1 mL, respectively
27. Curve between trace metal solution and saline solution
The optimized condition for the graph was obtained by drawing perpendicular
from the top most point and extending them till the Saline and Trace Metal axis.
The optimized values for Saline and Trace Metal according to graph are 0.35 mL
and 0.1 mL, respectively.
28. Curve between trace metal solution and ammonium sulphate solution
The optimized condition for the graph was obtained by drawing perpendicular from
the top most point and extending them till the Ammonium sulphate and Trace
Metal axis.
The optimized values for Ammonium sulphate and Trace Metal according to graph
are 0.48 mL and 0.1 mL, respectively.
29. Curve between ammonium sulphate solution and vitamin solution
The optimized condition for graph was obtained by drawing perpendicular from the
top most point and extending them till the Vitamin and Ammonium sulphate axis.
The optimized values for Vitamin and Ammonia according to graph are 0.02 mL and
0.48 mL, respectively.
30. Curve between saline solution and ammonium sulphate solution
The optimized condition for graph was obtained by drawing perpendicular from the
top most point and extending them till the Saline and ammonium sulphate axis.
The optimized values for Saline and ammonium sulphate according to graph are 0.36
mL and 0.48 mL, respectively.
31. Curve between saline solution and vitamin solution
The optimized condition for graph was obtained by drawing perpendicular from the
top most point and extending them till the Saline and Vitamin axis.
The optimized values for Saline and vitamin solutions according to graph are 0.02
mL and 0.36 mL, respectively.
32. Conclusions
• A rice husk medium supplemented with other components
(chemically defined medium) was optimized for maximum
biomass production of C. acetobutylicum using statistical
methods.
• The optimized medium composition for maximum biomass
production was found to be 150 mL/L rice husk sugar
solution, 7.2 g/L ammonium sulfate, 0.84 g/L Magnesium
Sulphate, 3.8 g/L Pottasium Phosphate, 2 mL/L vitamin
solution and 10 mL/L trace metal solution.
• The software Design Expert was used for the response
surface methodology to obtain response curves and obtain
optimized values of the rice husk medium components
33. Optimized Composition
•For a bio fermenter run under
controlled conditions with a volume of
the tank equivalent to 2.2 L, 4.4 mL of
vitamin solution, 105.6 mL of Ammonia
solution, 79.2 mL Saline Solution and 22
mL of trace metal solution will provide
the best result of ABE Fermentation.
34. References
• [1] Yukihiro Tashiro & Kenji Sonomoto. Advances in butanol production by clostridia. Current Research,
Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (Microbiology Book
Series, Volume 2), Antonio Mendez Vilas (ed.), ISBN (13): 978-84-614-6195-0, Formatex Research Center
(Badajoz, Spain), p. 1383-1394 (2010.12).
• [2] Ajay Kumar, Kalyani Mohanta, Devendra Kumar and Om Parkash, Properties and Industrial Applications
of Rice Husk: A review, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN
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