This document reviews the applicability and design of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for wastewater treatment. It discusses how SBRs can be modified to treat different types of wastewater more efficiently than conventional activated sludge processes. The review finds that SBRs can effectively treat municipal, industrial, synthetic, and piggery wastewaters through various cycle phases and operating conditions. SBRs have been shown to achieve high removal rates of pollutants like biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, nutrients, and heavy metals from different wastewaters. The document examines several lab-scale and pilot-scale studies that demonstrate SBRs' treatment performance and ability to be optimized for different wastewater compositions.
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technolog...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid wastewastewater-is
essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
High organic loaded wastes and wastewater creates environmental pollution. The textile wastewater is a serious environmental challenge faced by Bangladesh textile sub sector. The textile wastewater contains organic compounds and synthetic chemicals. Certain chemicals which are used in the textile industry cause environmental or health problems. Due to presence of chemicals, it cause instance allergic skin reaction or even cause cancer. Environmental degradation by the industrial sector is a matter of serious concern in Bangladesh. Textile processing industries is one of the most important industries of Bangladesh with regard to production, export and labor force employment. The major raw material for textile processing is grey fabric and most of materials consist of cotton and blended fabric. Textile processing employs a variety of chemicals depending on the nature of raw material and products such as; enzymes, detergents, dyes, acids, soda and salt. The textile wastewater is a highly polluted in terms of organic matter and suspended matter such as fibers, grease and chemicals. The textile wastewater is usually hot and alkaline with strong smell and color due to use of chemicals dyes. Studies reveled that wastewater from textile industry is highly toxic and has inhibitory effects on an activated sludge and nitrification.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Leachate management of Constructed wetlands_Yuka Ogata_National Institute for...CRL Asia
Research conducted by National Institute for Environmental Studies, Yuka Ogata on developing constructed wetlands. A research with pilot scale Constructed Wetlands at Sainoi landfill site in Nonthaburi province next to Bangkok city is introduced here.
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technolog...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid wastewastewater-is
essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
High organic loaded wastes and wastewater creates environmental pollution. The textile wastewater is a serious environmental challenge faced by Bangladesh textile sub sector. The textile wastewater contains organic compounds and synthetic chemicals. Certain chemicals which are used in the textile industry cause environmental or health problems. Due to presence of chemicals, it cause instance allergic skin reaction or even cause cancer. Environmental degradation by the industrial sector is a matter of serious concern in Bangladesh. Textile processing industries is one of the most important industries of Bangladesh with regard to production, export and labor force employment. The major raw material for textile processing is grey fabric and most of materials consist of cotton and blended fabric. Textile processing employs a variety of chemicals depending on the nature of raw material and products such as; enzymes, detergents, dyes, acids, soda and salt. The textile wastewater is a highly polluted in terms of organic matter and suspended matter such as fibers, grease and chemicals. The textile wastewater is usually hot and alkaline with strong smell and color due to use of chemicals dyes. Studies reveled that wastewater from textile industry is highly toxic and has inhibitory effects on an activated sludge and nitrification.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Leachate management of Constructed wetlands_Yuka Ogata_National Institute for...CRL Asia
Research conducted by National Institute for Environmental Studies, Yuka Ogata on developing constructed wetlands. A research with pilot scale Constructed Wetlands at Sainoi landfill site in Nonthaburi province next to Bangkok city is introduced here.
Biological Treatment of Wastewater by Activated Sludge Process Vaibhav Kambale
Very important Secondary Treatment of Wastewater which is followed in the design of most of the types of conventional sewage treatment plant. Hence it is important to understand the basic principles of Activated Sludge Process
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Different Wastewater treatment processes and developmentshhhoaib
An attempt to compare and review the potential future use of three aerobic biological systems, namely:
Conventional Activated Sludge Process (CASP),
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR),
and Packed-Bed Biofilm Reactor (PBBR)
for on-site treatment of wastewater from residential complexes.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater.
The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester. A diagramatic comparison of different anaerobic digesters can be found here.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".A picture of anaerobic sludge granules can be found here.
Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.
The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.
Wastewater treatment by vermi filtration technologyvivatechijri
Vermifiltration units are sludge-free, noise-free and low- or no-electricity-requiring systems of
operation. The aim of this study was to emphasize wastewater treatment by vermifiltration technology using
waste-eater earthworms to highlight the benefits of clean and nutritive vermifiltered water (vermiaqua) uses in
agriculture to the farmers. They work on natural capacity of earthworms to treat wastewater from different
sources. In view of rising concern about pollution of water bodies due to discharge of waste in them, it is
necessary to initiate alternative thinking as conventional methods through STPs (Sewage treatment Plants) have
had limited success. In recent years the application of specifically designed filtration based technology
(popularly known as Vermifiltration technology) for treatment of wastewater municipal, urban and agricultural,
is becoming widely acceptable. It treats the wastewater in natural manner without the use of chemicals. In
short, Vermifiltration technology is an improved filtration system for treatment of wastewater. The main
objective of present research work is to provide and popularize a simple, feasible, practically sound, ecofriendly and cost effective technology for wastewater treatment. Vermifiltration technology is such a type of
system, which reduces the impact of sewage and converts into useful water for gardening and irrigation
purpose.
Review of research on bio reactors used in wastewater ijsit 2.4.6IJSIT Editor
The review presented in this paper focuses on reactors used in wastewater treatment for bio
hydrogen production (e.g. batch reactors, complete mix reactors, plug flow reactors, bio-film reactors,
suspended reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, anaerobic baffled reactors, upflow packed-bed
attached growth reactors, attached growth fluidized bed reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, hybrid
/ high rate reactors and membrane separation reactors. It is clear from the review that development of these
reactors can be considered a grown up research for which good design and scale-up guidelines are available
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
Biological Treatment of Wastewater by Activated Sludge Process Vaibhav Kambale
Very important Secondary Treatment of Wastewater which is followed in the design of most of the types of conventional sewage treatment plant. Hence it is important to understand the basic principles of Activated Sludge Process
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Different Wastewater treatment processes and developmentshhhoaib
An attempt to compare and review the potential future use of three aerobic biological systems, namely:
Conventional Activated Sludge Process (CASP),
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR),
and Packed-Bed Biofilm Reactor (PBBR)
for on-site treatment of wastewater from residential complexes.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater.
The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester. A diagramatic comparison of different anaerobic digesters can be found here.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".A picture of anaerobic sludge granules can be found here.
Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.
The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.
Wastewater treatment by vermi filtration technologyvivatechijri
Vermifiltration units are sludge-free, noise-free and low- or no-electricity-requiring systems of
operation. The aim of this study was to emphasize wastewater treatment by vermifiltration technology using
waste-eater earthworms to highlight the benefits of clean and nutritive vermifiltered water (vermiaqua) uses in
agriculture to the farmers. They work on natural capacity of earthworms to treat wastewater from different
sources. In view of rising concern about pollution of water bodies due to discharge of waste in them, it is
necessary to initiate alternative thinking as conventional methods through STPs (Sewage treatment Plants) have
had limited success. In recent years the application of specifically designed filtration based technology
(popularly known as Vermifiltration technology) for treatment of wastewater municipal, urban and agricultural,
is becoming widely acceptable. It treats the wastewater in natural manner without the use of chemicals. In
short, Vermifiltration technology is an improved filtration system for treatment of wastewater. The main
objective of present research work is to provide and popularize a simple, feasible, practically sound, ecofriendly and cost effective technology for wastewater treatment. Vermifiltration technology is such a type of
system, which reduces the impact of sewage and converts into useful water for gardening and irrigation
purpose.
Review of research on bio reactors used in wastewater ijsit 2.4.6IJSIT Editor
The review presented in this paper focuses on reactors used in wastewater treatment for bio
hydrogen production (e.g. batch reactors, complete mix reactors, plug flow reactors, bio-film reactors,
suspended reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, anaerobic baffled reactors, upflow packed-bed
attached growth reactors, attached growth fluidized bed reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, hybrid
/ high rate reactors and membrane separation reactors. It is clear from the review that development of these
reactors can be considered a grown up research for which good design and scale-up guidelines are available
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Soil Biotechnology to Treat Nazafgarh Drain Water before Disposal into River ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY TO TREAT NAZAFGARH DRAIN WATER BEFORE DISPOSAL INTO RIVER ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants. These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world. It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and could be set up within the area of habilitation.
SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY TO TREAT NAZAFGARH DRAIN WATER BEFORE DISPOSAL INTO RIVER ...civejjour
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
2. A Review on applicability and design of sequencing batch reactor
Reyad Ranjon et al.,
Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2016
246
of undesired substances is minimized. The whole procedure can be discussed under 3 main section. In
primary (physical) treatment the sewage is passed through screens, traps and skimming devises so that the
suspended solids are removed. In secondary treatment, only a fraction of the dissolved organic matter is
mineralized and the larger part is converted to removable solids from dissolved state. A combination of
primary and secondary treatment reduces the original BOD of the sewage by 80-90%. The secondary
treatment depends on microbial activity.
It can be aerobic and anaerobic and may be carried out in a variety of devices (Atlas and Bertha., 2000).
Among them Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is the most popular and potential option. SBR is the
modified version of activated sludge process. Here, the aeration, sedimentation and clarification are
performed in the same vessel which was performed in different vessels in conventional activated sludge
process (USEPA.,1986). Furthermore, conventional process has shown less efficiency in removing
nitrogen and sludge production is not uniform as well. It is also a time consuming process and takes more
space. On the other hand, in SBR wastewater is treated in a single tank time saving manner (Irvine et al.,
1979). Besides, filamentous bacterial growth and settling are easily controlled. So, biomass is not washed
out from SBR tank (Mace and Mata-Alvarez., 2002). SBR was first introduced by Arden and Lockett in
1914 (Arden and Lockett, 1914). The research on SBR was begun drastically after 1970 when the
discontinuous process was developed (Goronszy et al., 1978).
SBR is better known as fill and draw system in aerobic and anaerobic suspended growth wastewater
treatment process. Here, wastewater is first added in a single basin, then the undesirable contaminants are
treated and finally treated water is discarded for reuse. No extra basin is used for aeration, sedimentation
and decantation steps (Vigneswaran et al., 2007). SBR can be optimized to treat different kinds of
wastewater such as municipal, domestic, tannery, hyper saline, brewery, landfill leachates dairy
wastewaters etc. under different conditions.
2 Physical description of Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
The SBR can be consisted of one or multiple basin, but for better removal efficiency and flow control it
should be of at least two basins. Every operating cycle (Figure 1) includes five consecutive steps i.e. filling,
reaction, settling, decantation and idle. These steps can be altered for operational applications (Mahvi et al.,
2008). The steps are discussed below:
Filling: During the filling phase, raw wastewater is added to the basin which act as the substrate for
microbial growth. It can be further typed based on aeration and mixing conditions.
Static fill: It is the initial start-up of the basin. Raw wastewaters are added to the basin where no aeration or
mixing is provided.
Mixed fill: In this filling phase, only mixing is active which promote anoxic conditions. Anoxic conditions
stimulate the de-nitrification. In addition to this anaerobic condition can be achieved where phosphorous will
release in the basin.
Aerated fill: Both aeration and mechanical mixing are activated in this step. So, the anoxic or anaerobic
zones are converted to aerobic zones and promote nitrification in this phase. (Poltak et al., 2005)
Reaction: This phase is better known as polishing step because the maximum carbonaceous BOD is reduced
in this step. No additional influent wastewater is added and both aeration and mixing units are on here.
Nitrification is also resumed in this step.
3. A Review on applicability and design of sequencing batch reactor
Reyad Ranjon et al.,
Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2016
247
Settling: Aeration is stopped in this phase to maintaina static condition. Biological flocs settle in the bottom
of the basin. If flocs do not settle rapidly, then some wasted activated sludge can be discarded in idle phase.
Decantation: After settling, decantation will start where treated supernatant is discarded from the SBR
basin. The time dedicated to draw supernatant ranges from 5->30 % of the total cycle time.
Idle: Waste activated sludge can be extracted in order to attain rapid settling (if required).
Figure 1: Typical cycles of SBR (Source USEPA, 1999)
3. Performance of SBR
SBR can be used for treating a wide range of wastewater (Table 1) from chemical, dairy, industrial estate
wastewater, landfill leachate, paper and pulp, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, piggery, sewage, swine,
synthetic wastewater; tannery, textile industries by using lab scale, pilot scale and industrial scale models
(Patil et al., 2013).
3.1 Municipal wastewater
A lab-scale study was performed to evaluate performance of SBR based STP at Kalyani, West Bengal,
India. This STP was designed to treat municipal wastewater and the plant capacity was 25 MLD. Here,
aeration time, settling time and decantation time were 3 hr, 1 hr and 1 hr respectively. The STP had 3 SBR
basins to treat wastewater and 8 cycles performed every day. The result showed that the overall BOD
removal efficiency is 96%, total suspended solid removal is 92.74% where 18.67% were removed during
primary treatment, nitrogen, and phosphorous removal rates are 75.67% and 71.79% respectively (Sayyad
and Wakode., 2014).
Another lab-scale study was carried out to evaluate SBR performance in the treatment of municipal
wastewater from Bennekom Municipal Treatment Plant, Netherlands. Here, two reactors with different
volume were used, one is 1.3 and another is 0.35 . Here, acetic acid was used as external carbon
source for better removal efficiency. After addition of acetic acid initial influent contained 443 mg/l COD,
71 mg/l TKN and 7 mg/l P-P. The final effluent was almost free from nutrients where phosphorus
concentration was <1mg of P/l and nitrogen concentrations was <12 mg of N/l. So it can be said that
external carbon source is effective for lab scale treatment of municipal wastewater (Bernardes and
4. A Review on applicability and design of sequencing batch reactor
Reyad Ranjon et al.,
Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2016
248
Klapwijk., 1996). Phosphorous is mainly responsible for eutrophication and algal bloom so wastewater
should be made free from it before discharging to environment (Seviour et al., 2003). A lab scale SBR
study was designed to see SBR performance in COD and phosphorous removal while treating a mixture of
municipal and synthetic wastewater. Here, a modified anaerobic-aerobic/anoxic SBR reactor where 4
different operating phases were adopted (duration of time was 3-8 hours). The input COD and phosphate
concentration were varied, where COD concentration was between 250-1500 mg/l and phosphate
concentration was 4-60 mg/l. The result showed that 3 and 4 operating strategies were best suitable for
removal of COD (91.9% , 92.7%) and TP (84.4%, 86.9%). Intermittent aeration time was applied for both
3 (total aeration time was 180 min) and 4 strategy (total aeration time was 225 min) (Azhdarpoor et al.,
2014).
3.2 Industrial wastewater
A laboratory scale SBR was designed for treating industrial wastewater where wastewater came from a
milk factory. Here, three phases operating strategy were used which includes different aeration time,
organic loading and cycle periods. The result was quite satisfactory for COD removal around above 90 %
where initial COD concentration was 400 to 2500 mg/l. The reactor was maintained with dissolve oxygen
rate 2-3 mg/l, MLVSS was 3000 mg/l and optimum aeration time was 6 hr. This result proved that SBR can
be a good option for different concentration of dairy wastewater treatment (Bandpi and Bazari., 2004).
(Dohare et al., 2014) investigated a lab scale SBR where wastewater fed from water treatment plant at
Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India. The size of the STP was 30 MLD. To evaluate the SBR
performance a lab scale SBR had set up where 20 litters were the maximum reactor volume. The authors
had carried out different aeration time and air flow to see the SBR performance. To bring down the
parameters in the permissible limit, the optimum aeration time was 180 min and air rate supply was 10
L/min. The results showed BOD, COD, TKN, Ammonia and phosphate removal efficiency was 92.1%,
91.27%, 82.6%, 68 %, 86.31 % respectively.
3.3 Synthetic wastewater
Benzoic acid (BA) is one of the major cause in high oxygen demand and low biodegradability; so the
wastewater should be free from BA when it is released to the surroundings (Chern and chain.,2003).A
laboratory scale SBR study was carried out to treat synthetic wastewater where their main focus was to see
the BA removal efficiency. The result showed that if MLSS concentration increases, simultaneously the BA
concentration would decrease. Furthermore, 95% of BA removal can be achieved where optimum MLSS
concentration was 5000 mg/l, cycle time 8h and organic loading rate was 200 mg/l in the reactor
(Subbaramaiah and Mall., 2012).
In 2010, Hu et al., investigated on three-bench scale SBR with synthetic wastewater. Their main objective
of the project was to find out how aeration rate affect emission from the SBR tank. The size of the
reactor was 24 liters operated at 23±20ºC temperature and MLSS maintained as 3000 mg/l. The SBR was
operated (anoxic/aerobic) mode, where initially 2 hours were provided for anoxic phase, next 4 hours were
for aeration and 40 minutes for settling. The results showed that mild aeration promotes higher nitrification
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rate and higher aeration rate decrease emission. As emission indicates higher removal of
nitrogen, the SBR should operate on mild aeration to promote the higher nitrification.
The energy consumption and COD demand for nitrogen and phosphorus removal is depended on two
major constraints, one is simultaneous nitrification and de-nitrification (SND) and another is anaerobic
enhanced biological phosphorous removal (EBPR). A lab scale SBR was designed to find the solution of
those constraints. Here, an anaerobic-aerobic SBR with working volume 4 L was used with synthetic
wastewater. The operation cycle of SBR was consisted of 1 hr. anaerobic, 3 hr. aerobic and 43 min settling
time. SNDPR system easily removed considerable amount of N and P. The results showed that was the
end product of de-nitrification not the . Apart from that, N removal pathway was found via nitrite not
the nitrate where ammonia is oxidized and finally it is denitrified (Zeng et al., 2003).
Proper anoxic phase is an important aspect in SBR, because the de-nitrification rate depends upon anoxic
step. Keeping this in view a lab scale SBR was performed where a long 18 hr. anoxic phase was provided
per cycle followed by 5 hr. aerobic and 1 hr. settle/decant/refill. The SBR systems were operated for 180
days, where 20 days SRT, 24hr HRT and influent COD and Nitrate was 4000 mg/l and 1000 mg/l. The
influent wastewater prepared synthetically. The removal efficiency of COD, nitrate and phosphate was
72%, 98% and 86 % respectively attained in anoxic phase. The rest of 26 % COD removed in aerobic
phase (Jena et al, 2016).
3.4 Piggery wastewater
A digested piggery wastewater was used to see the feasibility of internal carbon source (non-digested pig
manure) in lab-scale SBR. In general, the SBR performance for removal of nitrogen and phosphorous was
the main concern in this research work. The results concluded that internal carbon source can have a
similar effect as external acetate. Here, initial ammonia and phosphate concentration was 900 mg/l and 90
mg/l respectively. The removal efficiency found to be 99.8% for nitrogen and 97.8% for phosphate. So,
internal carbon source can be sufficient for removal of low concentration nutrients without the addition of
external carbon source in piggery wastewater (Mata-Alvarez et al., 2005).
Two-laboratory scale SBR reactor (anaerobic + aerobic) was combined and used to treat piggery
wastewater. The anaerobic reactor had a maximum volume of 1.5L. It was filled up to 0.75L by anaerobic
sludge to see the change in efficiency. Another two aerobic reactors were attached with the anaerobic
reactor, which had an active volume of 1.5L and was used after 0.11 day. The overall removal performance
was 81-90% for TOC and 85-90 % for TKN. Here, recycling ratio was between 1-3 and concluded that
higher recycle ratio will promote lower concentrations of nitrogen oxides in the effluent (Bernet et al.,
2000).
More recently, a moving bed sequencing batch reactor (MBSBR) was tested to treat piggery wastewater.
The result showed that MBSBR is more effective to treat piggery wastewater than conventional SBR. COD,
BOD and TKN removal efficiency were 80%, 90%and 86-90% were achieved where organic loads were
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1.18-2.36 kg COD/ d. However, suspended solids varied between 4700–5900 mg/L, 1500–2300 mg/L,
and 4000–8000 mg/L (Sombatsompo et al., 2011).
3.5 Slaughterhouse wastewater
This type of wastewater contains considerable amount of diluted blood, fat, protein and suspended solids
which make the wastewater rich in organic materials. Because of high organic material concentration,
slaughterhouse wastewater has very high impact on riverbeds and other water bodies (Masse and
Masse.,2000). To treat slaughterhouse wastewater a laboratory scale aerobic-anoxic SBR was designed.
The main objective of the project was to see simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen and also
determine the bio-kinetic coefficients based on SBR performance. Here, three types of aerobic-anoxic
operating strategy were adopted, namely (4+4), (5+3) and (3+5). Through this study it was found that,
COD can be removed 86-96% after 8 hr. of total reaction period. Furthermore, (4+4) aerobic-anoxic
operating strategy was found to be best for the removal of NH4-N (74.75%) where initial ammonium was
(176.85 mg/l). For future full-scale operation, bio-kinetics coefficients (𝑘, 𝐾𝑠, 𝑌, 𝑑) were also determined
(Mukherjee et al., 2014).
3.6 Tannery Wastewater
Tannery wastewater contains different types of chemicals which seriously upset the aquatic environment.
To treat it a lab scale study was performed with (Membrane + SBR) reactor. The maximum reactor volume
was 3.5L and cycling time was 8 hr. The 8 hr. cycle time was maintained where aeration phase (4.45 hr.),
anoxic phase (1.15 hr.), re-aeration (0.5 hr.) and permeation (1.10 hr.). The reactor provided low F/M ratio
to achieve the low biomass yield. Final removal efficiency was found 100% in ammonium, 60-90% for TN
and 90% for COD (Ganesh et al., 2006).
Recently another study was done with MSBR to treat tannery wastewater. The removal efficiency was
achieved 100%, 90% and 60-90% in ammonium, COD and total nitrogen respectively. Where initial COD
and ammonium concentration were 500 mg/l and 90 mg/l respectively. It was also found out that
nitrification and di-nitrification rates were the same for higher concentration of chromium. Another point
was that MSBR can produce more resistant biomass than conventional SBR (Durai and Rajasimman.,
2011).
3.7 Landfill leachate wastewater
It is mixture of concentrated organic and inorganic matters that includes mainly ammonium , humic acids,
organic and ammonium nitrogen, heavy metals, xenobiotic and inorganic salts (Wisznioski et al., 2006). So,
we should reduce the leachate toxicity and undesirable contents before release it to the environment. A
bench scale study was performed on SBR and MBR with Finnish Municipal landfill leachate. The influent
wastewater initially passed through a SBR and later went to a MBR. The SBR operated 24 hr. cycle per
day where 21.5 hr. for aeration, 2hr for settling and 30 min for decantation. The raw wastewater contains
1240 mg/l BOD, 475 mg/l suspended solids, 10 mg/l phosphorous and 210 mg/l ammonium nitrogen. The
SRT was varied for both SBR and MBR, in SBR SRT was used 10-40 days and in MBR Sludge Retention
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Time (SRT) was used 35-60 days. The overall results showed that the reduction efficiency of suspended
solids, BOD, ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus were 99%, 97%, 97% and 88% respectively (Laitinen et
al., 2006).
Later on, a pilot study on Landfill leachate was done with only SBR. The aim of this study was to find
credibility of SBR for biological nitrogen removal. The total volume of the pilot plant was 1000L and
could be used to treat 220-300L landfill leachate daily. The SBR operating strategy was anoxic/aerobic
where three experimental methods were used. Initial period was adapting phase, then nitrification and
de-nitrification process and final one was stabilizing the nitrogen efficiency. The nitrogen removal
efficiency was 80% for this experiment. The results revealed that step anoxic/aerobic are suitable for
nitrogen removal and methanol can be useful as external carbon source while adapting the process
(Monclus et al., 2008).
3.8 Laboratory wastewater
The laboratory wastewaters contain different types of chemicals, organic matters, and heavy metals making
it difficult to treat. If laboratory wastewaters get mixed with domestic sewage then it may harm the
conventional sewage treatment process (Alappat and Shrrelakshmi., 2013). A lab scale SBR was used to
treat the academic wastewater from the Control and Environmental Prevention Laboratory, Universidade
Estadual de Maringá– Brazil. The each SBR cycle time was 24 hr. where fill/react, settle and draw periods
in the ratio of 20:3.5:0.5. In the beginning, wastewater contained 2L seed and 1.3L lab wastewater, which
was collected in 8 months’ time span. The initial COD concentration was 900 mg/l and pH 7.8. The final
results showed that the COD reduction is only 11%. So, some physicochemical/chemical treatment must be
done before biological treatment of laboratory wastewater, otherwise the treatment process would severely
hamper (Benatti et al., 2003).
Table 1: Treatment of different type of wastewater by using SBR.
SI
Type of
Wastewater
Technology
adopted
Removal of
Removal
efficiency (%)
References
1
Municipal
wastewater
Lab Scale
SBR
BOD
Total
suspended
solids nitrogen
phosphorous
96%
92.74 %
75.67 %
71.79 %
Sayyad and
Wakode., 2014
2
Industrial
wastewater
Lab Scale
SBR
BOD
COD
TKN
Ammonia
phosphate
92.1 %
91.27 %
82.6%
68 %
86.31 %
Dohareet al.,
2014
3
Synthetic
wastewater
Lab Scale
SBR
COD
Nitrate
phosphate
72%
98%
86 %
Jena et al., 2016
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252
4
Piggery
wastewater
Lab Scale
(SBR+MBR)
COD
BOD
TKN
80 %
90%
(86-90%)
Sombatsompo
et al., 2011
5
Slaughterhouse
wastewater
Lab Scale
SBR
COD
Nitrate
Ammonia
86-90 %
74.75 %
96.58 %
Mukherjee et
al., 2014
6
Tannery
Wastewater
Lab Scale
(SBR+MBR)
COD
Nitrate
Ammonia
90%
100%
60-90%
Duraiand
Rajasimman.,
2011
7
Landfill
Leachate
Lab Scale
(SBR+MBR)
BOD
Suspended
solids
Ammonia
Phosphorus
97%
99 %
97 %
88%
Laitinen et al.,
2006
8
Lab
wastewater
Lab Scale
SBR
COD 11 %
Benatti et al.,
2003
4. Design of sequencing batch reactor
According to EPA (1999), the first step of designing SBR is to determine the influent wastewater
characteristics, design flow and effluent requirements for the proposed system. The characteristics of
influent wastewater are pH, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), ammonia-nitrogen, BOD, COD, TSS,
alkalinity, temperature, and total phosphorus. Other more specific parameters may be required for
treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater. After getting the influent and effluent characteristics of
the system, the key SBR design parameters are found out. The key design parameter includes Food to Mass
ratio (F/M), treatment operation cycle duration, Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS), Hydraulic
Retention Time (HRT) and Sludge Retention Time (SRT). Lastly, the number of cycles per day, decant
volume, reactor size, number of basins and detention time are determined. In addition to this, aeration
equipment and size, decanter and site elevation above mean sea level data also required to design SBR.
There are two major design concepts of SBR, one is what percent of the tank content will be removed
during decantation step and another one is the duration of time for settling, decantation and aeration steps.
Two SBR tank should be provided for a continuous flow system, where one tank will receive raw
wastewater and another tank will treat the wastewater simultaneously. However, sludge wasting is
important in SBR, generally sludge wasting take place during the reaction steps to promote the uniform
solids that settle in the settling steps (Metcalf and eddy, 2003). A guideline known as SBR manual where
the SBR design considerations are clearly described. According to the manual, the preliminary treatment
includes screening, grit removal, and flow monitoring. Primary treatment includes sedimentation and
floatation in a single tank. A flow equalization basin can be provided to control the flow and organic mass
loading. As alkalinity is an important aspect in SBR, it has been suggested to keep it between 40-70 mg/l in
decantation step, furthermore to control pH additional Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Carbonate or Calcium
Oxide may be added in SBR basin. Minimum two SBR basins should be provided in primary treatment
units that will fortify redundancy, maintenance problems, high flows control, and seasonal variations
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control. If microbes are depleted in one basin, the biomass from other basin may be transferred to continue
the process. Apart from that, smaller blower should be introduced in SBR basin to enhance operational
efficiency instead of one large blower (Poltak et al.,2005).
The fundamental biological kinetics of continuous flow can be applied in SBR design. SBR system can
vary with filling strategy, reactor shape, reactor configuration, aeration method and decanting mechanism.
Different SBR design consideration was reckoned to find operation time, biological capacity, reactor
volume, hydraulic capacity and settlement capacity. Those generic parameters are used in initial SBR
design, which are generated by trial and error methods. Furthermore, the reactor depth is divided by three
zones, which are decant zone, buffer zone and settled sludge zone (C.X Huo., 2004).
Table 2: Typical process parameters for SBR configurations. (Source: CPHEEO manual., 2012)
4.1 Advantage and disadvantage of SBR
Some advantage and disadvantage of SBR is given below (EPA., 1999 and Aziz et al., 2011).
Advantages: 1) SBR can be easily constructed, operated, and controlled. 2) Plant shape can be adopted
according to requirement.3) Lesser number of pipe networks and channels required as compared to other
techniques. 4) Equalization, primary clarification, biological treatment and secondary clarification can be
done in a single basin. 5) Cost effective than other available options. 6) It can be adopted with continuous
variation of polluted wastewater. 7) Removal efficiency is comparatively higher than conventional
activated sludge process.
Disadvantages: 1) As SBR functions, a higher level of sophistication is required for time and control units.
2) Extra configuration is required for decantation of the treated effluent. 3) Batch feeding from storage or
bio-selectors is required to control bulking. 4) Maintenance of SBR is tough compared to conventional
systems because it needs more sophisticated controls, automated switches and automated valves. 5)
Potential plugging of aeration devices are problematic in SBR. 6) Depending on the downstream process,
an equalization basin may require.
SI Parameters Units
Continuous Flow &
Intermittent Decant
Intermittent Flow &
Intermittent Decant
1 F/M 0.05-0.08 0.05-0.3
2 Sludge age d 15-20 4-20
3 Sludge yield
Kg dry solids/kg
BOD
0.75-0.85 0.75-1
4 MLSS mg/l 3000-4000 3500-5000
5 Cycle Time hr. 4-8 2.5-6
6 Settling Time hr. >0.5 >0.5
7 Decant Depth m 1.5 2.5
8
Fill volume
Base
Peak flow Peak flow
9
Process
oxygen BOD
TKN
Kg O2/kg BOD
Kg O2/kg TN
1.1
4.6
1.1
4.6
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5. Conclusions
Wastewaters of our daily domestic and professional activities are posing a potential threat to the
environment. A wide variety of known and unknown characters of raw wastewater are rendering the
treatment process progressively challenging. To cope with the nascent problems more modifications of the
existing methods have been introduced to enhance the treatment efficiency. More research should be done
to optimize SBR process for various types of wastewater. This review paper might help them who want to
work with SBR in near future with both lab scale and in-situ SBR.
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