This document discusses operational amplifiers and differential amplifiers. It defines operational amplifiers as integrated circuits that can amplify weak electric signals and have two input pins and one output pin to amplify the voltage difference between the inputs. Differential amplifiers are described as having two modes of operation: common mode and differential mode. The document also defines common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) as a measure of a differential amplifier's ability to reject common-mode input signals and amplify only the difference between its input signals.
PN junction diode –structure, operation and V-I characteristics, diffusion and transient capacitance - Rectifiers – Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier,– Display devices- LED, Laser diodes- Zener diodecharacteristics-Zener Reverse characteristics – Zener as regulator,TRANSISTORS, BJT, JFET, MOSFET- structure, operation, characteristics and Biasing UJT, Thyristor and IGBT Structure and characteristics,BJT small signal model – Analysis of CE, CB, CC amplifiers- Gain and frequency response –
MOSFET small signal model– Analysis of CS and Source follower – Gain and frequency response- High frequency analysis,BIMOS cascade amplifier, Differential amplifier – Common mode and Difference mode analysis – FET input stages – Single tuned amplifiers – Gain and frequency response – Neutralization methods, power amplifiers –Types (Qualitative analysis),Advantages of negative feedback – voltage / current, series , Shunt feedback –positive feedback – Condition for oscillations, phase shift – Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts and Crystal oscillators.
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is a unidirectional semiconductor device made of silicon.SCR is a three-terminal, four-layer semiconductor device consisting of alternate layers of p-type and n-type material.
PN junction diode –structure, operation and V-I characteristics, diffusion and transient capacitance - Rectifiers – Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier,– Display devices- LED, Laser diodes- Zener diodecharacteristics-Zener Reverse characteristics – Zener as regulator,TRANSISTORS, BJT, JFET, MOSFET- structure, operation, characteristics and Biasing UJT, Thyristor and IGBT Structure and characteristics,BJT small signal model – Analysis of CE, CB, CC amplifiers- Gain and frequency response –
MOSFET small signal model– Analysis of CS and Source follower – Gain and frequency response- High frequency analysis,BIMOS cascade amplifier, Differential amplifier – Common mode and Difference mode analysis – FET input stages – Single tuned amplifiers – Gain and frequency response – Neutralization methods, power amplifiers –Types (Qualitative analysis),Advantages of negative feedback – voltage / current, series , Shunt feedback –positive feedback – Condition for oscillations, phase shift – Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts and Crystal oscillators.
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is a unidirectional semiconductor device made of silicon.SCR is a three-terminal, four-layer semiconductor device consisting of alternate layers of p-type and n-type material.
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Mosfet
MOSFETs have characteristics similar to JFETs and additional characteristics that make them very useful.
There are 2 types:
• Depletion-Type MOSFET
• Enhancement-Type MOSFET
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
Original Uni-junction transistor or UJT is a simple device in which a bar of N-type semiconductor material into which P-type material is diffused; somewhere along its length defining the device parameter as intrinsic standoff. The 2N2646 is the most commonly used version of UJT.
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Mosfet
MOSFETs have characteristics similar to JFETs and additional characteristics that make them very useful.
There are 2 types:
• Depletion-Type MOSFET
• Enhancement-Type MOSFET
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
Original Uni-junction transistor or UJT is a simple device in which a bar of N-type semiconductor material into which P-type material is diffused; somewhere along its length defining the device parameter as intrinsic standoff. The 2N2646 is the most commonly used version of UJT.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS, DIFFERENTIAL, NON-INVERTING AND INSTRUMENTATIONAL AMP...Kramikauniyal
THEORY AND EXPLANATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AND ITS APPLICATION IN FORMING NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERS, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS, INSTRUMENTATIONAL AMPIFIERS ALONG WITH FEW SOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMS FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING, THE CONTENT IS PRECISE AND SUFFICIENT TO UNDERSTAND THE THEORY RELATED TO THE TOPICS
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Outlines
1 Introduction to Operational Amplifier
2 Types of Operational Amplifier
3 Differential Amplifier
Differential mode
Common mode
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
Dr. Varun Kumar (IIIT Surat) Unit-4 2 / 10
3. Introduction to Operational Amplifier
⇒ An operational amplifier is an integrated circuit that can amplify weak
electric signals.
⇒ An operational amplifier has two input pins and one output pin.
⇒ Its basic role is to amplify and output the voltage difference between
the two input pins.
Characteristics of ideal Op-Amp
⇒ Input resistance Ri → ∞
⇒ Output resistance R0 = 0
⇒ Voltage gain Av = −∞
⇒ Bandwidth = ∞
⇒ Characteristics do not drift with temperature.
Dr. Varun Kumar (IIIT Surat) Unit-4 3 / 10
4. Continued–
Op-amp symbol and its type
Types of op-amp
1 Non-inverting amplifier
2 Inverting amplifier
3 Differential amplifier
Dr. Varun Kumar (IIIT Surat) Unit-4 4 / 10
5. Continued–
(a) Basic operational amplifier
(b) Low frequency equivalent circuit of operational amplifier (V2 − V1 = Vi )
⇒ The open circuit voltage gain is Av and gain under load is AV
Dr. Varun Kumar (IIIT Surat) Unit-4 5 / 10
6. Virtual ground
(a) Inverting op-amp with aided voltage shunt feedback.
(b) Virtual ground in the op-amp.
Dr. Varun Kumar (IIIT Surat) Unit-4 6 / 10
7. Output voltage of op-amp in feedback network
⇒ Output voltage in case of inverting amplifier (Rf =feedback
resistance) and (R1 = Source resistance)
Vo = −
Rf
R1
Vi
⇒ Output voltage in case of non-inverting amplifier
Vo =
1 +
Rf
R1
Vi
Dr. Varun Kumar (IIIT Surat) Unit-4 7 / 10
8. Differential amplifier
In ideal differential amplifier, output voltage
vo = Ad (v1 − v2) (1)
Two modes of operation in diff-amp, i.e common mode and differential
mode
vc =
v1 + v2
2
and vd = v1 − v2 (2)
Note: If v0
1 = 50µV and v0
2 = −50µV , v0
d = 100µV . On the other side if
v1” = 1050µV and v2” = 950µV , vd ” = 100µV . In both cases output Vo
will not be same for differential amplifier.
Dr. Varun Kumar (IIIT Surat) Unit-4 8 / 10
9. Continued–
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR):
Let A1 is the voltage gain, if individual voltage v1 is applied and A2 for v2.
Output voltage
vo = A1v1 + A2v2 (3)
v1 = vc +
vd
2
and v2 = vc −
vd
2
(4)
or
vo = Acvc + Ad vd (5)
where
Ac ≡ A1 + A2 and Ad ≡
A1 − A2
2
(6)
Ad → Voltage gain for differential signal
Ac → Voltage gain for common mode signal
CMRR ≡ ρ ≡
16. Continued–
From (5) and (7), the output voltage can be expressed as
vo = Ad vd
1 +
1
ρ
vc
vd
(8)
Note: For ideal differential amplifier, CMRR→ ∞
Q Consider a situation, If v0
1 = 50µV and v0
2 = −50µV is one set of
input and v1” = 1050µV and v2” = 950µV is the another set of
input. If CMRR for a given op-amp is 100. Calculate
Percentage difference in output voltage for two signals.
Repeat the above problem for ρ = 10000.
Dr. Varun Kumar (IIIT Surat) Unit-4 10 / 10
