Seminar report on conversion of plastic waste into fuels

1. Conversion of Plastic
Wastes into Fuels
Presented by
Padam Kumar Yadav
2011UME1530

2. Content
1. Introduction
2. Material
3. Process
4. Result
5. Applications
6. Conclusion

3. What is plastic ?
• The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements
such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulphur.
• Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization and having the
ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of heat
and pressure or any other form of forces.
• It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose environmental
problem.
• Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the
manufacturing of plastics.

4. Why do we need to convert waste
plastic into fuel ?
• According to a recent study performed by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) approximately billion of tons of waste plastic are
generated in the world every year.
• Statistics show that approximately 10% of this plastic is recycled, 25% is
incinerated and the remaining 65% is dumped in landfills.
• The cost of waste plastic management is around $2800/ton of waste
plastics.
• Incineration is an alternative to landfill disposal of plastic wastes, but
this practice could result in the formation of unacceptable emissions of
gases such as nitrous oxide, sulfur oxides, dusts, dioxins and other
toxins.
• The option of secondary recycling or mechanical recycling, which is the
reprocessing of plastic waste into new plastic products with a lower
quality level, is not showing any signs of growth in the recycling industry
• The method of converting the polymers present in the waste plastics
into Fuel.

5. Selection of plastic……
Reference: Thermofuel – “ Pyrolysis of waste plastic to produce Liquid Hydroocarbons” Dr. P.V. Thorata*, Miss. Sandhya Warulkara ,Miss.Harshal Sathonea a*Head of Department , a Assistant Professor a Department of Polymer Technology, College
of engineering and technology Akola, NH6, Murtizapur Road,

6. Conversion of plastic waste into liquid
fuel…

7. Result & discussion…
• The curve shows that maximum
mass loss related to volatilization
of hydrocarbons occurred at
673K. Total 99.98 % mass changes
occurred from 448.5K to 673K.
The residue mass was 0.2 % and
was found constant upto 1273K
TGA curve of waste LDPE.

8. • It can be seen from
the results that
maximum conversion
into liquid product
69.73 % was achieved
with calcium carbide
catalyst at 623K
temperature.
Temperature optimization for catalytic pyrolysis of
waste plastic

9. • In the absence of
catalyst the
conversion into
liquid was only 10.0
%, while in the
presence of catalyst
the yield of liquid
increased up to
69.73 %
Catalyst mass optimization for catalytic
pyrolysis of waste LDPE

10. • It was investigated
that 60 minutes
reaction time
sufficient for
maximum conversion
into liquid product. At
this optimum time the
conversion into liquid
was 69.73 %, which
was the maximum
conversion
Time optimization for catalytic pyrolysis of
waste LDPE
Reference: Catalytic conversion of waste low density polyethylene into fuel oil
Fazal Mabood *,a, M Rasul Jan b, Jasmin Shah c, Farah Jabeen d, Zahid Hussain e
a Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, N.W.F.P., Pakistan
b University of Malakand, Chakdara, N.W.F.P., Pakistan
c Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Pakistan
d Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar,
N.W.F.P, Pakistan
e Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, N.W.F.P,Pakistan
Received 18 February 2010; received in revised form 10 May 2010; accepted 20 May 2010

11. Characterization of liquid product
Physical parameters of various fractions collected at different
temperatures from fractional distillation of oil obtained using CaC2
catalyst

12. Standards parameter of gasoline, diesel and kerosene oil
Reference: Catalytic conversion of waste low density polyethylene into fuel oil
Fazal Mabood *,a, M Rasul Jan b, Jasmin Shah c, Farah Jabeen d, Zahid Hussain e
a Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, N.W.F.P., Pakistan
b University of Malakand, Chakdara, N.W.F.P., Pakistan
c Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Pakistan
d Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar,
N.W.F.P, Pakistan
e Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, N.W.F.P,Pakistan
Received 18 February 2010; received in revised form 10 May 2010; accepted 20 May 2010

13. Typical properties of oil derived from catalytic pyrolysis of oil obtained
from catalytic pyrolysis of waste LDPE

14. Performance characteristics
• Break thermal efficiency
• The experimental study on a
single cylinder, four-stroke, air
cooled DI diesel engine with
waste plastic oil5, Results the
thermal efficiency is 28.2% at
rated power for diesel and for
the waste plastic oil it is
27.4%.
Variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power
• Break Specific fuel consumption
Brake specific fuel consumption
measures how efficiently an engine is using the
fuel supplied to produce work. it is inversely
proportional to thermal efficiency, The brake
specific fuel consumption for the
waste plastic oil varies from 0.574 g/kWh at no
load to 10.297 g/kWh at full load for standard
injection timing, and it varies from0.514 g/kWh
at no load to 0.235 g/kWh at full load for
retarded injection timing.
At full load, WPPO blends show the
specific fuel consumption higher than the
diesel. The main reason for this could be that
percent increase in fuel required to operate the
engine is less than the percent increase in
brake power due to
relatively less portion of the heat losses at
higher loads

15. • Exhaust gas temperature
• This result in higher exhaust gas temperature in the case of waste plastic oil
compared to diesel5. An experiment study on waste plastic oil and diesel fuel blends
in compression ignition engine proved that the exhaust gas temperature increases
with load because more fuel is burnt to meet the power requirement. It seen that in
the case of WPO operation, the exhaust gas temperature ranges from 240oC at low
load to 450oC at full load whereas in the case of DF operation it ranges from 221oC at
low load to 417oC at full load. For WPO 10 and WPO 30, at full load the exhaust gas
temperature marginally increases to 420oC and 424oC respectively
Variation of exhaust gas temperature with load
Reference: Waste plastic Pyrolysis oil Alternative Fuel for CI Engine – A Review
Pawar Harshal R. and Lawankar Shailendra M.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, GCOE, Amravati, MS, INDIA

16. Feasibility…..
• The production of the fuels from the waste plastic of various
sorts has been carried out a number of times to arrive at the
unit cost of production. The break - up of the cost for per kg
input of the plastic and the related output for the same is
depicted in the Table
Process for 1 kg input and yield of the output
Reference : Conversion of Plastic Wastes into Fuels Antony Raja and Advaith Murali
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur 602105, India
Received: October 23, 2010 / Accepted: November 10, 2010 / Published: June 10, 2011.

17. Applications in real world….
• The city-based Sustainable Technologies & Environmental
Projects (STEPS) plans to set up a plant to convert plastic
waste into light diesel, calorific value combustible gas and
carbon pellets.
• The company has succeeded in generating diesel from
waste plastic, for which it won the Lockheed Martin
Innovations Award three times.
• Pune Municipal Corporation, India is planning on running a
pilot project that will convert plastic into fuel for generators.

18. Conclusion
• Plastics present a major threat to today's society and environment. Over 14
million tons of plastics are dumped into the oceans annually, killing about
1,000,000 species of oceanic life. Though mankind has awoken to this threat
and responded with developments in creating degradable bio plastics ,
there is still no conclusive effort done to repair the damage already caused.
• In this regard, the catalytic pyrolysis studied here presents an efficient, clean
and very effective means of removing the debris that we have left behind
over the last several decades.
• By converting plastics to fuel, we solve two issues, one of the large plastic
seas, and the other of the fuel shortage. This dual benefit, though will exist
only as long as the waste plastics last, but will surely provide a strong
platform for us to build on a sustainable, clean and green future. By taking
into account the financial benefits of
• such a project, it would be a great boon to our economy.