1) The document discusses a study on using biosurfactants produced by microorganisms to improve mobilization of hydrocarbons during microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR).
2) Four hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Citrobacter, and Escherichia) were isolated from contaminated soil samples. Tests showed two isolates could produce biosurfactants.
3) In core flooding experiments, primary recovery obtained 25% of oil, water flooding (secondary recovery) obtained 20%, and MEOR using biosurfactants obtained up to 50% of original oil in place, showing its potential to improve oil recovery.
Mineralization Of Diesel-Base Engine Oil By Fungi Isolated From Selected Work...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Production of Amphiphilic Surfactant Molecule From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae M...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Mineralization Of Diesel-Base Engine Oil By Fungi Isolated From Selected Work...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Production of Amphiphilic Surfactant Molecule From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae M...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Chemical characterization of Cinachyrella tarentina: Sponge of Atlantic Moroc...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Currently, marine organisms are a very important source of new molecules in pharmacology and thus in the development of new bioactive products. Sponges, in particular, given their very primitive origin and persistence during evolution, have developed a chemical defense system.The chemical study of Cinachyrella tarentina, marine sponge recognized by its antibacterial and antifungal activity was investigated for the first time in Morocco. The screening of Cinachyrella tarentina revels that it contains different levels of primary and secondary metabolites. The dosage of polyphenols was carried out using the reagent Foulin-Ciocalteu. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH test. The fatty acid composition determined by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed a predominance of palmitic and stearic acids. Furthermore, we found the presence of several sterols which cholesterol and sitosterol are the most abundants. Keywords: Antioxydant activity, Chemical composition, Cinachyrella tarentina, Marine sponge, Polyphenols.
Profiling of Zn2+ Ion Sorption in Modeled Aqueous Solutions by different Part...IOSRJAC
The efficiency of the husk, stalk, cob and seed chaff from maize biomass in the removal of Zn2+ ions from solution under different conditions was studied and compared. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of the different biomass parts before and after adsorption of metal ions showed that the husk and cob had more available functional groups and as such active sites for the adsorption of Zn2+ ions than the seed chaff and stalk. Percentage removal of Zn2+ions from solution increased with increase in the studied pH range for all the parts. This value also increased with increase in biomass load for the husk and cob but showed an alternating increase and decrease in Zn2+ ions removal as biomass load increased when the seed chaff and stalk were studied. At optimum pH and biomass load for the studied parts the maize husk gave the best removal efficiency of 72.8 %, making it a promising green packing material for industrial scale water treatment application.
Effect of some cover crops and their secondary metabolites on nitrous oxide (...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Using a Pseudomonas denitrifying bacterium, which had been isolated from Japanese Andisol corn farm as an active nitrous oxide (N2O) emitter and likely to be missing nosZ gene, we investigated denitrification-regulating activity of some cover crops or green manure plants against this N2O emitter. In the preliminary screening, root exudates from the 10 seedlings of yellow flowering leaf mustard (Brassica juncea) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) showed 50% repression of the N2O emission by an incomplete denitrifier Pseudomonas sp. 05CFM15-6D. When direct extracts of the seedling roots with MeOH were assayed, however, only the seedlings of B. juncea showed a remarkable inhibition of bacterial cell growth and N2O emission at concentration equivalent to 10 seedlings. The root extract from B. juncea equivalent to 2 to 4 seedlings maintained inhibiting activity toward N2O emission, while it did not affect bacterial cell growth. Conversely, water-soluble fraction from aboveground of European small radish (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) sprouts showed statistically significant acceleration of N2O emission (P<0.01) with slight but insignificant cell growth activation. As some secondary metabolites are uniquely contained in these cover crops, suppressing or accelerating activity of such phytochemicals in N2O emission was also investigated. Allyl isothiocyanate at 30 µM markedly inhibited N2O emission of the Pseudomonas denitrifier but not suppressed its cell growth. In contrast, methyl isothiocyanate sinigrin, cyanamide, and betanin did not affect on N2O emission of the denitrifier at 150-300 µM.
The acute toxicity of oily drill cuttings against the littoral mangrove periwinkle (T. fuscutas) of the Lagos Lagoon was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay. In this study, the result showed that the acute toxicity of oily drill cuttings based on immobility response of Tympanotonus fuscatus increased with time of exposure. The concentration that caused 50% immobility in the organisms at 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs and 96hrs were 3808.80ml/L 660.89ml/L, 302.28ml/L and 102.43ml/L respectively. The median lethal concentration of drill cuttings against T. fuscatcus decreased as the duration of exposure increased. The analysis of variance (ANONA) showed that there was significant difference (p< 0.05) between all the treatments at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of exposure. The significance of these result is the need to include bio accumulators such as T.fuscatus in monitoring programmes aimed at establishing the environmental level of such pollutant as oily drill cuttings in aquatic ecosystem.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pullulanase Producing Bacillus St...YogeshIJTSRD
Pullulanase is an extracellular carbohydrase responsible for the hydrolysis of pullulan and amylopectin toproduce maltotriose. The product maltotriose is used in detergent industry, bakery industry and in the production of biotechnological products. In the present investigation pullulanase producing bacillus species were isolated and characterized using different biochemical and molecular methodologies. The isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis respectively.. The pullulanase acivity was higher in Bacillus cereus, 0.62U ml than B. thuringiensis, 0.53 U ml. This research reveals that pullulanase enzyme production from these Bacillus species shows great promise for use in industrial processes. Nwozor, N. C | Ogbo, F. C "Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pullulanase Producing Bacillus Strains" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45051.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45051/isolation-and-molecular-characterization-of-pullulanase-producing-bacillus-strains/nwozor-n-c
Fluoride is a typical component of natural waters and its concentration varies depending on the water resource. Water may be contaminated by natural sources like more alkaline ions (CO32-+HCO3->10.4 meq/l water) reacts with halite which comes from industrial effluents. This is ensuing in fluoride concentrations up to 12.7 mg F–/l where ground level of water is low. WHO standards and BIS: 105000, 1991 permit only 0.5-1.5 mg/dl as the upper permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water for the Indian context. Fluoride in excess of the permissible limits in drinking water causes a number of endemic conditions referred to collectively as “fluorosis”. This paper explores the sorptive answer of a recently developed adsorbent, Activated alumina finely grinded with coconut shell powder. The efficiency of the sorption of fluoride ion is affected by pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, type and size of adsorbents. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Freundlich and Langmuir models
Biodegradation Potentials of Aspergillus Flavipes Isolated from Uburu and Okp...YogeshIJTSRD
Saline lakes are water bodies with salinity greater than 3 g l 0.3 , while hypersaline lakes are water bodies that surpass the moderate 35 g l 3.5 salt of oceans. Hypersaline lakes, could either be thalassohaline which are creations of evaporation of seawater and as such contain sodium chloride as the major salt, with a salinity that surpasses that of seawater by a factor of 5 – 10, with a neutral or slightly alkaline pH . Whereas, athalassohaline lakes stem from non seawater sources and are made up of high concentrations of ions such as magnesium and calcium and sundry other ions such as potassium, or sodium in smaller amounts. This work has revealed the biodegradation potentials of some halophiles isolated from Uburu and Okposi salt lakes. The isolates recovered in descending order of salt tolerance were Aspergillus flavipes 13mm at 40 , Penicillium citrinum 10mm at 40 , Aspergillus ochraceus 9mm at 40 , Aspergillus nomius 15mm at 35 , Microsphaeropsis arundinis 12mm at 35 , Aspergillus sydowi 28mm at 30 , Penicillium janthinellum 26mm at 30 , Mucor sp 13mm at 30 , Aureobasidium sp 12mm at 30 , Trichoderma sp 9mm at 30 , Alternaria sp. 22mm at 25 , Aspergillus sp 18mm at 25 , Penicillium sp 20mm at 20 , Cladosporium sp. 7mm at 15 and identified using ITS rDNA Sequencing Macrogen, South Korea . They belonged to the borderline extreme halophiles and moderate halophiles respectively. The biodegradative potential of Aspergillus flavipes was ascertained by testing it against 2 , 4 and 6 crude oil and it grew only on 2 crude oil Bushnell Haas broth with a fungal count of 2.56x105 cfu ml. Crude oil degradation rate was evaluated biweekly gravimetrically with 22 degradation in 2 weeks, 36 in 4 weeks, 67 in 6 weeks and 89 in 8 weeks as well as by way of gas chromatography GC FID , which showed that fractions C10 C11 were significantly degraded, C12 C20, moderately degraded and C26 C34, insignificantly degraded. Kingsley C. Agu | Frederick J. C. Odibo "Biodegradation Potentials of Aspergillus Flavipes Isolated from Uburu and Okposi Salt Lakes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44949.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/44949/biodegradation-potentials-of-aspergillus-flavipes-isolated-from-uburu-and-okposi-salt-lakes/kingsley-c-agu
Assessment of the Coliform Bacterial Load of Some Drinking Water Sources in D...Scientific Review SR
Drinking water samples from 5 sachet water companies, 3 boreholes and 2 taps, collected from different locations of Dutse Metropolis of Jigawa State, Nigeria were analysed for coliform bacterial counts using the Membrane Filtration Technique. All the samples contained some amounts of total coliforms, but mostly within permissible levels. Thirty three percent (33%) of the samples from borehole, 60% from sachet water and 100% from the taps contained faecal coliforms, which indicates contamination. Cultures of the faecal coliforms obtained were morphologically identified using the gram-staining procedure and some series of biochemical tests were carried out in order to identify the organisms. The identified organisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. Presence of coliforms above the regulatory set standards indicates contamination and un-safeness of the water for drinking. Presence of organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. necessitates improvement in monitoring and water hygiene practices to improve the quality of drinking water in the study area.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Chemical characterization of Cinachyrella tarentina: Sponge of Atlantic Moroc...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Currently, marine organisms are a very important source of new molecules in pharmacology and thus in the development of new bioactive products. Sponges, in particular, given their very primitive origin and persistence during evolution, have developed a chemical defense system.The chemical study of Cinachyrella tarentina, marine sponge recognized by its antibacterial and antifungal activity was investigated for the first time in Morocco. The screening of Cinachyrella tarentina revels that it contains different levels of primary and secondary metabolites. The dosage of polyphenols was carried out using the reagent Foulin-Ciocalteu. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH test. The fatty acid composition determined by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed a predominance of palmitic and stearic acids. Furthermore, we found the presence of several sterols which cholesterol and sitosterol are the most abundants. Keywords: Antioxydant activity, Chemical composition, Cinachyrella tarentina, Marine sponge, Polyphenols.
Profiling of Zn2+ Ion Sorption in Modeled Aqueous Solutions by different Part...IOSRJAC
The efficiency of the husk, stalk, cob and seed chaff from maize biomass in the removal of Zn2+ ions from solution under different conditions was studied and compared. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of the different biomass parts before and after adsorption of metal ions showed that the husk and cob had more available functional groups and as such active sites for the adsorption of Zn2+ ions than the seed chaff and stalk. Percentage removal of Zn2+ions from solution increased with increase in the studied pH range for all the parts. This value also increased with increase in biomass load for the husk and cob but showed an alternating increase and decrease in Zn2+ ions removal as biomass load increased when the seed chaff and stalk were studied. At optimum pH and biomass load for the studied parts the maize husk gave the best removal efficiency of 72.8 %, making it a promising green packing material for industrial scale water treatment application.
Effect of some cover crops and their secondary metabolites on nitrous oxide (...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Using a Pseudomonas denitrifying bacterium, which had been isolated from Japanese Andisol corn farm as an active nitrous oxide (N2O) emitter and likely to be missing nosZ gene, we investigated denitrification-regulating activity of some cover crops or green manure plants against this N2O emitter. In the preliminary screening, root exudates from the 10 seedlings of yellow flowering leaf mustard (Brassica juncea) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) showed 50% repression of the N2O emission by an incomplete denitrifier Pseudomonas sp. 05CFM15-6D. When direct extracts of the seedling roots with MeOH were assayed, however, only the seedlings of B. juncea showed a remarkable inhibition of bacterial cell growth and N2O emission at concentration equivalent to 10 seedlings. The root extract from B. juncea equivalent to 2 to 4 seedlings maintained inhibiting activity toward N2O emission, while it did not affect bacterial cell growth. Conversely, water-soluble fraction from aboveground of European small radish (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) sprouts showed statistically significant acceleration of N2O emission (P<0.01) with slight but insignificant cell growth activation. As some secondary metabolites are uniquely contained in these cover crops, suppressing or accelerating activity of such phytochemicals in N2O emission was also investigated. Allyl isothiocyanate at 30 µM markedly inhibited N2O emission of the Pseudomonas denitrifier but not suppressed its cell growth. In contrast, methyl isothiocyanate sinigrin, cyanamide, and betanin did not affect on N2O emission of the denitrifier at 150-300 µM.
The acute toxicity of oily drill cuttings against the littoral mangrove periwinkle (T. fuscutas) of the Lagos Lagoon was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay. In this study, the result showed that the acute toxicity of oily drill cuttings based on immobility response of Tympanotonus fuscatus increased with time of exposure. The concentration that caused 50% immobility in the organisms at 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs and 96hrs were 3808.80ml/L 660.89ml/L, 302.28ml/L and 102.43ml/L respectively. The median lethal concentration of drill cuttings against T. fuscatcus decreased as the duration of exposure increased. The analysis of variance (ANONA) showed that there was significant difference (p< 0.05) between all the treatments at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of exposure. The significance of these result is the need to include bio accumulators such as T.fuscatus in monitoring programmes aimed at establishing the environmental level of such pollutant as oily drill cuttings in aquatic ecosystem.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pullulanase Producing Bacillus St...YogeshIJTSRD
Pullulanase is an extracellular carbohydrase responsible for the hydrolysis of pullulan and amylopectin toproduce maltotriose. The product maltotriose is used in detergent industry, bakery industry and in the production of biotechnological products. In the present investigation pullulanase producing bacillus species were isolated and characterized using different biochemical and molecular methodologies. The isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis respectively.. The pullulanase acivity was higher in Bacillus cereus, 0.62U ml than B. thuringiensis, 0.53 U ml. This research reveals that pullulanase enzyme production from these Bacillus species shows great promise for use in industrial processes. Nwozor, N. C | Ogbo, F. C "Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pullulanase Producing Bacillus Strains" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45051.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45051/isolation-and-molecular-characterization-of-pullulanase-producing-bacillus-strains/nwozor-n-c
Fluoride is a typical component of natural waters and its concentration varies depending on the water resource. Water may be contaminated by natural sources like more alkaline ions (CO32-+HCO3->10.4 meq/l water) reacts with halite which comes from industrial effluents. This is ensuing in fluoride concentrations up to 12.7 mg F–/l where ground level of water is low. WHO standards and BIS: 105000, 1991 permit only 0.5-1.5 mg/dl as the upper permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water for the Indian context. Fluoride in excess of the permissible limits in drinking water causes a number of endemic conditions referred to collectively as “fluorosis”. This paper explores the sorptive answer of a recently developed adsorbent, Activated alumina finely grinded with coconut shell powder. The efficiency of the sorption of fluoride ion is affected by pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, type and size of adsorbents. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Freundlich and Langmuir models
Biodegradation Potentials of Aspergillus Flavipes Isolated from Uburu and Okp...YogeshIJTSRD
Saline lakes are water bodies with salinity greater than 3 g l 0.3 , while hypersaline lakes are water bodies that surpass the moderate 35 g l 3.5 salt of oceans. Hypersaline lakes, could either be thalassohaline which are creations of evaporation of seawater and as such contain sodium chloride as the major salt, with a salinity that surpasses that of seawater by a factor of 5 – 10, with a neutral or slightly alkaline pH . Whereas, athalassohaline lakes stem from non seawater sources and are made up of high concentrations of ions such as magnesium and calcium and sundry other ions such as potassium, or sodium in smaller amounts. This work has revealed the biodegradation potentials of some halophiles isolated from Uburu and Okposi salt lakes. The isolates recovered in descending order of salt tolerance were Aspergillus flavipes 13mm at 40 , Penicillium citrinum 10mm at 40 , Aspergillus ochraceus 9mm at 40 , Aspergillus nomius 15mm at 35 , Microsphaeropsis arundinis 12mm at 35 , Aspergillus sydowi 28mm at 30 , Penicillium janthinellum 26mm at 30 , Mucor sp 13mm at 30 , Aureobasidium sp 12mm at 30 , Trichoderma sp 9mm at 30 , Alternaria sp. 22mm at 25 , Aspergillus sp 18mm at 25 , Penicillium sp 20mm at 20 , Cladosporium sp. 7mm at 15 and identified using ITS rDNA Sequencing Macrogen, South Korea . They belonged to the borderline extreme halophiles and moderate halophiles respectively. The biodegradative potential of Aspergillus flavipes was ascertained by testing it against 2 , 4 and 6 crude oil and it grew only on 2 crude oil Bushnell Haas broth with a fungal count of 2.56x105 cfu ml. Crude oil degradation rate was evaluated biweekly gravimetrically with 22 degradation in 2 weeks, 36 in 4 weeks, 67 in 6 weeks and 89 in 8 weeks as well as by way of gas chromatography GC FID , which showed that fractions C10 C11 were significantly degraded, C12 C20, moderately degraded and C26 C34, insignificantly degraded. Kingsley C. Agu | Frederick J. C. Odibo "Biodegradation Potentials of Aspergillus Flavipes Isolated from Uburu and Okposi Salt Lakes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44949.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/44949/biodegradation-potentials-of-aspergillus-flavipes-isolated-from-uburu-and-okposi-salt-lakes/kingsley-c-agu
Assessment of the Coliform Bacterial Load of Some Drinking Water Sources in D...Scientific Review SR
Drinking water samples from 5 sachet water companies, 3 boreholes and 2 taps, collected from different locations of Dutse Metropolis of Jigawa State, Nigeria were analysed for coliform bacterial counts using the Membrane Filtration Technique. All the samples contained some amounts of total coliforms, but mostly within permissible levels. Thirty three percent (33%) of the samples from borehole, 60% from sachet water and 100% from the taps contained faecal coliforms, which indicates contamination. Cultures of the faecal coliforms obtained were morphologically identified using the gram-staining procedure and some series of biochemical tests were carried out in order to identify the organisms. The identified organisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. Presence of coliforms above the regulatory set standards indicates contamination and un-safeness of the water for drinking. Presence of organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. necessitates improvement in monitoring and water hygiene practices to improve the quality of drinking water in the study area.
Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
A total of 20 samples were collected from contaminated (oil contaminated) as well as non-contaminated (agricultural) sites. A
total of 10 bacterial isolates were recovered from these samples out of which 6 were recovered from non contaminated sites
and 4 were recovered from contaminated sites gave emulsification index ranged from 44% to 73%. Different carbon sources
viz. maltose, starch, sucrose, mannitol and nitrogen sources viz. urea, peptone, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate
were screened to obtain optimum emulsification activity by KMSS09 and KIWS11. In this study mannitol and peptone was
evaluated as best carbon and nitrogen source for the production of bioemulsifier. Further these potential isolates were
evaluated for some environmental applications viz. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon
assay having important role in bioremediation. The percentage oil recovered by KMSS09, KIWS11 and P. aeruginosa MTCC
2297 was 51.67%, 71.67% and 85.0% respectively. In BATH assay, percentage of bacterial adherence by KMSS09, KIWS11
and P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 was 80.4%, 86.3% and 93.2% respectively showing wide applicability in bioremediation for
pollution remediation of metal and hydrocarbon contaminated field.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Spore Forming Bacterium from Oil Contaminated Soil as a Source of a Lipase En...IOSRJPBS
Twenty two bacterial isolates were obtained from oil contaminated soil, collected from some oil stations in Jeddah. All the obtained bacterial isolates were screened on Tween-Yeast extract medium for lipase production. Three bacterial isolates HM10, HM15 and HM20 showed the highest growth and lipase production agar medium, thus they were grown in liquid olive oil medium at 120 rpm. Maximum lipase production was obtained by the isolate HM10. The isolate HM10 was characterized and identified through physiological, biochemical tests and culture characteristics in addition to 16S rDNA as Bacillus coagulans. The effects of different factors on the enzyme production were studied. It was found that bacterial growth in medium 4 at initial pH 7.0, containing olive oil and incubation at 37ºC for 2 days at 120 rpm were the most favorable conditions for maximum lipase production by the tested isolate. The bacterial isolate was grown using the best culture conditions and lipase was precipitated using 80% of ammonium sulphate, purified using colum chromatography and characterized. The molecular weight was 62 kDa and the maximum enzyme activity was at 50ºC and pH 7.0. Presence of K + and Ca++ ions enhance enzyme activity.
Optimization of ABE Fermentation from Rice Husk Medium using Clostridium acet...pranavdadhich
A chemically defined medium was optimised for the biomass production of Clostridium acetobutylicum in the fermentor using rice husk as the carbon source.
Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential of Cyanobacteria in Oil Polluted Soilijtsrd
Petroleum hydrocarbon is one of the most common environmental pollutants in Nigeria and other countries. Its debilitating effects on arable lands and water bodies have far reaching consequences to agriculture and aquatic life. Several bioremediation strategies have been developed over the years in a bid to manage this type of pollution. Cyanobacteria are a group of microorganisms possessing the potential to be harnessed as bioremediation alternatives. This study sought to conduct bioremediation of crude oil polluted oil usung cyanobacteria. Organisms were isolated from crude oil polluted soil and were identified using molecular typing. A 200 ml portion of broth cultures of organisms was used singly and in consortium in different set ups to bio remedaite the polluted soil samples. Gas chromatography was used to monitor the residual total petroleum hydrocarbon TPH in each set up for a period of thirty days. Microcystisholsatica, Chlorella kessleriand Anabaena cicadae were identified from polluted soil samples. Chlorella kessleri gave a 94.10 TPH loss, while Anabaena cicadae gave 91.10 and their co culture set up gave a 95 TPH loss and the control experiment had 2.10 TPH loss. Temperature of the reacting systems was mesophilic and the pH was at weak acid range. This study thus has shown that cyanoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of soil is possible and efficient and should be adopted more often Agu, K. C. | Orji, M. U. | Ikele, M. O. | Uwanta, L. I. | Onyeneho, V. I "Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential of Cyanobacteria in Oil Polluted Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52397.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/52397/hydrocarbon-biodegradation-potential-of-cyanobacteria-in-oil-polluted-soil/agu-k-c
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fractionation of Wheat StrawMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
The primary productivity of phytoplankton, macroalgae, and seagrasses forms the base of marine ecosystem structuring in aquatic environments. Primary productivity is affected by various environmental factors and ecological processes that usually interact in a complex manner. The rate of primary production usually governs the overall ecosystem health and ecological productivity of a water body, and any observed trends may reveal the occurrence of potential stresses on existing ecosystems. Along the Saudi Gulf coast, primary productivity monitoring may help provide the basis for identifying the potential stressors to the coastal marine environments. Foremost among the considerations is the potential adverse effect of excessive anthropogenic nutrient loadings, which may lead to eutrophication events that can adversely impact on ecosystem health. In addition, high nutrient loads from man-made activities may trigger the excessive growth of some toxic phytoplankton species, potentially resulting in harmful algal blooms (HABs) with serious human health risks and negative economic impacts.
This study is geared towards monitoring the primary productivity levels in selected areas of the Saudi Gulf waters to identify areas of concern as regards hyper-nutrification, ecological disturbance, and potential hot spots for HAB events. Nutrient loadings and the identification of potential HAB organisms will form a special focus of the investigations.
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO BIOREA...civej
This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1 from
1500 mg L-1 after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1 from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1 from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
Isolation of Yeasts from Raisins and Palm-Juice and Ethanol Production in Mol...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
The alternative fuels are expected to satisfy the progressive demand for energy on the wake of the negative effects of fossil fuel on the atmosphere and resultant universal warming. In this study two ethanol fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisae were isolated from Palm juice and Raisins. Both isolates were grown in Yeast extract Peptone Dextrose (YEPD) medium and characterized for alcoholic fermentation using molasses medium and optimized for pH, thermo-, osmo-, ethanol tolerance and sugar concentration. Results showed for ethanol fermentation, 31°C temperature, 6.01 pH and 6.50% sugar concentration is the prime condition. Raisin-isolate emerged as highly thermophilic and stress tolerant in nature. Under optimized conditions, S. cerevisae isolated from Palmjuice produced 9.85% of ethanol in the medium. Creation of ethanol through fermentation appears to be a potential other fossil fuel and can be used as exclusive fuel in vehicles with dedicated engines or in fuel blends.
Effect of Various Parameters on the Growth and Ethanol Production by Yeasts I...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
Two ethanol fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from date juice and grapes and grown in YEPD medium. They were characterized for alcoholic fermentation using sugarcane molasses and their growth conditions were optimized with respect to pH and sugar concentration. Results revealed a temperature of 30ºC, pH 6.0 and 6.5% sugar concentration as optimum for fermentation. Stress tolerance tests showed that date juice isolate was highly tolerant to temperature, pH and high ethanol concentration in the medium. Under optimized conditions, S. cerevisiae isolated from date-juice produced 7.75% of ethanol in molasses as estimated by Conway method.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Empowering NextGen Mobility via Large Action Model Infrastructure (LAMI): pav...
I04554348
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 04, Issue 05 (May. 2014), ||V5|| PP 43-48
International organization of Scientific Research 43 | P a g e
Improved Mobilization of Hydrocarbons during MEOR
Application
Nmegbu, Chukwuma Godwin J1
and Pepple, Daniel Dasigha2
1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria.
2
(Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria.
Abstract: - Microbial enhanced oil recovery application (MEOR) is a potentially attractive way to recover
additional oil from a reservoir. This study reveals the ability of microorganisms for mobilization and
displacement of residual oil in sand pack cores by the action of produced biosurfactant. Isolates of hydrocarbon-
utilizing bacteria were identified as pseudomonas, Bascillus, Citrobacter and Escherichia, using microscopic
examination and biochemical tests. Three of the listed microbes were confirmed to be potential biosurfactant-
producing microbes by testing the spent culture filtrate of the isolates. Pseudomonas and Escherichia were
observed to produce biosurfactants only on nutrient broth, which was observed to emulsify hydrocarbons. The
flooding experiment also showed that primary recovery accounts for about 25% and that of secondary oil
recovery (brine chase) approximates 20% of original oil in place. The maximum oil recovery achieved by
tertiary oil recovery (MEOR) using biosurfactants was approximately 50% OOIP. These biochemical tests
conclusively reveal that biosurfactant slugs are technically feasible for maximizing oil recovery by reducing
interfacial tension for improved mobilization of hydrocarbons.
Keywords: - Biosurfactants, Emulsification, Incubation time, isolates, Microbes.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the past, numerous microbial EOR projects have been conducted in various parts of the world with
varying degree of certainties. Petroleum microbiology has confirmed has caused the petroleum industry to still
consider MEOR as an experimental secondary enhance oil recovery method [1]. Reservoir microbiology has
shown that microorganisms are ubiquitous and exists in reservoirs as aerobic, facultative or anaerobic. For
MEOR, microbes are isolated, screened and selected before being injected into the reservoir with or without the
presence of substrates to support growth and metabolite production. Temperature, salinity, pressure and
reservoir permeability are some of the primary factors influencing microbial performance in-situ [2]. The
nutritional conditions required for growth of microbes include availability of utilizable source of energy, carbon
sources in addition to adequate levels of nitrogen, phosphate and oxygen if are utilizable if microbes are
aerobes. Anaerobes on the other hand utilize the hydrocarbon as nutrient sources [3]. Jack et al studied the
effects of plugging sandstone cores and the observation that the slime forming bacteria have large effects on
permeability reduction than similar non-slime forming species [4]. The effects of rock permeability on microbial
transport was examined by Jang et al, who also demonstrated experimentally how biopolymers help modify
formation permeability by reducing its sizes and helps in fluid diversion [5]. A demonstration of oil recovery
efficiency was conducted using several strains of Berea sandstone cores that was treated with microorganisms
was found to recover an average of 30% more residual light crude oil when compared to water flooding [6].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Microbial source
Biosurfactant-producing microbes were isolated from soil samples from a hydrocarbon contaminated
site with an electric generating plant to ensure proper identification of the microbes. These Soil samples were
recovered from a depth of 0 – 2 inches, placed in sterile bottles of 150ml capacity and transported to the
laboratory.
2.2 Isolation of biosurfactant producing bacteria (BFB)
The mineral salt model of Okpkowasili [7] was used to isolate the surfactant producing bacteria using
vapor phase transportation method. The components of the medium was weighed and dissolved in 1.0litre of
deionized water placed in 1.5litre capacity Erlenmeyer flask. The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at
120o
C at 15psi for 15mins, dispersed into sterile Petri dishes and allowed to set (cool). A gram of soil sample
was mixed with 9.0ml sterile saline and diluted serially to a final dilution of 10-5
. The incubation period was to
allow the development of an increased microbial population. Discrete colonies that developed on the plates were
2. Improved Mobilization of Hydrocarbons during MEOR Application
International organization of Scientific Research 44 | P a g e
further sub cultured on the sterile nutrient agar slant surfaces in McCartney bottles by streaking technique,
incubated at 30o
C for 24hrs and preserved culture fur further analysis.
2.3 Identification of isolates
The microscopic examination of cell morphology, biochemical tests, substrate utilization of carbon sources,
enzyme production and mobility test were employed to characterize and identify the isolates.
2.4 Microscopic examination of cell morphology
A smear of the culture was prepared on a clean grease-free glass slide, air-dried and heat fixed. The
smear was flooded with crystal violet solution for 30seconds and rinsed in a slow running tap water for 5
seconds. Alcohol (ethanol) was used to decolorize the slide content. The smear was rinsed immediately with
water, counter stained with safranin solution for 30seconds and air-dried. The stained smears were then
observed under the light microscope using the oil immersion objective lens. Gram B reagent and their
composition are presented below.
Gram’s stains
• Crystal violet solution
Ingredients composition
Crystal violet dye 0.5g
Deionized water 100ml
• Decolorizer (Alcohol solution)
Ingredients composition (%w/v)
Ethanol 95.0
• Gram’s iodine solution
Ingredient composition
Iodine 1.0g
Potassium iodine 2.0g
Deionized water 300ml
• Safranin solution
Ingredients composition
Safranon dye (0) 2.0g
Deionized water 100ml
2.5 Chemical Analyses of Biosurfactant Extracts.
Anchrone and phosphate test were used to characterize or classify the biosurfactant (or crude liquid).
2.5.1 Anthrone test
The method was adopted from Garhart et al [12]. Ten milliliter of distilled water was added to 0.1g extract 1 in a
beaker and vigorously shaken. 40ml of cold Anthrone reagent was added to l0ml of the sample solution in a
beaker and mixed by stirring, incubated in boiling water bath for 10 minutes. Color formation was determined
by measuring the absorbance at a wavelength of 25nm using colorimeter
2.5.2 Phosphate analysis
The ascorbic acid method was adopted in this test. 10ml of distilled water were added to 0.70g of the combined
reagent shaken vigorously. 16ml of the combined reagent were added to the content of the beaker and mixed by
swirling, after 15 minutes.
2.6 Core analysis
2.6.1 Sieve Analyses
The laboratory test sieve was used for the sieve grain size analysis. The sieve consisted of mesh grade
arrangement in decreasing order: 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 426µm, 212µm and 75µm. The sand sample was
placed in highest mesh grade i.e. 2.36mm and the sieve fixed. The power source was turned on and the sieve
was shaken for 15 minutes. This was repeated several times until sufficient amount of sample of the required
grain size was collected.
2.6.2 Pore volume and porosity determination
Ukpe’s saturation method was employed [10]. The bulk volume of sand sample required to fill the core
holder was determined with graduated cylinder. The sample was weighed dry (wd), saturated and reweighed
with water (Ws) (in a beaker). The experimental setup was constructed with glass, consisting of a core holder,
chemical reservoirs, pressurized tank and foot pump. The core holder is 2.2cm in diameter (internal) and 9.5cm
3. Improved Mobilization of Hydrocarbons during MEOR Application
International organization of Scientific Research 45 | P a g e
in length (effective height). The three chemical reservoirs for brine, biosurfactant slug and crude oil were of
250m1 capacity each. The pressurized tank and foot pump served as the pressure source to force fluids up the
core holder containing the sand sample.
2.6.3 Core flooding biosurfactant oil displacement:
The sand sample (unconsolidated) in the core holder was saturated with brine (10% v/w NaCl), about
1.0 pore volume (Vp). The brine saturated sand core was then flooded with the crude oil until approximately
zero water cut in effluent point was obtained. The volume of oil flooded and the irreducible water saturation was
determined.Brine flooding commenced after washing the system (manifold) with hot detergent solution and
proper rinsing. The flooding continued until residual oil saturation, initial, (Sor) was reached and determined
(secondary EOR).
The core was then saturated with about 1.5 pore volume of biosiurfactant solution (spent cultured
filtrate) and followed by “chase” brine flooding immediately, until no more oil was produced. This served as
zero (0) hour biosurfactant incubation time flooding. The experiment was repeated for different time 24, 48, 72,
96 and 120 hours. The final residual oil saturation (Sore) after biosurfactant saturation (incubation) and
subsequently “chase” brine for 0, 24, 48, 72, 92 and 120 hours, and percentage oil recovering was determined.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
3.1 Results for Isolates Characterization and Identification
Morphological and biochemical characteristics of the isolates were observed, six of the eight isolates
were Gram negative rods while the remaining two were Gram positive rods. Biochemical tests revealed that two
Gram positive rods were bacillus species, four out of the six were Gram negative rods, identified as
pseudomonas species, while the other two were identified as citrobacteria and Escherichia.
3.2 Growth of Isolates on Nutrient Broth and Hydrocarbons Products
The ability of four isolates GIB2, GIB3, GIB6, AND GIB8 to grow on petroleum products
(hydrocarbon) and nutrient broth are as follows; All the four isolates showed heavy growth in the nutrient broth
and diesel mineral salts broth. Isolates GIB2 and GIB8 were observed to grow in the kerosene-mineral salt
broth, GIB6 showed a weak growth. However, isolate GIB3 did not show growth in the kerosene-mineral salt
broth.
3.3 Results for Chemical Analysis of Biosurfactant extracts.
The Anthrone Reagent was prepared using 200mg of Anthrone, 100ml of H2SO4 (concentrated) and
5.0ml of Deionized water. For the Anthrone test, the development of deep green color was observed, indicating
a positive reaction while retention of light green color will indicate negative reaction.
On the other hand, the absorbance of the solution was measured at a wavelength of 620nm using distilled water
during the phosphate test. The development of blue color following addition of light green combined reagent
indicated a positive test.
The weight of biosurfactant extracts is presented as thus:
Table-1: Weights of biosurfactant from three determinants
Sample 1 2 3
Weight of
filtrates
(g/40ml)
0.10 0.08 0.09
Weight of
filtrates
(g/ml)
2.5x103
1.85x103
2.35x103
Weight of
filtrates
(mg/ml)
2.50 1.86 2.5
The biosurfactant extracts indicated positive tests for anthrone and phosphate tests. These reveal the presences
of carbohydrate (glucose) molecule and phosphate indicating, a mixture of glycolipid and phospholipids. Table
2 shows the result of the chemical analysis of the biosurfactant extracts.
4. Improved Mobilization of Hydrocarbons during MEOR Application
International organization of Scientific Research 46 | P a g e
Table-2: Chemical analysis of biosurfactant (crude liquid) extracts
Chemical
analysis
Extract sample class of biosurfactants
Anchrone + Glycolipid
Phosphate + Phospholipid
3.4 Results for Core analysis
The results of sieve/grain size pore volume and porosity determination are presented below in table 3.
Table-3: Physical characterization of the sand sample
Parameter analyzed Value obtained
Grain size 300 µm < XGS*
Pore volume 12.17 ±0.20cm3
Porosity 0.309±0.000
Irreducible water saturation (Swi) 0.097 ±0.008
Residual oil saturation (Sor) 0.2735 ± 0.001
xgs = grains size of sand
It indicates that the grains size of the sand sample employed was 300 µm < xgs <, 426 µm. The pore
volume and porosity of the sand sample were 12.17, I 0.29 cm3
and 0.309 ± 0.008, respectively. The irreducible
water saturation (Swi) following oil flooding and residual oil saturation (Sor) after brine (water) flooding are also
shown in Table 5. An oil yield of 50.18% of the residual oil was obtained following tertiary recovery at zero (0)
hours of biosurfactant incubation time (BIT). Sharp increase of oil recovery was obtained from 50.18% at zero
hour BIT to 51.89% at 24 hours BIT. Slight fluctuations in BIT percentage recovery were observed between 24
and 120 hours. The change in oil recovery versus BIT curve is described to be sigmoidal. Comparatively,
The total oil recovered from primary recovery; =
Secondary enhanced oil recovery with brine is =
Tertiary enhanced oil recovery using biosurfactant was =
Table-4: Weight of samples
parameter Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Weight of empty
beaker (g)
31.25 31.25 31.25
Weight of beaker +
weight of dry sand (g)
79.00 80.00 80.03
Weight of beaker +
saturated sand (g)
90.00 91.50 91.03
Weight of water(g) 11.00 11.50 11.00
Height of sand in core holder = 95.00mm
Diameter (internal) of core holder = 22.00mm
Table-5: Residual oil saturation, irreducible water saturation, residual oil saturation after biosurfactant action
and percentage oil recovery at various BIT
BIT(Hrs) 0 24 48 72 96 120
Swi * 0.091 0.109 0.087 0.093 0.099 0.103
Sor 0.273 0.264 0.256 0.263 0.292 0.287
Sore 0.136 0.127 0.123 0.126 0.140 0.137
R** 50.18 51.89 51.95 52.09 52.06 52.26
*Irreducible water saturation, Swi is expressed
(1)
5. Improved Mobilization of Hydrocarbons during MEOR Application
International organization of Scientific Research 47 | P a g e
where
= oil injected (cm3
), Water injected, (cm3
), Oil produced (if any) (cm3
), Vp = pore volume.
**Percentage oil recovery ( R) is given as;
(2)
where
Sor = Residual oil saturation after brine flooding (secondary recovery)
Sore = Residual oil saturation after biosurfactant (tertiary recovery)
IV. DISCUSSION
The process in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques designed to recover oil, commonly described
as residual oil after both primary and secondary recovery methods must have been employed is termed a called
tertiary recovery technique. One of these tertiary methods of recovery involves microbial enhanced oil recovery
(MEOR).However, the saturation of residual oil saturated sand pack (core) or reservoir at zero hour
biosurfactant incubation time flow followed by “chases” brine, flooding produced about 50.18% of the in-place
oil. A slight increase in recovery was obtained as the biosurfactant incubation time was increased to 24 hours
through 120 hours. Maximum recovery of 52.26% was obtained at 120hrs of biosurfactant incubation. This
increase in percentage recovery was as a result of interfacial tension reduction by the biosurfactants. The only
practical method of raising the capillary number for the reservoir to give improved recovery is by reducing the
interfacial tension to very low value.
Fig -1: Showing the plot of oil recovery against BIT
V. CONCLUSION
The primary aim of this study to improve oil mobility and sweep efficiency using microorganisms
(pseudomonas) was successfully achieved. Microbes grown on hydrocarbon produced interesting lipid
{Glycolipid and phospholipid} surfactants in agreement with the reports of Singer and Finnerty [16].
Biosurfactants in the spent culture filtrates was observed to emulsify hydrocarbons, reduces the interfacial
tension, thereby causing facilitating mobilization of the test crude. These findings are in conformity with that of
Okorie [8]. Although biosurfactants are not currently considered as chemical enhanced oil recovery agents in the
oil industry, potential applications have been indicated for these bioproducts in chemical flooding as revealed in
the study of Finnerty et al [9]. This work has demonstrated that biosurfactant produced by pseudomonas species
grown on hydrocarbon (kerosene) was able to mobilize residual oil and can be applicable on the field scale. It is
therefore recommended to test and confirm the lab-obtained result since a lab-scale cannot accurately
commensurate for field application.
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