all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
This presentation details out all the process in an Oil Refinery. If you are looking to have a hawk eye view of all the oil refinery process, this presentation will set you on.
Simple explained.
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
This presentation details out all the process in an Oil Refinery. If you are looking to have a hawk eye view of all the oil refinery process, this presentation will set you on.
Simple explained.
Cheap hotels in riyadh saudi arabia - holdinnRana Hamad
Looking for a cheap hotel room in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia?
Holdinn Provide Riyadh hotels to choose from to give you the best deal possible. and get the best rate for your reservation. Get benefits of our loyalty program!
Find the best cheap hotels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and save more with our hotel deals in Riyadh. Book your hotel at http://www.holdinn.com/tag/cheap-hotels-in-riyadh-4657
This slide was made for a first-semester course named Professional Development Seminar (IPE 152). This presentation shows various engineering disciplines and their significance.
ABC Power- From Saudi Arabia to the World- AN EPC Business Development PlanRupesh K. Sinha
Looking forward for any Saudi or Middle East Contracting Company/ Power Sector Development Individual/ Promoter/ Investor to join together and set-up ABC Power from Saudi Arabia to WORLD as per the Vision Presentation attached.
Interested company or individual are invited to explore avenue and move forward to join and build Power to Nation.
A presentation on Petroleum for the
Course: B.Tech. Polymer Science in DU FYUP
Subject: Raw Materials,
Year - For Ist Year Students.
You may download this ppt to get a better idea about the contents and animation!
Petroleum (or crude oil) is a naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, but containing some compounds of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur. It is an oily, thick,
flammable, usually dark-colored liquid ,commonly obtained by drilling, used in a natural or refined state as a fuel
and separated by fractional distillation into gasoline, naphtha ,benzene ,kerosene ,paraffin etc.
It is often referred to as the “black gold.This name itself is an indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to manufacture various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc. Petroleum or oil has also been the world’s leading source of energy since the 1950s.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and algae–underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
The word petroleum means “rock oil.” It is derived from the Greek word “petra” (means rock) and the Latin word “oleum” (means oil). When it is drilled from the ground in the liquid form, it is called crude oil. Humans have known about its existence for 4000 years. However, the first time crude oil was pumped from the ground was 2500 years ago in China and the world’s first crude oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA only in the year 1859.
Where is petroleum found?
Today petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where there were ancient seas. Petroleum reserves can be located beneath the land, or under the ocean. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines.
How do you know where to find oil?
Geologists are the masters of locating oil. Often called oil exploration, geologists will look for an area that ticks all the boxes of finding an oil trap aka striking (black) gold.
Oil is often found in the vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were once located. This can either be beneath land or out in the ocean below the seabed.
During the earlier years of oil mining, the geologists would study the soil, surface rock, and other surface features to determine if oil may be lying below.
Later came satellite imagery, along with more technological advances such as gravity meters, means to test the Earth’s magnetic field, and ‘sniffers’ that detect the smell of hydrocarbons.
The most common way used today is to generate shock waves that pass through the rock layers and reflect back to the surface where they can be interpreted for signs of oil traps. This is done with seismic source devices such as a compressed-air gun, a thumper truck, or explosives .
Where does crude oil come from?
Composition of petroleum
Uses
Extraction of petroleum
It is a quantitative analysis in which amount of substance is determined in the solution. For this purpose, we titrate the solution against the other solution whose concentration is known
Practical work
Titration
Types
Titrant
titrand
Procedure
Calculation
Precaution
Mass Spectrometry
it is very useful technique for the measurement of masses of isotopes, relative abundance of isotopes, molecular masses of the compounds and molecular structure.
Principle
Aston's mass spectrometer
Dempster's mass spectrometer
WOKING
Comparison with C-12
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
5. DEFINITION
“Petroleum is defined as
blaskish colouerd or greenish
coloured liquid.
It is also called Rocks oil
because it is extracted from
rocks
6. History
3000BC- Sumerian use asphalt as a Adhesive
2400BC- Iranian use oil in weapon against their enemies
325BC- Alexander used flaming tourch of petroleum
products
347AD- Chinese discovered Oil
8th AD- Baku people used it for heating
6th AD- Sudia Arabia discovered oil resorvior
1847 - 1st Rock Oil Refinary launched in England
1849 - Canada distill kerosene oil from crude oil
1850 - World 1st Refinary in Romania
1870 - J.D Rock formed the standard Oil
7. 1879 – Thomos Edison invents the oil light bulbs
1882 - Standard Oil trust formed
1893 - First Well drilled in Los Angel
1907 - Shell and Royal are Launched
1908 - Oil discovered in Persia
1942 - Oil discovered in Japan
1956 - Oil discovered in Nigeria
1969 - Oil found in Libya
1970 - Oil discovered in North Sea
1979 - Shah of Iran discovered Oil Reservior
1990 - Oil found in Kuwait
1993 - Oil reservoir discovered in Pakistan
1997 - Oil found in Dubai
1997- 2016 Almost all the Arabs Countries found Oil
8. Petroleum Formation
It is has been said that petroleum is formed by slow
chemical and biochemical decomposition of Organic
matter
It is remain of tiny plants and animals that lived in the
sea,when they died their bodies changes into oil by high
pressure
It is also called Fossil Fuel because it is formed from
remain of dead animals
9. Petroleum Resorvior
It is found beneath the earth crust b/w the sedi-mentry
rocks
Petroleum in liquid and gas form itself pressurized
enough to lift itself against the force of gravity
Most of the Oil resorvior found in Middle East and Arabs
Countries
It is present in many part of all over the World
10. Conventional Oil Fields
It is easily extracted because of having
pressure.It is easily come out from the earth
cruts.It has less impurity.It is normally a thin
liquid.
Non Conventional Oil Fields
It is not easily extracted because it is present
in lower layer of earth crust.It is thicker than
conventional.It has too much impurties
11. Petroleum Composition
Petroleum contain several chemical
compounds.The most common is the
presence of hydrocarbon
Composition of petroleum indicates its
quality and usage
Although petroleum contains too much
traces of elements but the most common
is Hydrogen(10-14%), Nitrogen(0.1-2%)
and suphur(0.5-6%)
12. Actually the properties of the petroleum
depends upon the percentage of four main
hydrocarbon:
Paraffins (15-60%)
Naptha (30-60%)
Aromatics (3-30%)
Asphalt (1-10%)
13. Chemical Processing on Petroleum
Generally petroleum produced from the
earth is not pure form,so we change it to
pure form by many chemical method.
There are many chemical process for the
production of petroleum fraction from
crude oil.
The process applied on the petroleum are
Cracking and Fractional distilation
14. Fractional Distillation
The process of separating a mixture into a
series of fractions of different volatilities
by the mean to distillation.
In the process of fractional distillation a
mixture is evaporated followed by
condensation.
Different Liquids are evaporated
according to their boiling point
15. Fractional Distillation Of Crude Oil
Generally, crude oil contain compounds having B.P upto
400C.
In this process, Crude oil is heated to above 400C in a
pipe.
Its vapours are allowed to enter into a tower having
different compartment to collect the different
volatilities.
These are now condensend toa liquids and separated
More than 500 compounds are produced in this process
according to our demand.
16.
17. Fractions Of Petroleum And Uses
Fraction Uses
Petroleum Gas Making chemical ,plastics and fuel for light vehicles
Used in manufacturing of petrol polymerization
Naptha Used to make chemical and fuel for aeroplane
Kerosene Fuel in jet engine,Lamp usage,Making deterergents
Diesel Fuel for Diesel Engine
Lubrication Oil Lubricants for the Mechinary
Fuel Oil Used for power station, ships and used to run generators
Asphalt Used in road construction and water proof products
18. Cracking Of Petroleum
The fractional distillation of petroleum yields only about 20% . Due
to it’s high demand this supply is augmented by converting the less
desireable fraction into gesoline by a process craking.
It is defined as breaking of high hydrocarbon having high boiling
point into a variety of lower hydrocarbon which are more volatile.
19. Steam Cracking
In this process the high H.C in vapour phase are mixed in the steam
heated for the short duration to about 900C and cool rapidly.
This process is suitable for obtaining lower unsaturated H.C.
Steam craking is used to increase the yields of oilfins.
Thermal Cracking
The breaking down of large molecule at high temperature and pressure.
It is particular use for production of unsaturated H.C such as ethane and
propene.
Temperature range is (450-750 C) and pressure is 70atm .
In this process free radicals process take place.
20.
21. Catalytic Cracking
Higher hydrocarbon can be cracked at
lower temprature(500C) and lower
pressure(2atm) in the presence of suitable
catalyst.
A typical catalyst for this purpose is a
mixture of silica and alumina.
This cracking is used for the production of
batter quality of gasoline
22. Reforming
It is a process which is used to increase the quality of gasoline by
converting the straight chain H.C into branch chain.
By this process octane number of fuel increase and engine become better.
The quality of fuel is indicated by it’s octane number.
23. Top 10 Countries Producing Oil
world Oil Production 91 Million Barrel Per Day
24. Consumption Of Petroleum
For 2016, the IEA Oil market reported
forecast worldwide average demand of oil
nearly 96 million barrel per day.
The ten biggest oil consuming countries
consume more than 58% of the world total
oil consumption per day
United state is the world biggest Oil
consumer
25.
26. Green Petroleum
It was launched in German two years ago.
A petrol is called E10 and IS 10% Ethanol.
It is enviormentelly friendly.
It is prepared from corn.
It is available in all over petrol pumps
High %age of ethanol ruin the engine of car and
motor bikes as it could melt some components
It is also called biofuel made up by distilling
plant and animal material and said to be less
polluting and enviormentelly friendlier
27. E85(Ethanol Fuel)
It is the abbreviation that is used for a fuel blend
made up of 85% denatured ethanol fuel and
remaining 15% is made up of gasoline and any
other hydrocarbons.
Ethanol is produced by using starch and sugar
producing crops like corn and sugar cane
These crops are put through a fermentation
process that produce ethanol
E85 is now being produced using biowaste
28. Bio Fuel
Bio diesel is produced from oil producing plants
unlike ethanol that is made from starch and sugar
producing crops.
Crops that can produce oil that like sunflower,
palm or any other vegetable can be used to make
biodiesel and is something that is being increasing
used in US and Europe
There are different types of bio diesel like B20,
B5,B100 and some other contents
29. References
WWW.SLIDESHARE .COM
International Energy Agency
An Introduction to Petroleum Industry(Book)
An Overview of petroleumIndustry(6th Edition)
Petroleum The Industry of Future (Book)
Biodiesel, Green Diesel Fuel
WWW.chemwili.COM
WWW.CHEMPUB.COM
WWW.ASK.COM
WWW.CHEMISTRYWORLD.COM
