Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid wastewastewater-is
essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
It is a minor project perform by CEC, durg student... ANUPAM , RAJU, SWARAJ, BHUPENDRA, BASANT, WE take durg nala water to testing in lab which is directly dump to shivnath river .....
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
It is a minor project perform by CEC, durg student... ANUPAM , RAJU, SWARAJ, BHUPENDRA, BASANT, WE take durg nala water to testing in lab which is directly dump to shivnath river .....
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This is the presentation at an international conference, ICOMACE at KGRCET, Hyderabad.. the title of the paper is design of domestic sewage treatment plant for a growing town Ulavapadu, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Redox Environment B.V. at Winterswijk, The netherlands, has developped a total process for waterrecycling for municipal and office buildings, laoding stations, small municipalities,etc., etc,.
Phytorid Wastewater Treatment Technology- Decentralised & Ecosystem Based ...Nitin Kumar
Phytorid Wastewater Treatment Technology involves a constructed wetland exclusively designed for the treatment of municipal, urban, agricultural and industrial wastewater.
Presentation prepared for the course 'Sanitary Engineering' in Civil Engineering
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This SlideShare is about Sewage Treatment Plants in Residential Complexes presented by Dr.Ananth S Kodavasal, Ecotech engineering in "Estate Manager Workshop-II" conducted by ApartmentADDA on 18th Nov 2010 in Bangalore.
It explains the below topics
• Wastewater Pollutants/Impact
• Physical, Chemical, Biological Unit Operations
• Types & Effects of Pollution
• Biological Treatment Variants
• Pros and Cons
At last the SlideShare details on the Important Acts and rules related to Environmental Protection.
Check the link below for details
http://apartmentadda.com/blog/water-workshop-for-apartments-report/
The study of the source of disposal is important because the amount of treatment required to be given to sewage depends very much upon the source of disposal, its quality, and capacity to tolerate the impurities present in the sewage effluents, without itself getting potentially polluted or becoming less useful.
This SlideShare was authored by Dr. Ananth Seshadri Kodavasal who has more than 30 years of experience as an environmental Engineer and is a looked upon as a foremost authority on Sewage Treatment Plants.
It was presented during Water Workshop conducted by ApartmentADDA on 25-Feb-2012. It explains the below topics
• Wastewater Pollutants/Impact
• Physical, Chemical, Biological Unit Operations
• Types & Effects of Pollution
• Biological Treatment Variants
• Pros and Cons
At last the SlideShare details on the Important Acts and rules related to Environmental Protection.
Check the link below for details
http://apartmentadda.com/blog/water-workshop-for-apartments-report/
A case study on characteristics of solid waste & leachate treatment of ok...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade was almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently Delhi generating about 6500 tonnes/day of MSW out of which only 70-75% wastes are able to collect by the MSW management authority and rest amount of wastes are not possible to collect for the habit of people to thrown the wastes in empty places. At present three main landfill sites of Delhi are Bhalaswa at north Delhi, Ghazipur at east Delhi, and Okhla at south Delhi. But not a single landfill are sanitary landfill rather wastes are dumping crudely as a heap of wastes in open landfill. As a result the leachate generated due to percolation of rain water and squeezing of wastes itself posing a great threat in the surrounding soil structure of the landfill. Around the periphery of landfill, soils gets highly contaminated and toxic and degraded it’s essential nutrients [4,6]. In this paper a case study on characteristics of solid wastes of Okhla landfill and performance of it’s leachate treatment is carried out for future planning and proper management of soil structure around the periphery of landfill site.
Keywords: BOD, COD, E-coli, leachate, solid waste, TDS, etc
Water Pollution is an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water. Human population explosion, rapid industrialization, deforestation, unplanned urbanization, scientific and technological advancement etc. are mainly responsible for the pollution crisis on the earth.
Wastewater from manufacturing or chemical processes in industries contributes to water pollution. Industrial wastewater usually contains specific and readily identifiable chemical compounds.
During the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has grown rapidly. But water pollution is concentrated within a few sub sectors, mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants. Out of this a large portion can be traced to the processing of industrial chemicals and to the food products industry.
The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, fish, and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually, it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the effects of water pollution.
Most major industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. But this is not the case with small-scale industries, which cannot afford enormous investments in pollution control equipment, as their profit margin is very slender. So the present study may be helpful for finding out methods for the treatment of effluents in batch scale that are cost effective so that small-scale industries can treat their wastes before releasing them into the environment.
This is the presentation at an international conference, ICOMACE at KGRCET, Hyderabad.. the title of the paper is design of domestic sewage treatment plant for a growing town Ulavapadu, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Redox Environment B.V. at Winterswijk, The netherlands, has developped a total process for waterrecycling for municipal and office buildings, laoding stations, small municipalities,etc., etc,.
Phytorid Wastewater Treatment Technology- Decentralised & Ecosystem Based ...Nitin Kumar
Phytorid Wastewater Treatment Technology involves a constructed wetland exclusively designed for the treatment of municipal, urban, agricultural and industrial wastewater.
Presentation prepared for the course 'Sanitary Engineering' in Civil Engineering
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This SlideShare is about Sewage Treatment Plants in Residential Complexes presented by Dr.Ananth S Kodavasal, Ecotech engineering in "Estate Manager Workshop-II" conducted by ApartmentADDA on 18th Nov 2010 in Bangalore.
It explains the below topics
• Wastewater Pollutants/Impact
• Physical, Chemical, Biological Unit Operations
• Types & Effects of Pollution
• Biological Treatment Variants
• Pros and Cons
At last the SlideShare details on the Important Acts and rules related to Environmental Protection.
Check the link below for details
http://apartmentadda.com/blog/water-workshop-for-apartments-report/
The study of the source of disposal is important because the amount of treatment required to be given to sewage depends very much upon the source of disposal, its quality, and capacity to tolerate the impurities present in the sewage effluents, without itself getting potentially polluted or becoming less useful.
This SlideShare was authored by Dr. Ananth Seshadri Kodavasal who has more than 30 years of experience as an environmental Engineer and is a looked upon as a foremost authority on Sewage Treatment Plants.
It was presented during Water Workshop conducted by ApartmentADDA on 25-Feb-2012. It explains the below topics
• Wastewater Pollutants/Impact
• Physical, Chemical, Biological Unit Operations
• Types & Effects of Pollution
• Biological Treatment Variants
• Pros and Cons
At last the SlideShare details on the Important Acts and rules related to Environmental Protection.
Check the link below for details
http://apartmentadda.com/blog/water-workshop-for-apartments-report/
A case study on characteristics of solid waste & leachate treatment of ok...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade was almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently Delhi generating about 6500 tonnes/day of MSW out of which only 70-75% wastes are able to collect by the MSW management authority and rest amount of wastes are not possible to collect for the habit of people to thrown the wastes in empty places. At present three main landfill sites of Delhi are Bhalaswa at north Delhi, Ghazipur at east Delhi, and Okhla at south Delhi. But not a single landfill are sanitary landfill rather wastes are dumping crudely as a heap of wastes in open landfill. As a result the leachate generated due to percolation of rain water and squeezing of wastes itself posing a great threat in the surrounding soil structure of the landfill. Around the periphery of landfill, soils gets highly contaminated and toxic and degraded it’s essential nutrients [4,6]. In this paper a case study on characteristics of solid wastes of Okhla landfill and performance of it’s leachate treatment is carried out for future planning and proper management of soil structure around the periphery of landfill site.
Keywords: BOD, COD, E-coli, leachate, solid waste, TDS, etc
Water Pollution is an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water. Human population explosion, rapid industrialization, deforestation, unplanned urbanization, scientific and technological advancement etc. are mainly responsible for the pollution crisis on the earth.
Wastewater from manufacturing or chemical processes in industries contributes to water pollution. Industrial wastewater usually contains specific and readily identifiable chemical compounds.
During the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has grown rapidly. But water pollution is concentrated within a few sub sectors, mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants. Out of this a large portion can be traced to the processing of industrial chemicals and to the food products industry.
The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, fish, and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually, it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the effects of water pollution.
Most major industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. But this is not the case with small-scale industries, which cannot afford enormous investments in pollution control equipment, as their profit margin is very slender. So the present study may be helpful for finding out methods for the treatment of effluents in batch scale that are cost effective so that small-scale industries can treat their wastes before releasing them into the environment.
Simulation of Signals with Field Signal SimulatorIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the recent trends the field signal processing is an emerging technology for data acquisition systems, controlling application systems and automation system in real time environment. Versa Modular European (VME) and CRIO based hardware to simulate the field signals for the computer based control and instrumentation panel. Simulator is used to transmit multiple number of signals at a time. FSS software is a generic software to simulate the field signals for a computer based control and instrumentation system. Its general purpose nature easily extends its capabilities to build and perform unit under test(UUT’s) ATP specific test routines. Field signal simulator (FSS)is also an Automatic Testing Equipment (ATE). The main the Scope of this project covers real time computer (RTC) systems used for Signal Processing & Control application and the simulation techniques used to achieve automation by testing these RTC systems. It also includes RTC hardware and the software used for process & control applications. Simulation hardware & software used to test VME system is also included in the scope of this study.
Recycling of water water into drinking waterAshutosh Singh
How to convert waste water into drinking water. There are some technology are given and the time line of projects.
If any one wants it's synopsis report contact me on 9628656548 whatsapp
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.O...Felix Oginni
Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water.
A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.
Filtration of Greywater by Natural ProcessRohan Gajbhiye
This is my Under-graduation final year project presentation based on "Filtration of Grey water by Natural Process using Canna India Plant". My goal to to recycle Grey water for various day to day purpose of our life, so that, we can use and reuse the water for day to day needs such as Gardening, Farming, Car Washing and can prevent scarcity of water which also helps us to re-energize and replace the dry land with veggies and greneery .
Hope it helps. It's not just a presentation but it's a social message to all to help themselves by taking little steps everyday to save water and save life.
Stay healthy Stay fit.
Pollution means the process of making soil, water and air dirty. According to Odum, water is saidto be polluted when it is changed in its quality or composition directly or indirectly as a result of waste disposal and other human activities so that it becomes harmful for domestic, industrial, agricultural , recreational and other purposes.
Industrial waste water purification procedurepasindulaksara1
The effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) is a method that is used to treat the emanation coming out from many areas of the plant. It includes biological, physical, and chemical processes. It aims to releasing safe water into the environment to prevent it from getting cop0ntaminated. These plants are have been very useful in the process of providing clean water to the environment and have conserved water in a number of ways.
Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed contamination in Caga...Angelo Mark Walag
Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards. The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technologies”
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684 Volume 6, Issue 1 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 112-116
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 112 | Page
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With
UASB & SBR Technologies”
Dapinder Deep Singh1
, Dr. Siby John2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering , Chandigarh University , Gharuan (Mohali)
Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh
Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid waste-
wastewater-is essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
Objective oF Study:
To study the degree of correction occurring on the sewage after treating with UASB and SBR technologies at
STP, Village Balloke, LUDHIANA
In this study attempt has been made to study the difference between two technologies after treatment process is
done. Process followed is as under
(1)Collection of the sample
(2)Determination of the physical & chemical characteristics.
I. Introduction
In early days waste products of the society including human excreta are been collected, carried &
disposed of manually by the human beings and this system called dry conservancy system. This system leads to
bad smell and health hazard. Now a day with the march of civilization & development proper disposal of waste
done by a new system called sewage system that had replaced the old dry conservancy system. In the sewage
system, the waste mixed with water called sewage. Sewage carried through close pipes or lines called sewers to
the place away from the residential area under the force of gravity to sewage treatment plant (STP). Here
sewage treated before disposing in environment. As sewage includes dissolved and suspended organic solids,
number of living microorganism, which lead into bad condition, odor and appearance. Microorganism may
contain disease-producing (pathogenic) bacteria and viruses that can be readily transferred by sewage from sick
individuals to well ones. So by removing it properly environment can maintain in an acceptable and safe
condition.
Characteristics Of Sewage
Knowing of the sewage is essential for the proper treatment and management both effectively and
economically. Characteristics helps us in the choosing treatment method, extent of treatment, assessing
beneficial uses of waste and utilization of purification capacity of natural body of water in planned and
controlled manner. The characteristics are as follows:
Physical
Chemical
Bacteriological
2. “Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technologies”
www.iosrjournals.org 113 | Page
Physical Characteristics:
These include those that detected using the physical senses i.e. by physical examination. They are
temperature, color, odor, turbidity and solids.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF SEWAGE
Turbidity Normally turbid; stronger the sewage, higher the turbidity
Color Normal fresh sewage containing DO is grey.
Black or dark color indicates stale or septic sewage accompanied by
septic odour due to the discharge of chemical or industrial effluent.
Odour Fresh sewage have musty odor or odorless.
After 3-4 hour it become stale and start omitting foul/ offensive smell, that of
hydrogen sulphide.
Temperature Generally, temperature of sewage is slightly higher than the normal
water temperature.
In India, average temperature is 200
C.
It is an important factor as it affects biological activity of
microorganism, solubility of gases & viscosity of sewage.
Solids Sewage have very small of solids than water.
Forms of solids are suspended, dissolved, colloidal, settable solids-
organic & inorganic solids.
Solids burn at high temperature 500°C to 600°C to form carbon
dioxide, water etc, called as volatile solids. These are from living
sources.
Those that donot burn at500°C to 600°C, but remain as a residue called
fixed solids. It may be composed of grit, clay, salts, and metals. These
are from nonliving sources.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
The chemical characteristics of wastewater of special concern to the utilities man are pH, DO, nutrients and
toxic substances.
pH is used to describe the acid or base properties of water solutions. pH of sewage is generally greater than
seven.
Chloride is inorganic substance that enters sewage urine of living organisms. Contribution is 8 gm per
person per day.
Nitrogen in sewage indicates organic matter. It formed in different form according to decomposition of
organic waste. It can be in the form of albuminoidal nitrogen (before decomposition), free ammonia (first
stage of decomposition), nitrite (partially decomposed) and nitrates (fully decomposed).
Nutrients (oil, fats, carbohydrates & grease) found in the sewage due to the discharge from the animal
and vegetable matter, garages, kitchens etc.
Dissolved oxygen not found in sewage.DO decreases with increase in temperature.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) measure of oxygen required for chemical oxidation. It helps in
differentiating biologically oxdisable & non-oxdisable material, which interfere in the BOD.
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) measure of oxygen required for biological decomposition of
biodegradable organic matter under aerobic condition. BOD is test carried out for a period of 5 days 20o
C.
Disposal Of Sewage
Disposal of the sewage done in two main ways:
1. Disposal on land.
2. Disposal in water.
Disposal On Land:
When untreated sewage disposed on land then part of water percolating through soil to ground water
and other part evaporates. Suspended solids in the leaching water clog the void present in the soil. This leads to
the change in the condition of the soil; can also results in poundings of sewage over the land where mosquitoes
breed. Therefore, sewage treated before disposing off. Treated sewage used on land for cultivation this called as
the effluent irrigation, broad irrigation or sewage farming.
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DISPOSAL IN WATER:
Untreated sewage discharged into the water bodies that lead to deposition of the solids and other
floating matters to settle at the shores. Organic waste present in water body use up the dissolved oxygen of
water body and takes anaerobic condition that leads to killing of fishes and phytoplankton. Pathogenic bacteria
lead to cause water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, dysentery etc.
II. Treatment Methodology
152 MLD UASB Based STP at BALLOKE Ldh. UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor for Sewage Treatment
Since 1982, in several parts of the world experiments have been undertaken to assess the applicability of the
UASB system - the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket system,described in detail by several authors (Lettinga et
al., 1980, Lettinga and HulshoffPol, 1984) for the direct treatment of sewage in warm climates. Experiences in
Brazil(Souza, 1986), Indonesia (National Institute for Public Health et al. 1988), India(Siddigi,
1990)andColombia(Schellinkhout et al., 1985) showed that a BOD reduction of 75% is feasible under tropical
conditions and somewhat lower in colder areas (Vieira and Souza, 1986). It is also indicated that considerable
cost reductions could be achieved in comparison to other treatment systems. In 1990, thus far largest sewage
treatment plant based on UASB technology was built in the Colombian city of Bucaramanga (600 000 in hab,
900 m + sea level). Smaller plants are being operated in Kanpur, India (5 000 m3/day), Colombia (20,000
population equivalent (PE).Successful use of anaerobic reactors (especially up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket
reactors, (UASB) for the treatment of raw domestic sewage in tropical and subtropical regions opened the
opportunity to substitute the aerobic processes with the anaerobic technology for the removal of organic matter
from the influent wastewater. Despite the success, effluent from the anaerobic reactors, treating domestic sewage,
requires post-treatment in order to achieve the discharge standards prevailing in most countries. The use of
UASB technology for sewage treatment has been explored as a feasible option in many developing countries like
Colombia, Indonesia, Brazil, China, and India. Capital costs for the UASB process are lower than those for other
anaerobic processes since the separation of gas, liquid and solids takes place entirely in the reactor and no support
medium for bacterial attachment is required. An USAB reactor has four major components: (1) sludge bed; (2)
sludge blanket; (3) gas-solids separator (GSS); and (4) settling zone. The key feature of the UASB process that
allows the use volumetric COD loadings compared to other anaerobic processes is the development of a dense
granulated sludge. Because of the granulated sludge floc formation ,the solids concentration can range from 50
to100mg/l at the bottom of the reactor. and 5to 40mg/l in a more diffuse zone at the top of the UASB sludge
blanket the granulated sludge particles have a size range of 1.0 to 3.0mm and result in excellent sludge-
thickening properties with SVI values less than 20mL/g may be required to develop the granulated sludge and
seed is often supplied from other facilities to accelerate the system startup. Variations in morphology were
observed for anaerobic granulated sludge developed at 30 and 20C,but both exhibited similar floc size and
settling properties(Soto et al.,1997).The development of granulated sludge solids is affected by the waste water
characteristics. Granulation is very successful with high carbohydrate or sugar wastewaters,but less so with
wastewaters high in protein resuling in a more fluffy floc instead.other factors affecting developing of granulated
solids are pH , upflow, velocity and nutrients addition .The pH should be maintained near 7.0,and a
recommended COD:N:P ratio during the startup is300:5:1,while a lower ratio can be used during steady –state
operation at 600:5:1.Control of the up flow velocity is recommended during startup by having it high enough to
wash out nonflocculent sludge.
The presence of other suspended soilds in the sludge blanket can also inhibited the density and
formation of granulated sludge.An explanation of the fundamental metabolic conditions associated with granular
sludge formation is provided by Speece(1996)based on work by Palns et al .(1987,1990)The formation of dense
granulated sludge floc particles is favored under conditions of near neutral pH,a plug-flow hydraulic regime, a
zone of high hydrogen partial pressure,a nonlimting supply of NH4-N,and a limited amount of the amino acid
cysteine With a high hydrogen concentration and sufficient NH4-N,the bacteria responsible for granulation may
produce other amino acids ,but there synthesis is limited by the cysteine supply. Some of the excess amino acids
that are produced are thought to be secreted to form extracelluar polypeptides which ,in turn,will bind organisms
together to form the dense pellets or floc granules.
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105 MLD SBR based STP at VILL. BALLOKE, Ldh SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR
The sequencing batch reactor(SBR) process utilizes a fill and draw reactor with complete mixing during
the batch reaction step(after filling)and where the subsequent steps of aeration and clarification occurred in the
same tank.All SBR systems have five steps in common,which are carried out in sequence as follows
(1)Fill,(2)React (aeration),(3)Settle(sedimentation),(4)Draw(decant)and(5)Idle.For continuous flow applications
,atleast two SBR tanks must be provided so that one tank receives flow while the other completes is treatment
cycle .Several process modifications have been made in the times associated with each step to achieve nitrogen
and phosphorus removal .
Sludge wasting is another important step in SBR operation that greatly effects performance.Wasting is
not included as one of the five wasting.The amount and the frequency of sludge wasting is determined by
performance requirements,as with a conventional continous flow system .In an SBR operation sludge wasting
usually occurs during the react phase so that a uniform discharge of soilds (including fine material and large floc
particles) occurs .A unique feature of the SBR system is that there is no need for a return activated sludge
(RAS)system.Because both aeration and settling occur in the same chamber ,no sludge is lost in the react step and
known has to be returned to maintain the soilds content in the aeration chamber.The SBR process can also be
modified to operate in a continuous flow mode.
During the fill operation ,volume and substrate (raw waste water or primary effluent)are added to the
reactor .The Fill process typically allows the liquid level in the reactor to rise from 75% of capacity(at the end of
the idle period) to 100%.When two tanks are used,the fill process may last about 50%of the full cycle time
.During fill ,the reactor may be mixed only or mixed and aerated to promote biological reactions with the influent
wastewater.During the react period ,the biomass consumes the substrate under controlled environmental
conditions.
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III. Results
IV. Conclusion
From this study the observed values of parameters like pH and temperature at the outlet were almost
same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen Demand by UASB
process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by UASB process was
112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l.Total Suspended Solids by UASB process was 58, 44mg/l and
by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. .Total Disolved Solids by UASB process was 666, 600mg/l and by SBR
process was 560, 540mg/l.Total Solids by UASB process was 724, 644mg/l and by SBR process was 510,
490mg/l.
So for the treated wastewater, SBR showed lesser values as compared to UASB technology. So by
analyzing the values we can conclude that SBR is better technology as compared to UASB.
But for using SBR technology, energy in terms of electricity is required whereas no power consumption is
required in case of UASB technology.
Also land required for installing SBR is less as compared to UASB.
So depending upon the availability of land and power and on requirement of efficiency of results , any one of
the above technology can be used.
References
[1]. ASCE(1998) Design of municipal wastewater treatment plants,4th
ed.,ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering practice , No.76,
American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston,VA
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PARAMETER UASB TECHNOLGY SBR TECHNOLGY UNITS Standarad
Values
IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT mg/l
pH 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.2 With in
range of
6.0 to 9.0
Temperature 28 26 28 28 26 27 27 27 ○C
COD 384 112 452 96 464 32 432 34 mg/l <100mg/l
BOD5 204 32 210 32 160 11 200 16 mg/l <30mg/l
TSS 410 58 554 44 500 10 525 12 mg/l <30mg/l
TDS 722 666 726 600 800 560 790 540 mg/l
TS 1132 724 1280 644 1175 510 1220 490 mg/l