Catalytic Reforming Process is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane number gasoline.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
Processing of petroleum types of refluxKarnav Rana
PROCESSING OF PETROLEUM :TYPES OF REFLUX
arrangements of distillation towers
Pump back reflux and pump around reflux
Side stripping columns
process refining & petrochemicals
Reactor and Catalyst Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CATALYST DESIGN
4.1 Equivalent Pellet Diameter
4.2 Voidage
4.3 Pellet Density
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 CATALYST SUPPORT
6.1 Choice of Support
TABLES
1 CATALYST SUPPORT SHAPES
2 SECONDARY REFORMER SPREADSHEET
FIGURES
1 GRAPH OF EFFECTIVENESS v THIELE MODULUS
2 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH CATALYST SIZE
3 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH CATALYST BED VOIDAGE
4 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH VESSEL DIAMETER
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
Processing of petroleum types of refluxKarnav Rana
PROCESSING OF PETROLEUM :TYPES OF REFLUX
arrangements of distillation towers
Pump back reflux and pump around reflux
Side stripping columns
process refining & petrochemicals
Reactor and Catalyst Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CATALYST DESIGN
4.1 Equivalent Pellet Diameter
4.2 Voidage
4.3 Pellet Density
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 CATALYST SUPPORT
6.1 Choice of Support
TABLES
1 CATALYST SUPPORT SHAPES
2 SECONDARY REFORMER SPREADSHEET
FIGURES
1 GRAPH OF EFFECTIVENESS v THIELE MODULUS
2 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH CATALYST SIZE
3 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH CATALYST BED VOIDAGE
4 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH VESSEL DIAMETER
Catalytic Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Reactions
Sulfur Related Problems
Effects of Sulfur in Catalytic Reforming
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Effect of Sulfur on Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Catalytic Reformer Efficiency
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Sulfur Guards for Catalytic Reformers
VULCAN Guard Installation Protects Isomerization Catalysts
Liquid Phase vs Gas Phase: Relative Advantages
Liquid Phase Treating
Which active metal is best?
Thiophenes and Nickel Sulfur Guards
Sulfiding mechanisms with reduced metals
Thiophene adsorption on nickel
Advantages of Cu/Zn Over Nickel Sulfur Guards
Copper oxide vs Nickel
Nickel Sulfur Guards
Manganese Sulfur Guards
Naphtha Steam Reforming Catalyst Reduction with MethanolGerard B. Hawkins
Procedure for Naphtha Steam Reforming Catalyst Reduction with Methanol
Scope
This procedure applies to the in situ reduction of VULCAN Series steam reforming catalysts using methanol cracking to form hydrogen over the catalyst in the steam reformer.
The procedure is likely to be applied to plants using only heavier feeds (e.g.: LPG and/or naphtha) and some combination of VULCAN Series catalysts.
Introduction
A small number of steam reforming plants do not have an available source of the commonly used reducing media (e.g.: hydrogen, hydrogen-rich off-gas, natural gas). These plants will usually operate on LPG and/or naphtha feed only where cracking of this hydrocarbon is not usually advised for reduction of the steam reforming catalyst ...
Catalytic Reforming technology - Infographics
IFP Fixed-bed Semi-regenerative Unit Revamps, Troubleshooting
IFP (CCR) Technology Optimization
In trying to determine the potential benefits from revamping a Fixed-bed Semi-Regenerative catalytic reformer, a refiner must evaluate several areas of operation:
— What is the unit operating objective?
— What degrees of freedom are available for revamp /optimization?
— Can refinery margins, and the discretionary capital budgeting program support the revamp / optimization?
Refiners must select the catalytic reformer operating point that will maximize profit within the following:
1) the mechanical constraints of the unit and
2) the short term unit operating objectives.
projects that improve operating profit are compared with the required capital investment.
This is done using discounted cash flow, or one of a number of other capital budgeting analysis tools, and those projects with the greatest return are put at the top of the capital budget list.
The petroleum industry uses Reforming as a primary process for quality improvement to meet final fuel specifications as well as hydrogen and LPG production for many intermediate processing units. This course covers the core elements of Reforming technology. Key variables that affect product yields and properties are described and their impact on the optimisation of the unit operation discussed. A framework is presented for troubleshooting operating problems and, throughout this discussion, participants are encouraged to describe their specific challenges.
Revamp objectives
Revamp Philosophy
Revamp options
Semi-Regenerative Reforming Unit
Typical Flow Scheme
Continuous Reforming Unit
Typical Flow Scheme
Revamp to Hybrid Operation
What may be achieved?
Typical C5+ Yield at Decreasing Pressure
Changes Required for Full Conversion
Typical Benefits of Full Conversion
Revamping of Existing Continuous Reforming Units
Fired Heaters Revamp
Burners
Reactor Options
Regeneration Section
Summary
VULCAN VGP-1000 High Temperature Mn Sulfur Guard TechnologyGerard B. Hawkins
High Temperature Sulfur Removal in the Presence of Chlorides, for Magnaformers
Catalytic Reforming Overview
Commercial Catalytic Reforming Processes
Application for Catalytic Reforming
Sulfur Removal
Magnaforming Overview
Application Description
The Impact Of Poor Quality Olefin Feedstocks
The Importance Of Alky Unit Pre-treatment
Typical Process Conditions
VULCAN VIG Catalyst Morphology
Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylenes and Alkenes
Alkylation Reaction Chemistry
ALKYLATION CHEMISTRY AND PROCESS VARIABLES
What Are VULCAN Processes
FIXED BED PROCESSES
Advantages
Dis-Advantages
VULCAN UltraPurification Guards
VULCAN UltraPurification Impurities
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Guards - Prediction Of Sulfur In Feed
Basic HDS Reactions
Mechanisms for DBT desulfurization
Relative Reactivities of Three benzothiophene molecules
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
Naphtha Steam Reforming Catalyst Reduction by NH3 CrackingGerard B. Hawkins
Procedure for Naphtha Steam Reforming Catalyst Reduction by NH3 Cracking
Scope
This procedure applies to the in situ reduction of VULCAN Series steam reforming catalysts using ammonia cracking to form hydrogen over the catalyst in the steam reformer. This procedure covers plants with a dry gas circulation loop for reduction. The procedure is likely to be applied to plants using only heavier feeds (e.g.: LPG and/or naphtha) and some combination of VULCAN Series catalysts.
Introduction
A small number of steam reforming plants do not have an available source of the commonly used reducing media (e.g.: hydrogen, hydrogen-rich off-gas, natural gas). These plants will usually operate on LPG and/or naphtha feed only where cracking of this hydrocarbon is not usually advised for reduction of the steam reforming catalyst. In such circumstances, the plant may be designed to use the installed steam reforming catalyst to crack ammonia to provide hydrogen for the reformer catalyst reduction....
Ergonomics - occupational health and safetyIhsan Wassan
Outlines:
What is Ergonomics?
Why Ergonomics emerged?
Why ergonomics is important?
Types of Ergonomics
Objectives of Ergonomics
Effects of Ergonomics
Ergonomics Risk Factors
Preventing and Minimizing injuries
Anthropometry ?
Ergonomics principles
Ergonomics solutions
Advantages of Ergonomics
Conclusion
Ergonomics is a discipline that involves arranging the environment to fit the person in it. In other words, Ergonomics is the science and the art of fitting the job and the workplace to workers’ needs.
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb). Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.
Today, nine states have nuclear weapons and many more can easily acquire those, although only five states are officially recognized as possessing nuclear weapons by the 1968 nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Those are
• The United States (1945)
• Russia (1949)
• The United Kingdom (1952)
• France (1960) and
• China (1964)
Four states never joined the NPT but are known to possess nuclear weapons:
• Israel
• India (1974)
• Pakistan (1998) and
• North Korea (2006)
Dyes are colored organic compounds that are used to impart color to various substrates, including paper, leather, fur, hair, drugs, cosmetics, waxes, greases, plastics and textile materials.
whereas pigments are organic and inorganic materials which are practically insoluble in medium in which they are incorporated.
Temperature distributions with more than one independent variableIhsan Wassan
Fourier's law allows us to determine temperature distribution in a medium and also gives a first-order differential equation for the temperature as a function of position. In this presentation you can determine mathematically how temperature is distributed with respect to more than one independent variable.
Instrumentation and process control in soap making industryIhsan Wassan
Soap is integral to our society today. For generation its use has increased and its manufacture has become an industry essential to the comfort and health of civilized human beings. Therefore we can say that Soaps and detergents occupy a vital place in modern chemical science.
The C++ programming language has a history going back to 1979, when Bjarne Stroustrup was doing work for his Ph.D. thesis. One of the languages Stroustrup had the opportunity to work with was a language called Simula, which as the name implies is a language primarily designed for simulations.
AIChE is the global home of chemical engineers. No matter where you live and work, you can rely on AIChE for the technical information, education, training, career resources and other advantages you need to achieve your goals for the life of your career.
A Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study is a structured and systematic examination of a planned or existing process or operation in order to identify and evaluate problems that may represent risks to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient operation.
Refrigeration and freezing of foods (control of microorganisms) Ihsan Wassan
It is necessary to avoid the contamination of microorganisms in food products and the storage life of fresh perishable foods such as meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits can be extended by cooling or by reducing temperature.here are two important method to avoid the growth of microorganisms one is Refrigeration and other one is Freezing.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. Presented By:
IHSAN ALI WASSAN
(14CH18)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
2
QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH, SINDH
PAKISTAN
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
3. Catalytic Reforming Process?
Purpose of Catalytic Reforming Process
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Process Steps in Catalytic Reforming
Classification of Catalytic Reformer Process
Conclusion
Presentation Outlines
3CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
4. BACKGROUND
In the 1940s, Vladimir Haensel, a research chemist working for Universal Oil
Products (UOP), developed a catalytic reforming process using
a catalyst containing platinum.
4
Catalytic Reforming Process
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
5. 5
Catalytic Reforming Process
INTRODUCTION
Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum
refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil (typically having low octane ratings)
into high-octane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending
stocks for high-octane gasoline.
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
6. It transforms low octane naphtha into high-octane motor gasoline blending stock and
aromatics rich in benzene, toluene, and xylene with hydrogen and liquefied petroleum
gas as a byproduct.
6
Catalytic Reforming Process
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
7. Catalytic Reforming Process
CATALYSTS
Typical catalysts that are used in catalytic reforming are mono-metallic, bi-
metallic or tri-metallic catalysts supported on aluminum, such as platinum
(Pt/Al2O3), Platinum-Iridium (Pt-Ir/Al2O3) or Platinum-Iridium-Tin (Pt-Ir-Sn/Al2O3)
respectively.
7CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
10. Purpose of Catalytic Reforming Process
To improve the octane number of the feedstock, especially of heavy naphtha.
Reducing antiknock quality of naphtha.
10CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
11. Following are the most prevalent main reactions in catalytic reforming
1. Dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics
2. Isomerisation of paraffins and naphthenes
3. Dehydrocyclisation of paraffins to aromatics
4. Hydrocracking of paraffins to lower molecular weight compounds
11
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
12. Dehydrogenation:
The dehydrogenation of naphthenes to convert them into aromatics.
Example:
Conversion of methylcyclohexane (a naphthene) to toluene (an aromatic).
12
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
13. Isomerisation:
The isomerisation of normal paraffins to convert them into isoparaffins.
Example:
The conversion of normal octane (n-paraffin) to 2,5-Dimethylhexane(an isoparaffin).
13
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
14. Dehydrocyclisation:
The dehydrogenation and aromatization of paraffins to aromatics (commonly called
dehydrocyclization).
Example: The conversion of normal heptane to toluene.
14
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
15. Hydrocracking:
The hydrocracking of paraffins into smaller molecules.
Example: The cracking of normal heptane into isopentane and ethane.
15
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
17. Process Steps In Catalytic Reforming
Basic steps in catalytic reforming involve
Feed preparation: Naphtha Hydrotreatment
Preheating: Temperature Control,
Catalytic Reforming and Catalyst Circulation and Regeneration in case of
continuous reforming process
Product separation: Removal of gases and Reformate by fractional Distillation
Separation of aromatics in case of Aromatic production
17CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
18. NAPHTHA HYDRO TREATMENT
Naphtha hydrotreatment is important steps in the catalytic reforming process for
removal of the various catalyst poisons.
It eliminates the impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, halogens, oxygen, water,
olefins, di olefins, arsenic and other metals present in the naphtha feed stock to
have longer life catalyst.
18CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
19. Sulphur: Mercaptans, disulphide, thiophenes and poison the platinum catalyst.
Maximum allowable sulphur content 0.5 ppm or less and water content <4 ppm.
Fixed bed reactor containing a nickel molybdenum where both hydro de sulphurisation
reactions and hydro de nitrification reactions take place.
The catalyst is continuously regenerated.
Liquid product from the reactor is then stripped to remove water and light
hydrocarbons.
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS 19
NAPHTHA HYDRO TREATMENT
20. NAPHTHA HYDRO TREATMENT
Various sections in the naphtha hydro treatment unit are:
Charge Heater:
Preheating reactor feedstock to reaction temperature of 340o
C.
Charge heater has four passes four gas burners.
Heater tubes are made up of SS-321
Reaction Section:
The reactor consists of two catalyst beds.
20CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
21. NAPHTHA HYDRO TREATMENT
Stripping Section:
Stripping section uses air for stripping the light ends mainly hydrogen sulfide from
reactor product, stripper temperature 172o
C.
Stripper Reboiler:
Stripper reboiler supply heat required for striper.
21CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
22. NAPHTHA HYDRO TREATMENT
Operating Variables Naphtha Hydrotreatmernt
•Reactor temperature
•Space velocity
•Hydrogen partial pressure
•H2/HC ratio, feed quality
•Stripper bottom temperature
22CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
24. Classification of Catalytic Reformer Process
Current catalytic reforming processes are commonly classified into three types
based on regeneration systems work of the catalyst. These includes:
semi-regenerative catalytic reformer process (SRCRP)
cyclic regenerative catalytic reformer process (CRCRP)
continuous catalytic regeneration reformer process (CCRRP)
24CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
25. SRCRP is the oldest reforming process that is used for the production of gasoline
and rich aromatic compounds.
It usually has three or four reactors in series with a fixed-bed catalyst system.
A semi-regenerative process uses low platinum and regeneration is required only once
a year.
25
Semi-Regenerative Catalytic Reformer Process
(SRCRP)
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
26. The catalyst activity decreases gradually due to the formation of coke and affects
the yield of aromatics and the hydrogen by-product.
This process can achieve an octane number in range of 85- 100, depending on the
feedstock, gasoline qualities, and required additives.
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS 26
Semi-Regenerative Catalytic Reformer Process
(SRCRP)
28. 28
Some of the Main Features, Advantages and Disadvantages of each Type
of Catalytic Reforming Processes
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS
29. Conclusion
In the whole we can say that catalytic reforming process is one of the most important
processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane
number gasoline.
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESS 29