This document provides a history and overview of Linux. It discusses the prehistory of Linux including early operating systems like Unix, BSD, and MINIX. It then describes how Linus Torvalds created the first version of the Linux kernel in 1991 and made it open source. The document outlines some major versions of the Linux kernel and provides timelines showing the development and releases of popular Linux distributions like Debian, Red Hat, Ubuntu, and Android. It also summarizes several popular Linux desktop environments such as KDE, GNOME, Xfce, and Cinnamon.
Linux is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. As an operating system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer's hardware.
This ppt gives information about:
1. Administering the server
2. Correcting installation problems
3. Setting up user accounts
4. Connecting to the network
5. Configuring utilities
In the presentation I have tried to cover the Evolution of Linux as an Operating System. The most of the content used is freely available on Internet , I have just tried to streamline it and summarize it as cleanly as possible from my point of view. Any improvements, suggestions, comments are most welcom.
Linux is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. As an operating system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer's hardware.
This ppt gives information about:
1. Administering the server
2. Correcting installation problems
3. Setting up user accounts
4. Connecting to the network
5. Configuring utilities
In the presentation I have tried to cover the Evolution of Linux as an Operating System. The most of the content used is freely available on Internet , I have just tried to streamline it and summarize it as cleanly as possible from my point of view. Any improvements, suggestions, comments are most welcom.
This lecture goes into basic info about Linux and the GNU Project.
Check the other Lectures and courses in
http://Linux4EnbeddedSystems.com
or Follow our Facebook Group at
- Facebook: @LinuxforEmbeddedSystems
Lecturer Profile:
Ahmed ElArabawy
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedelarabawy
You will learn or know all of the fundamentals, introduction, history, and facts about UNIX and LINUX in this presentation.
So, let's get started. If you enjoy this and find the information beneficial, please like and share it with your friends.
Evaluating Teaching: SECTIONS.
Check out:
Bates, A. W., & Poole, G. (2003). Effective Teaching with Technology in Higher Education: Foundations for Success. Jossey-Bass, An Imprint of Wiley. 10475 Crosspoint Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46256.
Evaluating Teaching: Anstey and Watson Rubric
Check out:
Lauren M. Anstey & Gavan P.L. Watson. (2018), Rubric for eLearning Tool Evaluation. Centre for Teaching and Learning, Western University,
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-n c-sa/4.0/
Designing Teaching: ASSURE
Check out:
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., & Russell, J. D., (1993). Instructional Media and The New
Technologies of Instruction. New York: Macmillan
Designing Teaching: Laurilliard's Learning TypesDamian T. Gordon
Designing Teaching: Laurilliard's Learning Types
Check out:
Laurillard, D., 2013. Teaching as a design science: Building pedagogical patterns for learning and technology. Routledge.
Designing Teaching: Elaboration Theory
Check out:
Reigeluth, C. & Stein, F. (1983). The elaboration theory of instruction. In C. Reigeluth (ed.), Instructional Design Theories and Models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
5. Prehistory of Linux
• The Unix operating system was developed by
Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie of AT&T
Bell Laboratories in 1969 and first released in
1970.
6. Prehistory of Linux
• In 1977 the University of California, Berkeley
released a free UNIX-like system, Berkeley
Software Distribution (BSD). But BSD
contained Unix code, so AT&T sued.
7. Prehistory of Linux
• In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU
project to create a free UNIX-like operating
system. Hurd (the GNU kernel) failed to attract
enough developers, leaving GNU incomplete.
8. Prehistory of Linux
• In 1987 Andrew S.
Tanenbaum released
MINIX, a Unix-like
system intended for
academic use. While
source code for the
system was available,
modification and
redistribution were
restricted.
9.
10. Linus Benedict Torvalds
• Born: December 28,
1969 (age 45)
• Born in Helsinki, Finland
• Chief developer on the
Linux kernel
• Created the revision
control system Git
• 2014 IEEE Computer
Society Computer
Pioneer Award
11. Linux
• Torvalds made the code of Linux freely
available to everyone on the internet, and
therefore lots of people created their own
versions of Linux.
12. Linux
• Linux is therefore an example of Open-source
software, in which the copyright holder
provides the rights to study, change and
distribute the software to anyone and for any
purpose. Open-source software is often
developed in a public, collaborative manner.
22. V0.01
• Not a mature product at the time
• Minix-like kernel for i386(+) based AT-
machines
September
1991
Efficiently using the 386
chip, use of system calls
rather than message
passing, a fully multi-
threaded FS, minimal
task switching, and
visible interrupts
23. V1.0
• Allowed Multi-programming – multiple
programs run at the same time.
• Virtual Memory management supported
March
1994
Linux is highly backwards
compatible, so if a program
worked in any version of
Linux it will work on all
versions of Linux.
24. V2.0
• Restructured memory management and
improvements in task scheduling
• Improved SCSI support
June
1996
Increased networking
protocols. Filesystem
support for NCP (Novell)
and SMB (MS Lan
Manager, etc.) network
filesystems added.
25. V3.0
• Better handling of virtualization systems
• Btrfs data scrubbing and automatic
defragmentation
July
2011
Not a major change in
kernel concept, but
started a new version
number to mark the 20th
anniversary of Linux
26. V4.0
• A *fairly* small release, some VM clean-ups
• The unification of the PROTNONE and NUMA
handling for page tables.
12th April
2015
Some people advocated
the 4.0 version number, to
eventually see 4.1.15 -
because "that was the
version of Linux SkyNet
used for the T-800
Terminator".
27. V4.10
• A small release by Linus Torvalds, on device
drivers, some architecture work, some file
systems fixes and some network issues.
15th January,
2017
28. V4.0
Version
Original release
date
Current Version Support Model
4.0 12 April 2015 4.0.9 Maintained from April
2015 to July 2015
4.1 22 June 2015 4.1.38
Maintained from July
2015 to September
2017
4.2 30 August 2015 4.2.8 Maintained from August
2015 to December 2015
4.3 1 November 2015 4.3.6
Maintained from
November 2015 to
February 2016
4.4 10 January 2016 4.4.44
Maintained from
January 2016 to
February 2018
4.5 13 March 2016 4.5.7 Maintained from March
2016 to June 2016
29. V4.0
Version
Original release
date
Current Version Support Model
4.6 15 May 2016 4.6.7 Maintained from May
2016 to August 2016
4.7 24 July 2016 4.7.10 Maintained from July
2016 to October 2016
4.8 25 September 2016 4.8.17
Maintained from
September 2016 to
January 2017
4.9 11 December 2016 4.9.5 Latest mainline release
4.10 15 January 2017 4.10-rc4 Latest unstable release
31. Slackware
• Slackware is oriented toward simplicity and
software purity
• Provides no graphical installation procedure
July
1993
Developed by:
Patrick Volkerding
32. Debian
• The Debian Project's policies focus on
collaborative software development and
testing processes
• New release every two years.
September
1993
Developed by:
Ian Murdock and the
Debian Project
33. SUSE
• "Software und System-Entwicklung", meaning
"Software and systems development".
• Often includes YaST setup and configuration
tool
1994
Developed by:
Roland Dyroff, Thomas
Fehr, Burchard Steinbild,
and Hubert Mantel
34. Red Hat
• In 2003 Red Hat Linux merged with the
community-based Fedora Project
• Introduced a graphical installer called
Anaconda and Lokkit for configuring the
firewall capabilities.
May
1995
Developed by:
Bob Young, Marc Ewing
and Red Hat Inc.
35. Knoppix
• Can be used to copy files easily from hard
drives with inaccessible operating systems.
• Designed to be booted straight from CD, DVD
or USB.
September
2000
Developed by:
Klaus Knopper
36. Gentoo
• Gentoo package management is designed to
be modular, portable, and easy to maintain.
• Not a binary software distribution, source
code is compiled locally and optimized for the
specific type of computer.
March
2002
Developed by:
Daniel Robbins and Gentoo
Foundation
37. Arch
• The development team focused on elegance,
code correctness, and minimalism.
• The user is expected to make significant effort
to understand the systems function.
March
2002
Developed by:
Judd Vinet, Aaron Griffin
and the Arch Linux team
38. Fedora
• Focuses on innovation, integrating new
technologies early on and working closely with
Linux communities.
• Linus Torvalds uses Fedora on all of his
computers.
November
2003
Developed by:
Fedora Project (owned by
Red Hat)
39. CentOS
• The project is affiliated with Red Hat but
aspires to be more public, open, and inclusive.
• Provides a free, enterprise-class, community-
supported computing platform.
2004
Developed by:
David Parsley, Lance Davis
and the CentOS Project
40. Ubuntu
• Committed to open source development;
encouraged to use free software, study how it
works, improve upon it, and distribute it.
• Named after the Southern African philosophy
of ubuntu (literally, "human-ness").
October
2004
Developed by:
Mark Shuttleworth and
Canonical Ltd.
41. Alpine
• Lightweight and secure by default while still
being useful for general-purpose tasks.
• Compiles all packages with stack-smashing
protection.
2006
Developed by:
Alpine Linux development
team
42. Oracle
• Based on Red Hat Enterprise
Linux (RHEL), repackaged and
freely distributed by Oracle.
• Oracle Linux supports KVM
and Xen.
October
2006
Developed by:
Oracle Corporation
43. Musix
• Collection of software for audio production,
graphic design, video editing and general
purpose applications.
• Documentation is in Spanish.
December
2006
Developed by:
Marcos Germán
Guglielmetti. And teams
from Argentina, Spain,
Mexico and Brazil.
44. Android
• Android is designed primarily for touchscreen
mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablet computers.
• The most widely used mobile OS.
September
2008
Developed by:
Google, and Open Handset
Alliance
45. Mageia
• A secure, and sustainable operating system,
designed to set up a stable and trustable
governance to direct collaborative projects.
• Uses all major desktop environments
June
2011
Developed by:
Former employees of
Mandriva
47. Xfce
• It aims to be fast and lightweight, while still
being visually appealing and easy to use.
• Does not feature any desktop animations, but
translucency effect is supported.
1996
Developed by:
Olivier Fourdan
48. Enlightenment
• Enlightenment developers have referred to it
as "the original eye-candy window manager“
• Supports virtual desktops
1997
Developed by:
Carsten Haitzler (aka
Raster or Rasterman)
49. KDE
• Developed as an easy-to-use environment
• Works well with multimedia devices and
applications and mobile devices.
July
1998
Developed by:
Matthias Ettrich and KDE
50. GNOME
• Focuses on internationalization and localization and
accessibility of software.
• Incorporates freedesktop.org standards and
programs to better interoperate with other desktops.
March
1999
Developed by:
Miguel de Icaza, Federico
Mena, and the GNOME
project
51. LXDE
• Suitable for resource-constrained computers,
e.g., netbooks or System on a chip computers.
• A desktop environment that is fast and energy
efficient
2006
Developed by:
Hong Jen Yee ( aka PCMan)
52. Razor-qt
• Tailored for users who value simplicity, speed,
and an intuitive interface
• Merged with LXDE in 2013 to become LXQt
2010
Developed by:
The Razor-qt Team
53. MATE
• Forked from GNOME 2, to maintain the simple
and clean interface that was controversially
removed in GNOME 3.
August
2011
Developed by:
Perberos and MATE
Developers
54. Cinnamon
• Another fork of GNOME 2, which provides a
range of user configurable interface
components.
• Better performance.
December
2011
Developed by:
Linux Mint development
team