The document discusses various operating systems including Windows, Macintosh, and Linux. It provides details on the history and versions of Windows, including early versions from 1985 to recent versions. It also discusses Macintosh systems introduced by Apple in 1984 and key Apple hardware and software products. Finally, it outlines the history and development of Linux, an open-source operating system, along with its use in servers, mainframes, embedded systems, and other applications.

1. Kamala Institute of Technology & Science
Seminar On Open Source
Software's Awareness
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
By The Students (08-batch) Of Information Technology
Under AITP

2. Operating systems
 What is operating system(o.s) ?
 Types of operating systems
 Microsoft Windows
 Macintosh
 Linux

3. Windows operating system
 Microsoft Windows is a series of operating
systems produced by Microsoft.
 Microsoft introduced an operating
environment named Windows on November
20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS.
 Microsoft Windows came to dominate the
world's personal computer market, overtaking
Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984.

4. Versions Of Windows
 Early versions: Windows 1.0,
Windows 2.0, and Windows 2.1x
 Windows 1.0, the first version, released in
1985
 Windows 3.0 and 3.1
 Windows 3.0, released in 1990
 Windows 95, 98, and Me
 Windows 95, released in August 1995

5. Versions Of Windows(cont..)
 Windows NT family
 64-bit operating systems
 Windows CE
 Bootable Windows To Go USB flash drive
Screenshot of Windows 8 start screen

6. Fig: The Windows family tree.

7. Usage share
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8. Emulation software
 Emulation allows the use of some
Windows applications without using
Microsoft Windows.
 Wine – a free and open source software
implementation of the Windows API,
allowing one to run many Windows
applications on x86-based platforms,
including Linux and Mac OS X.

9. Emulation software(cont..)
 ReactOS – An open-source OS that is
intended to run the same software as
Windows, originally designed to
simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming
at Windows XP and Vista/7
compatibility.

10. Versions of windows
 Early versions:
 Windows NT 3.1 · Windows NT 3.5 · Windows NT 3.51 ·
Windows NT 4.0 · Windows 2000
 Client releases
 Windows XP (editions [x64 · Media Center] · development) ·
Windows Vista (editions · development) · Windows 7 (editions ·
development) · Windows 8
 Windows Server
 Server 2003 · Server 2008 (Server 2008 R2 · HPC Server 2008 ·
EBS 2008) · Home Server (Home Server 2011) · MultiPoint Server
 Specialized
 Windows Embedded (Automotive · POSReady) · Windows
Preinstallation Environment · Windows To Go ·
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
 Windows CE :Windows CE 3.0 · Windows CE 5.0 · Windows CE 6.0 ·
Windows Embedded Compact 7
 Mobile :Windows Mobile · Windows Phone

11. Macintosh
 The Macintosh or Mac, is a series of
personal computers designed, developed,
and marketed by Apple Inc. The first
Macintosh was introduced by Apple's then-
chairman Steve Jobs on January 24, 1984
 It was the first commercially successful
personal computer to feature a mouse and a
graphical user interface rather than a
command-line interface.

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The original Macintosh, the first
commercially successful personal
computer to use a graphical user
interface, rather than a command line.
An iMac computer from August 2007, a
modern all-in-one Macintosh.

13. Apple Inc.
 Founders : Steve Jobs†, Steve Wozniak, Ronald
Wayne
 Hardware products : Apple TV · iPad (Original, 2) ·
iPhone (Original, 3G, 3GS, 4, 4S) · iPod (Classic,
Nano, Shuffle, Touch) · Mac (iMac, MacBook,
MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, Mini, Pro) ·
Discontinued products
 Software products : Aperture · Bento · FileMaker Pro
· Final Cut Studio · GarageBand · iLife · iOS · iTunes
· iWork · Logic Studio · Mac OS X (Server) ·
QuickTime · Safari · Xsan

14. Linux
 Linux is a Unix-like computer
operating system assembled under the model
of free and open source software
development and distribution
 Linux runs on a wide variety of computer
hardware, including mobile phones,
tablet computers, network routers, televisions
, video game consoles, desktop computers,
mainframes and supercomputers.

15. Linux (cont..)
 Linux is a leading server operating system, and runs
the 10 fastest supercomputers in the world.
 In addition, more than 90% of today's
supercomputers run some variant of Linux.
 Typically Linux is packaged in a format known as a
Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Some
popular mainstream Linux distributions include
Debian (and its derivatives such as Ubuntu), Fedora
and openSUSE.

16. Linux (cont..)
 Commonly used applications with desktop
Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web
browser, the OpenOffice.org or LibreOffice
office application suites, and the GIMP image
editor.

17. History:
 Unix
 The Unix operating system was conceived and
implemented in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories
 Unix was re-written in the programming language
C by Dennis Ritchie
 Unix quickly grew and became widely adopted by
academic institutions and businesses.

18.  GNU
 The GNU Project, started in 1983 by
Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a
"complete Unix-compatible software system"
composed entirely of free software.
 By the early 1990s, many of the programs
required in an operating system (such as libraries,
compilers, text editors, a Unix shell,and a
windowing system) were completed .
Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU project

19.  MINIX
 MINIX is an inexpensive minimal Unix-like
operating system, designed for education in
computer science, written by Andrew S.
Tanenbaum. Starting with version 3, MINIX was
free and redesigned for “serious” use.
Andrew S. Tanenbaum (left), author of the MINIX operating system, and
Linus Torvalds (right), principal author of the Linux kernel

20. Commercial and popular uptake
 Today, Linux distributions are used in
every domain, from embedded systems
to supercomputers , and have secured
a place in server installations often
using the popular LAMP application
stack
 Use of Linux distributions in home and
enterprise desktops has been growing.

21. Commercial and popular uptake(cont..)
 They have also gained popularity with various
local and national governments.
 The federal government of Brazil is well known for
its support for Linux.
 News of the Russian military creating its own
Linux distribution has also surfaced, and has come
to fruition as the G.H.ost Project.
 The Indian state of Kerala has gone to the extent
of mandating that all state high schools run Linux
on their computers.

22. Commercial and popular uptake(cont..)
 Linux distributions have also become
popular in the netbook market.
Ubuntu, a popular distribution of Linux

23. Design
 A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like
operating system. It derives much of its basic design
from principles established in Unix during the 1970s
and 1980s.
 User interface
 command line interface (CLI)
− terminal emulator
 graphical user interface (GUI)

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GNOME Shell
KDE Plasma Desktop
Unity
Xfce LXDE

25. Programming on Linux
 Most Linux distributions support dozens
of programming languages.

GCC provides compilers for Ada, C, C++, Java, and
Fortran.

Proprietary compilers for Linux include the
Intel C++ Compiler, Sun Studio, and IBM XL C/C++
Compiler.
− Most distributions also include support for PHP, Perl, Ruby,
Python and other dynamic languages.
− A number of Java Virtual Machines and development kits
run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM

26. Programming on Linux(cont..)
 There are a number of
Integrated development environments
available including Anjuta, Code::Blocks,
CodeLite, Eclipse, Geany, ActiveState
Komodo, KDevelop, Lazarus, MonoDevelop,
NetBeans, Qt Creator and Omnis Studio,
while the long-established editors Vim and
Emacs remain popular.

27. Uses
 Regular desktops
 Servers
 Mainframes
 Embedded systems
 Mobile phones (android)

28. Desktop
 popularity of Linux on standard desktop
computers and laptops has been
increasing over the years.
 popular environments being GNOME
(which can utilize additional shells such as
the default GNOME Shell and Ubuntu
Unity), and the KDE Plasma Desktop.

29. Desktop (cont..)
 Many popular applications are available
for a wide variety of operating systems.
− Mozilla Firefox,
− OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice and
− Blender
 have downloadable versions for all major operating
systems.
− Wine project provides a Windows compatibility
layer to run unmodified Windows applications on
Linux.

30. Desktop (cont..)
 Installing, updating and removing
software in Linux is typically done
through the use of package managers
such as the Synaptic Package Manager
, PackageKit.

31. Servers, mainframes and supercomputers
 Linux distributions have long been used as
server operating systems, and have risen to
prominence in that area.
 Linux distributions are the cornerstone of the
LAMP server-software combination (Linux,
Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) .
 mainframes in the last decade partly due to
pricing and the open-source model.

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The Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Jaguar supercomputer,
until recently the world's fastest supercomputer. It uses the
Cray Linux Environment as its operating system.

33. Servers designed for Linux

34. Embedded devices
 Due to its low cost and ease of customization, Linux
is often used in embedded systems.
 Android—based on a modified version of the Linux
kernel—has become a major competitor of Nokia's
older Symbian OS, found in many smartphones.
Home screen displayed on Android 4.0
"Ice Cream Sandwich"

35. Linux in Multimedia
 For years Linux has been the platform of
choice in the film industry. The first major film
produced on Linux servers was 1997's Titanic
.[99][100] Since then major studios including
Dreamworks Animation, Pixar, Weta Digital,
and Industrial Light & Magic have migrated to
Linux.[101][102][103] According to the Linux
Movies Group, more than 95% of the servers
and desktops at large animation and visual
effects companies use Linux.

36. Usage share of web client operating systems
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Windows XP (35.21%)
Windows 7 (31.21%)
Windows Vista (11.27%)
Mac OS X (7.31%)
iOS (3.38%)
Android Linux (1.30%)
GNU/Linux (1.11%)

37. List of Linux distributions
 Debian-based
 Knoppix-based

Knoppix, itself, is based on Debian.
 Ubuntu-based

Ubuntu is a distribution based on Debian.
 Official distributions

Ubuntu Mobile
 RPM-based

Red Hat Linux and SUSE Linux were the original
major distributions that used the RPM file format

38. List of Linux distributions (cont..)
 Fedora-based
 Red Hat Enterprise Linux-based
 Mandriva Linux-based
 Slackware-based
 Slax-based
 Others…

39. Comparison of Linux distributions
1 General
2 Cost
3 Technical
4 Architecture support
5 Package management and installation
6 Live media
7 Security features

40. General
Distribution Creator
First public
release
Base
distribution
Latest release
date
Purpose
Mageia
Mageia
Community
2010 Mandriva Linux 2011 general
Linux Mint Clement Lefebvre 2006 Ubuntu, Debian 2011 desktop
Fedora Fedora Project 2003 Red Hat Linux 2011 general
BackTrack
Max Moser, Mati
Aharoni, and
Martin J. Muench
2006 Debian 2011 auditing
Bharat Operating System Solutions
C-DAC (Centre for
Development of
Advanced
Computing)
2007 Debian 2011 general, server, education
Network Security Toolkit
Ronald W.
Henderson, Paul
Blankenbaker
2003 Fedora 2011 network, security

41. Cost
 The following distributions are available
for free (without cost):
 Debian
 Fedora
 Knoppix
 Linux Mint
 Network Security Toolkit
 Ubuntu & many more…

42. Technical
 Many Linux distributions support some or
all of ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, Reiser4,
JFS, XFS, GFS, GFS2, OCFS, OCFS2, and
NILFS.
 The ext file systems, namely ext2, ext3, and
ext4 are based on the original Linux file
system.

43. Distribution Default file system
Install-time
desktop environment or
window manager selection
BackTrack ext3 KDE Plasma Workspaces
Debian ext4 GNOME, KDE, Xfce, LXDE
Fedora ext4 GNOME
Linux Mint ext4 GNOME
Mandriva Linux ext4 KDE Plasma Workspaces
openSUSE ext4
KDE Plasma Workspaces,
GNOME, Xfce
Ubuntu/Edubuntu ext4
Unity on top of GNOME, Unity
2D for fallback

44. Package management and installation
Distribution
Approximate
number of
pre-compiled
packages
Approximate
number of
source
packages
Default
package
management
tools
Package
Format
Default
installer
Graphical
installation
procedure
Debian 29,050[42] 14,975 APT .deb Debian-Installer Yes
Fedora 22,000
yum,
PackageKit
RPM Anaconda Yes
Linux Mint 30,000 APT .deb Ubiquity Yes
Mandriva
Linux
22,600
urpmi,
rpmdrake[50]
RPM DrakX Yes
Network Security Toolkit8,280 8,280 yum RPM Anaconda Yes
openSUSE 14,650[52] 15,260 YaST, Zypper RPM YaST Yes
Ubuntu,
Kubuntu,
Xubuntu
37,000[51] APT .deb Ubiquity Yes

45. Live media
Distribution Size in MB
RAM Use in
MB
Boots from CDBoots from DVD
Installable
Live CD/DVD
Installable
from USB
BackTrack 1,910 No Yes Yes Yes
Debian Live 50 to 5,120 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fedora
Live CD
683 256 to 1,024 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Linux Mint 700 256 to 768 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mandriva
Linux One
700 128 to 768 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Network Security Toolkit
Live CD/DVD
483 to 1,300 256 to 1,024 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ubuntu 700 384 Yes Yes Yes Yes

46. Security features
Distribution
Compile Time
Buffer Checks
Mandatory access control
Software
executable space protection
grsecurity RSBAC
Debian/Ubuntu Yes Yes (AppArmor) Optional (PaX) Optional Optional
Fedora Yes Yes (SELinux[61])
Yes (Exec Shield
[62])
No No
Mandriva Unknown
Yes (AppArmor
[64])
Unknown Unknown Yes
SUSE Linux Yes
Yes (AppArmor
[65])
Yes (
Hardware NX
and other
methods in
mainline kernel
and toolchain
[66])
No No
Gentoo[63] Optional
Optional (SELinux
)
Optional (PaX) Optional Optional

47. DistroWatch
 DistroWatch is a website which provides news,
popularity rankings, and other general information
about various Linux distributions as well as other
free software/open source Unix-like
operating systems such as OpenSolaris, MINIX and
BSD.
 It now contains information on several hundred
distributions.
 It was originally published on May 31, 2001, and is
maintained by Ladislav Bodnar.

48. DistroWatch (cont..)
 Distrowatch has a monthly donations
programme, a joint initiative between
DistroWatch and two online shops selling low-
cost CDs and DVDs with Linux, BSD and
other open source software
 Since the launch of the Donations
Programme in March 2004, DistroWatch has
donated a total of $24,478 USD to various
open source software projects.
 DistroWatch one of "Top 101 web sites"
ranked by PC Magazine

49. Debian
 Debian is a computer operating system
composed of software packages released as
free and open source software primarily
under the GNU General Public License along
with other free software licenses.
 Debian GNU/Linux, which includes the GNU
OS tools and Linux kernel, is a popular and
influential Linux distribution.
 Debian can be used on a variety of hardware,
from NAS devices to phones, laptops,
desktops and servers.

50. Features
 Debian is known for an abundance of options.
 The current stable release includes over
twenty nine thousand software packages for
nine computer architectures using the Linux
kernel.
 The Debian standard install makes use of the
GNOME desktop environment.
 It contains only the bare essentials needed to
start the installer and downloads the
packages selected during installation via APT
.

51. Package management
 The APT package management system, repositories
with large numbers of packages, and strict policies
regarding packages, promote high quality releases
 easy upgrades between releases, and automated
installation and removal of packages.
 APT expands the functionality of dpkg by searching,
fetching and installing packages from online
repositories along with their dependencies, either
from binary files or by compiling source code. It can
also upgrade packages and upgrade the whole
distribution to a new release.

52. Graphical front-ends
 Software Center, originally developed for
Ubuntu, is a GNOME program to discover
and install applications.
 Synaptic is a GTK+ front-end for APT.
 KPackage is KDE's front-end for APT.
 Adept is a discontinued KDE front-end for
APT.
 Gnome Application Installer was a GNOME
program to discover and install applications,
now removed in favour of Software Center .

53. Command-line front-ends
 apt-get is the most basic package
management tool and the preferred
APT front-end for non-interactive
package management. It offers a
command line user interface and it is
most suitable for upgrades between
major releases.

54. Debian Live
 A Debian Live system is a version of
Debian that can be booted directly from
removable media (CDs, DVDs, USB
keys) or via netboot without having to
install it on the hard drive.
A Debian 4.0 Box Cover

55. Ubuntu (operating system)
 Ubuntu is a computer operating system
based on the Debian Linux distribution and
distributed as free and open source software.
It is named after the Southern African
philosophy of Ubuntu ("humanity towards
others").
 Ubuntu is designed primarily for use on
personal computers, although a server edition
also exists.

56. System requirements
Current Minimum
Requirements[33][34][35][36]
Server Desktop
Processor (x86) with the i686
instruction set[37]
300 MHz 700 MHz
Memory (RAM) 128 MiB 384 MiB
Hard Drive (free space) 1 GB 5 GB
Monitor Resolution 640×480 1024×768
Ubuntu Server Edition
 Ubuntu also offers its operating system in a server edition
 The current version is Ubuntu 10.04 Long Term Support (LTS) release,
which will receive continued updates until April 2015

57. Ubuntu outlook
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A screenshot of the Ubuntu Server
installation boot menu
Ubuntu running on the Nexus S
smartphone

58. Linux Mint
 Linux Mint is a Linux-based computer
operating system best known for its usability
and ease of installation, particularly for users
with no previous GNU/Linux experience.
 It is available in several editions with different
codebases, nearly all of which are based on
Ubuntu, which is itself based on Debian.
 Linux Mint is composed of many
software packages, of which the vast majority
are distributed under a free software license.

59. Features
 Linux Mint focuses on usability.
 The Ubiquity installer allows Linux Mint to be
installed to the hard disk from within the
Live CD environment.
 As a security feature, the sudo tool is used to
assign temporary privileges for performing
administrative tasks, allowing users to
administer the system without using the
root account.

60. Features (cont..)
 Linux Mint comes installed with a wide range of
software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox,
Thunderbird, XChat, Pidgin, Transmission and GIMP.
 Additional software that is not installed by default can
be downloaded using the package manager.
 Linux Mint allows networking ports to be closed using
its firewall, with customized port selection available.
 GNOME 3 (the current default desktop) offers
support for more than 46 languages.
 Linux Mint can also run many programs designed for
Microsoft Windows (such as Microsoft Office),
through Wine or using a Virtual Machine (such as
VMware Workstation or VirtualBox).

61. Installation
 Installation of Linux Mint is generally
performed with the Live CD.
 The main edition of Linux Mint is
available in 32-bit and 64-bit.
Installation CD images can be
downloaded, or installation CDs
purchased from 3rd party vendors.
 Linux Mint can be booted and run from
a USB Flash drive.

62. Installation inside windows
 The Windows installer "Mint4Win", is included
on the Live CD and allows Linux Mint to be
installed from within Microsoft Windows.
 The operating system can then be removed
similar to any other Windows software using
the Windows Control Panel.
 This method requires no partitioning of the
hard drive.

63. System requirements
Minimum Recommended
Processor (x86) 600 MHz 1 GHz
Memory 256 MB 512 MB
Hard Drive (free space) 5 GB 10 GB
Monitor Resolution 800×600 1024×768
Note: If visual effects are desired, a supported GPU is required.

64. Popularity
 As of the second half of 2011, Linux
Mint's website has had the most hits
among popular Linux distribution
websites according to DistroWatch.
Linux Mint 12 ("Lisa")Linux Mint 12 ("Lisa")Linux Mint 12 ("Lisa")
Linux Mint 12 ("Lisa")

65. LAMP (software bundle)
 LAMP is an acronym for a
solution stack of free, open source
software, referring to the first letters of
Linux (operating system),
Apache HTTP Server, MySQL (
database software) and PHP (or
sometimes Perl or Python), principal
components to build a viable general
purpose web server.

66. Contents
 1 Software components
 1.1 Linux
 1.2 Apache
 1.3 MySQL
 1.4 PHP, Perl, or Python

67. Software components
 Easy to code
 Easy to deploy
 Cheap and ubiquitous hosting
deploy

68.  Apache
− Apache is an open source web server, the most
popular in use.
 MySQL
− MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user, SQL
database management system (DBMS) now
owned by Oracle Corporation with more than
eleven million installations.
 PHP, Perl, or Python
− PHP is a reflective programming language
originally designed for producing
dynamic web pages. PHP is used mainly in
server-side application software. Perl and Python
can be used similarly.

69. KDE Plasma Workspaces
 Plasma Workspaces is the umbrella term for
all graphical environments provided by KDE.
 Three Plasma sub-projects are currently
being developed:
 Plasma Desktop for traditional desktop
PCs and notebooks,
 Plasma Netbook for netbooks, and
 Plasma Active for Tablet PCs, Nokia N900
style smart phones and similar devices.

70. KDE Plasma Workspaces
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KDE Plasma Workspaces

71. Desktop
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KDE Plasma Desktop 4.7
Plasma Desktop is a workspace that was
developed first and was declared mature
with the release of KDE SC 4.2. It aims at
desktop PCs and bigger laptops.

72. Netbook
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KDE Plasma Netbook newspaper view
Plasma Netbook is the second workspace. It
aims at netbooks and may also be used on
tablet PCs. The first stable release shipped
with KDE SC 4.4.

73. Plasma Active
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Contour 1.0 Activity Screen
Plasma Active is not a workspace on its
own. It is a service built on top of the
Plasma frameworks that enables the
creation of full-fledged workspaces using
only QML files without the need to program
in C++.

74.  Installation procedure & steps
 Configuring the suite
 Basic software installation
 Installing the packages that are useful
 Using apt-get through command line
interface
 Using synaptic package manager

75.  After logging in to root type these
commands
 Apt-get install gnome gdm3
 -on the top left corner of the screen you
will find “application places system”
 Click system->administration->synaptic
 Then search for packages…..

76.  Xchat,apache2,blender,audacity,vlc,ked
enlive,mysql-server,gimp,winzip,winrar
etc…
 Mark for install & mark for additional
packages to install & then apply the
changes.
 To mount pen drive mount /dev/sdb1
/mnt

77.  Apache web server
 Terminal
 $ su
 Password
 #cd /var/www <-
 www# ls<-

78.  how to restart apache web server?
 $ Apache <-
 $ Apache2ctl restart <-
 /etc/init.d/apache2 stop
 Start
 restart

79.  Software carpentry
 Shell
 Why command line
 Typical shell: bash
 Terminal programs: gnome-
terminal,console,xtrem,putty….

80.  File system
 Ls -list the files in the directory
 Ls-l –list files with extra information
 Pwd –show the current directory
 Cd<path> -switch to a directory
 Cd –to home directory
 / -top most directories. It’s also the path
separator

81.  . –current directory
 .. –present directory
 Ex: /home/user/work/..
 Turns to /home/user
 Chmod –change the permissions
 Chown –change the ownership
 Su –switches the current user by
launching a new shell

82. How to install Linux in windows parallel?
 Configuring the environment
 Bootable drive-bootable operating
system
 Use of tools (dtlite , iso images)

83.  Redirection
 Ls >out stores the output of ls into out
file
 Cat concatenates files and input given
to it.
 What are regular expressions?
 A concise and flexible means for
matching strings of text.

84.  Like *.txt means all files with .txt
extensions.
 Parts of matches can be extracted
 Matched text can be replaced
 Smb for getting windows ssl connection
to linux admin
 Smb://ip

85.  Use of open office in Linux similar to ms
office in windows operating system
 How to run .exe files in Linux operating
system. Using (wine package)
 Securing the operating system
 Security measures
 Use of ssh
 Team viewer, virtual box, vm ware etc…

86.  Making pendrive bootable..( unetbootin,
wintoflash)
 Drupal –content management system
 Cluser computing- using piliconhpc
 Android mobile computing- using
software development kit & adt plugin
using the software eclipse as working
platform gui environment