Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards. The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
Dr. Abu Bakr El Tohami - Impact of Slaughter Houses Production and Waste Disp...Hudhaib Al-Allatti
This document presents information on the impact of improperly located slaughterhouses near residential areas in Omdurman Municipality, Sudan. Data was collected through questionnaires, photos, and site observations. Slaughterhouses can negatively impact the environment and public health through pollution from animal blood, waste, and body parts; unpleasant odors; increased disease vectors; and potential meat spoilage without cold storage. Recommendations are provided to address these issues, such as locating slaughterhouses away from populated areas, improving waste management, recycling waste products, and ensuring hygienic meat handling and storage.
Agricultural potential of biosolids generated from dewatering of faecal sludg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the agricultural potential of biosolids produced from dewatering faecal sludge on drying beds in Ghana. Various filter media and loading rates of faecal sludge were tested. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were within ranges that would support agricultural use. Heavy metal concentrations in the biosolids were very low and below limits for use in developing countries. The results indicate the biosolids have nutrient value and low risk of heavy metal contamination, suggesting potential for use as fertilizer in agriculture.
This document summarizes a study on the microbial communities in a full-scale vermifilter (VF) system treating rural domestic sewage in China over 17 months. The VF system achieved average removal efficiencies of 67.6% for COD, 78.0% for BOD5, 92.1% for NH4+-N, and 89.8% for TSS. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the VF biofilm was dominated by Proteobacteria, especially gamma-proteobacteria, followed by Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Earthworm activity in the VF selected for microbes related to processes in earthworm guts
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technolog...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid wastewastewater-is
essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
Water Pollution is an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water. Human population explosion, rapid industrialization, deforestation, unplanned urbanization, scientific and technological advancement etc. are mainly responsible for the pollution crisis on the earth.
Wastewater from manufacturing or chemical processes in industries contributes to water pollution. Industrial wastewater usually contains specific and readily identifiable chemical compounds.
During the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has grown rapidly. But water pollution is concentrated within a few sub sectors, mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants. Out of this a large portion can be traced to the processing of industrial chemicals and to the food products industry.
The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, fish, and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually, it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the effects of water pollution.
Most major industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. But this is not the case with small-scale industries, which cannot afford enormous investments in pollution control equipment, as their profit margin is very slender. So the present study may be helpful for finding out methods for the treatment of effluents in batch scale that are cost effective so that small-scale industries can treat their wastes before releasing them into the environment.
This document discusses excreta and sewage management. It describes that 15% of rural areas lack access to safe excreta facilities, with 75% using pit latrines and 60% discharging waste directly into the environment. Sewage refers to liquid waste containing excreta, bathing, and kitchen waste water. Improper sewage disposal can spread diseases like typhoid, hepatitis A, and cholera. Common rural sewage disposal methods include pit latrines, while water-based systems in other areas use septic tanks connected to soakaways. Proper sanitary sewage disposal prevents contact of feces with vectors and promotes environmental health.
The document provides information on excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal. It discusses the nutrients contained in human feces and urine. It describes various methods for the disposal of human excreta including pit latrines, septic tanks, and composting toilets. It also covers the treatment and reuse of sewage and graywater. The document emphasizes the importance of properly disposing of human waste to prevent disease and pollution, while highlighting the potential for waste to be used as a resource.
This document provides details for designing a sewage treatment plant for Kochi, India based on estimated future population and sewage characteristics. The key points are:
- The design population for 2050 is estimated to be 2 million people based on past population growth trends.
- The average sewage generation is calculated to be 216 MLD (million liters per day) with a peak flow of 5 cubic meters per second.
- The treatment process includes receiving, screening, grit removal, oil/grease removal, primary sedimentation, activated sludge treatment with aeration tanks and secondary clarifiers, and sludge drying beds.
- Design calculations are provided for the sizing and dimensions of each treatment
Dr. Abu Bakr El Tohami - Impact of Slaughter Houses Production and Waste Disp...Hudhaib Al-Allatti
This document presents information on the impact of improperly located slaughterhouses near residential areas in Omdurman Municipality, Sudan. Data was collected through questionnaires, photos, and site observations. Slaughterhouses can negatively impact the environment and public health through pollution from animal blood, waste, and body parts; unpleasant odors; increased disease vectors; and potential meat spoilage without cold storage. Recommendations are provided to address these issues, such as locating slaughterhouses away from populated areas, improving waste management, recycling waste products, and ensuring hygienic meat handling and storage.
Agricultural potential of biosolids generated from dewatering of faecal sludg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the agricultural potential of biosolids produced from dewatering faecal sludge on drying beds in Ghana. Various filter media and loading rates of faecal sludge were tested. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were within ranges that would support agricultural use. Heavy metal concentrations in the biosolids were very low and below limits for use in developing countries. The results indicate the biosolids have nutrient value and low risk of heavy metal contamination, suggesting potential for use as fertilizer in agriculture.
This document summarizes a study on the microbial communities in a full-scale vermifilter (VF) system treating rural domestic sewage in China over 17 months. The VF system achieved average removal efficiencies of 67.6% for COD, 78.0% for BOD5, 92.1% for NH4+-N, and 89.8% for TSS. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the VF biofilm was dominated by Proteobacteria, especially gamma-proteobacteria, followed by Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Earthworm activity in the VF selected for microbes related to processes in earthworm guts
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technolog...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid wastewastewater-is
essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
Water Pollution is an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water. Human population explosion, rapid industrialization, deforestation, unplanned urbanization, scientific and technological advancement etc. are mainly responsible for the pollution crisis on the earth.
Wastewater from manufacturing or chemical processes in industries contributes to water pollution. Industrial wastewater usually contains specific and readily identifiable chemical compounds.
During the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has grown rapidly. But water pollution is concentrated within a few sub sectors, mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants. Out of this a large portion can be traced to the processing of industrial chemicals and to the food products industry.
The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, fish, and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually, it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the effects of water pollution.
Most major industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. But this is not the case with small-scale industries, which cannot afford enormous investments in pollution control equipment, as their profit margin is very slender. So the present study may be helpful for finding out methods for the treatment of effluents in batch scale that are cost effective so that small-scale industries can treat their wastes before releasing them into the environment.
This document discusses excreta and sewage management. It describes that 15% of rural areas lack access to safe excreta facilities, with 75% using pit latrines and 60% discharging waste directly into the environment. Sewage refers to liquid waste containing excreta, bathing, and kitchen waste water. Improper sewage disposal can spread diseases like typhoid, hepatitis A, and cholera. Common rural sewage disposal methods include pit latrines, while water-based systems in other areas use septic tanks connected to soakaways. Proper sanitary sewage disposal prevents contact of feces with vectors and promotes environmental health.
The document provides information on excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal. It discusses the nutrients contained in human feces and urine. It describes various methods for the disposal of human excreta including pit latrines, septic tanks, and composting toilets. It also covers the treatment and reuse of sewage and graywater. The document emphasizes the importance of properly disposing of human waste to prevent disease and pollution, while highlighting the potential for waste to be used as a resource.
This document provides details for designing a sewage treatment plant for Kochi, India based on estimated future population and sewage characteristics. The key points are:
- The design population for 2050 is estimated to be 2 million people based on past population growth trends.
- The average sewage generation is calculated to be 216 MLD (million liters per day) with a peak flow of 5 cubic meters per second.
- The treatment process includes receiving, screening, grit removal, oil/grease removal, primary sedimentation, activated sludge treatment with aeration tanks and secondary clarifiers, and sludge drying beds.
- Design calculations are provided for the sizing and dimensions of each treatment
Recycling waste through constructed wetlandBineet Chhajer
The document summarizes a 3-day training program on technologies for waste recycling and sustainable development, including water sensitive plumbing and constructed wetlands. It discusses contemporary issues like limited water resources, increasing waste generation and air pollution in cities. It provides examples of constructed wetland projects in Barcelona, Pune, Delhi, Agra, and Kolkata that treat wastewater and restore the environment. Water sensitive techniques like low-flow toilets and showers, sensor taps, and aerated flow restrictors are presented as ways to reduce residential water usage. The training emphasizes decentralizing waste management through neighborhood-level solutions and integrating ecology and landscape.
The document discusses the design of a sewage treatment plant for Vellore Municipal Corporation, which has been upgraded to a corporation. The plant is needed to treat increasing sewage from population growth. The plant will treat sewage from the 10.54 square km area and 48 wards of Vellore Corporation over the next 30 years. The plant will include components like screening, grit removal, and secondary treatment to effectively treat sewage and meet effluent standards.
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Effects of different solid loading rates of faecal sludge on the dewatering p...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effect of different solid loading rates (SLR) of faecal sludge on the dewatering performance of unplanted filter beds.
2) Faecal sludge from public toilets and septic tanks was mixed in different ratios to create SLR1, SLR2, and SLR3 and applied to experimental filter beds.
3) SLR3, with the highest septage ratio and lowest solid content, achieved the fastest dewatering time of 4 days on average, while SLR1 had the longest time of 7 days.
Bacteriological Characteristics of Spring Water in Ambo Town, West Shoa Zone,...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Present study was carried out to assess the quality of spring waters in terms of microbiological and chemical characters from Ambo. The results of the study revealed that chemical parameters such as pH (6.36-7.94),TDS(407-1041mg/L), DO(1.5-5.85mg/L),TS (1170-495mg/L), total alkalinity (313-1277mg/L), total hardness (38-1274 mg/L),COD (70.5-9mg/L)in the "Hora" water were higher than the maximum permissible levels of WHO standards for drinking waters. Total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts tested were found to be as0.977×10 4 cfu/ml for SFWS, 2.35 ×10 4 cuf/ml for CDSTRM,1.14×10 4 cfu/ml for HB,0.553×10 4 cfu/ml for HD and2.72×10 4 for Huluka streams samples. The "Hora" water contained different coli forms when tested by most probable number (MPN) method found to be in the order of 0.66 × 10 2 cfu/ml for SFWS, 39 x 10 2 cfu/ml for CDSTRM, 0×10 2 for HB, 0×10 2 forHDand28×10 2 cfu/ml for Huluka stream. The water samples from the different "Hora" water sources showed significant variations with respect to bacteriological and chemical characteristics during study period. Statistical analysis showed significant difference (p <0.05) in the distribution of total coli form, and aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria at various sampling locations. The study concluded poor water quality in terms of bacteriological and chemical characteristics of "Hora"water sources as all the parameters were well above WHO prescribed standards.
This document discusses proper waste disposal methods. It defines waste and outlines various waste streams like solid waste, medical waste, and human excreta. It describes appropriate storage, collection, transportation, and disposal techniques like dumping, composting, incineration, and sanitary landfilling. Public education is important for effective waste management. Proper excreta disposal through latrines and sewage systems is also covered to prevent disease transmission and environmental pollution.
The document summarizes the findings of a study on organochlorine pesticide concentrations in sediment samples from 12 sites along the River Yamuna in Agra, India. High levels of pesticides were found, particularly HCH isomers, which can be attributed to agricultural and public health uses of pesticides. Alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH were generally found at higher concentrations than other isomers. The distribution of pesticides was uneven across sampling sites and did not follow a single pattern, likely due to differences in pesticide and sediment properties as well as transportation and transformation processes. Pesticide concentrations pose risks to environmental and human health.
Ecological sanitation toilets, also known as eco-sanitation or ecosan toilets, safely recycle human excreta as resources that can be used as fertilizers to improve soil quality and crop production. The main objectives are to reduce health risks from sanitation and contaminated water, prevent groundwater and surface water pollution, and reuse nutrients and energy from wastes. Eco-sanitation toilets are dry systems that store feces and urine separately to be safely used as fertilizers while removing them from the immediate environment to promote better health.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
This document provides information about an expert in ecological sanitation and wastewater treatment. It summarizes the expert's qualifications and areas of research experience, which include organic waste management, ecological sanitation, and developing composting and vermicomposting techniques. The document also describes the basic principles of ecological sanitation, including separating human waste into urine and feces to recover nutrients and protect the environment. It introduces the Urine Diversion Dehydration toilet as a suitable sanitation method in areas with water scarcity or hard soils that can treat and reuse human waste locally.
Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Technical S...Zainab Arshad
This document summarizes the health risks of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. The author conducted a literature review of 60 articles from 1989-2017 on this topic. Wastewater irrigation can spread diseases through exposure to pathogens and contamination of food and water. Common health issues identified include diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A, and worm infections. The document also discusses the various pollutants found in wastewater and their impacts, as well as technical solutions for wastewater treatment and safer irrigation methods to reduce health risks.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management techniques presented by students from Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College. It discusses the increasing problem of solid waste generation in Indian cities. It then summarizes various techniques for solid waste management including composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, refuse derived fuel production, plastic recycling, and landfilling. Factors governing the choice of technology are outlined. Directives for improving solid waste management systems are presented. Community-level waste management through recycling is discussed using Dharavi slum as an example.
Ecological sanitation is an alternative approach to managing human excreta that aims to be more sustainable than current chemical-intensive practices. It involves separating solid and liquid waste to later use as fertilizer. Urine can be diluted and used as fertilizer after a few weeks, while feces decomposes for 8-12 months before use. Experiments show crops like maize, banana, and radish grow larger when fertilized with human urine compared to chemical fertilizers or no fertilizer. Ecological sanitation toilets are designed to safely collect and store excreta for later use, reducing pollution, illness, and reliance on chemical fertilizers.
The document discusses various methods for wastewater treatment, including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes used at treatment plants. It also describes treatments for agricultural wastewater runoff involving sediment, nutrients, and animal waste. Industrial wastewater treatment is discussed along with common contaminants and treatment methods. Basic principles and types of devices for measuring water flow are also summarized.
This document discusses greywater recycling and reuse in high-rise buildings in Kuwait. It estimates that greywater (water from sinks, showers, etc. but not toilets) could provide 35-39% of total domestic water demand. Light greywater can often be reused for gardening after minimal treatment, while dark greywater from laundry/dishwashers requires simple treatment before uses like toilet flushing or gardening. Proper disinfection is important if human contact is possible. The document reviews greywater reuse systems and practices in other countries and regions facing water scarcity.
The document provides information on landfill design and operation. It discusses that landfilling involves burying waste in engineered facilities to isolate it from the environment. Key points include:
- Landfills consist of cells where waste is compacted and covered regularly to isolate it. Proper design includes leachate and gas collection systems and barriers.
- Waste decomposition in landfills produces landfill gas, primarily methane and carbon dioxide. Factors like waste composition, moisture, and temperature affect gas production.
- Final landfill covers include low-permeability clay layers, drainage layers, and vegetation to prevent infiltration and isolate waste after closure. Landfills require long-term maintenance and monitoring after closure
Utilization and recycling of treated wasteRaja Rajan
This document discusses the utilization and recycling of treated waste. It begins by introducing the higher costs of commercial activated carbon and the use of agricultural and municipal wastes as lower-cost absorbents. It then outlines three main sewage treatment processes that can remove 75-95% of biochemical oxygen demand. The document goes on to define treated waste and describe the types of treated water, including agricultural, industrial, and sewage treatment. It concludes by outlining steps for recycling treated water through multiple treatment stages.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
Preliminary investigation of some physicochemical parameters and water qualit...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on water quality in Imo River, Nigeria. Water and sediment samples were collected from three stations on the river - upstream, midstream, and downstream - and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. The results showed variations in parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients, and metals across the stations. For example, turbidity ranged from 6-305 mg/L and copper ranged from 0.92-1.16 mg/L in water samples. The study aims to investigate the impact of nearby industrial and human activities on water quality in the river system.
Recycling waste through constructed wetlandBineet Chhajer
The document summarizes a 3-day training program on technologies for waste recycling and sustainable development, including water sensitive plumbing and constructed wetlands. It discusses contemporary issues like limited water resources, increasing waste generation and air pollution in cities. It provides examples of constructed wetland projects in Barcelona, Pune, Delhi, Agra, and Kolkata that treat wastewater and restore the environment. Water sensitive techniques like low-flow toilets and showers, sensor taps, and aerated flow restrictors are presented as ways to reduce residential water usage. The training emphasizes decentralizing waste management through neighborhood-level solutions and integrating ecology and landscape.
The document discusses the design of a sewage treatment plant for Vellore Municipal Corporation, which has been upgraded to a corporation. The plant is needed to treat increasing sewage from population growth. The plant will treat sewage from the 10.54 square km area and 48 wards of Vellore Corporation over the next 30 years. The plant will include components like screening, grit removal, and secondary treatment to effectively treat sewage and meet effluent standards.
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Effects of different solid loading rates of faecal sludge on the dewatering p...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effect of different solid loading rates (SLR) of faecal sludge on the dewatering performance of unplanted filter beds.
2) Faecal sludge from public toilets and septic tanks was mixed in different ratios to create SLR1, SLR2, and SLR3 and applied to experimental filter beds.
3) SLR3, with the highest septage ratio and lowest solid content, achieved the fastest dewatering time of 4 days on average, while SLR1 had the longest time of 7 days.
Bacteriological Characteristics of Spring Water in Ambo Town, West Shoa Zone,...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Present study was carried out to assess the quality of spring waters in terms of microbiological and chemical characters from Ambo. The results of the study revealed that chemical parameters such as pH (6.36-7.94),TDS(407-1041mg/L), DO(1.5-5.85mg/L),TS (1170-495mg/L), total alkalinity (313-1277mg/L), total hardness (38-1274 mg/L),COD (70.5-9mg/L)in the "Hora" water were higher than the maximum permissible levels of WHO standards for drinking waters. Total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts tested were found to be as0.977×10 4 cfu/ml for SFWS, 2.35 ×10 4 cuf/ml for CDSTRM,1.14×10 4 cfu/ml for HB,0.553×10 4 cfu/ml for HD and2.72×10 4 for Huluka streams samples. The "Hora" water contained different coli forms when tested by most probable number (MPN) method found to be in the order of 0.66 × 10 2 cfu/ml for SFWS, 39 x 10 2 cfu/ml for CDSTRM, 0×10 2 for HB, 0×10 2 forHDand28×10 2 cfu/ml for Huluka stream. The water samples from the different "Hora" water sources showed significant variations with respect to bacteriological and chemical characteristics during study period. Statistical analysis showed significant difference (p <0.05) in the distribution of total coli form, and aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria at various sampling locations. The study concluded poor water quality in terms of bacteriological and chemical characteristics of "Hora"water sources as all the parameters were well above WHO prescribed standards.
This document discusses proper waste disposal methods. It defines waste and outlines various waste streams like solid waste, medical waste, and human excreta. It describes appropriate storage, collection, transportation, and disposal techniques like dumping, composting, incineration, and sanitary landfilling. Public education is important for effective waste management. Proper excreta disposal through latrines and sewage systems is also covered to prevent disease transmission and environmental pollution.
The document summarizes the findings of a study on organochlorine pesticide concentrations in sediment samples from 12 sites along the River Yamuna in Agra, India. High levels of pesticides were found, particularly HCH isomers, which can be attributed to agricultural and public health uses of pesticides. Alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH were generally found at higher concentrations than other isomers. The distribution of pesticides was uneven across sampling sites and did not follow a single pattern, likely due to differences in pesticide and sediment properties as well as transportation and transformation processes. Pesticide concentrations pose risks to environmental and human health.
Ecological sanitation toilets, also known as eco-sanitation or ecosan toilets, safely recycle human excreta as resources that can be used as fertilizers to improve soil quality and crop production. The main objectives are to reduce health risks from sanitation and contaminated water, prevent groundwater and surface water pollution, and reuse nutrients and energy from wastes. Eco-sanitation toilets are dry systems that store feces and urine separately to be safely used as fertilizers while removing them from the immediate environment to promote better health.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
This document provides information about an expert in ecological sanitation and wastewater treatment. It summarizes the expert's qualifications and areas of research experience, which include organic waste management, ecological sanitation, and developing composting and vermicomposting techniques. The document also describes the basic principles of ecological sanitation, including separating human waste into urine and feces to recover nutrients and protect the environment. It introduces the Urine Diversion Dehydration toilet as a suitable sanitation method in areas with water scarcity or hard soils that can treat and reuse human waste locally.
Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Technical S...Zainab Arshad
This document summarizes the health risks of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. The author conducted a literature review of 60 articles from 1989-2017 on this topic. Wastewater irrigation can spread diseases through exposure to pathogens and contamination of food and water. Common health issues identified include diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A, and worm infections. The document also discusses the various pollutants found in wastewater and their impacts, as well as technical solutions for wastewater treatment and safer irrigation methods to reduce health risks.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management techniques presented by students from Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College. It discusses the increasing problem of solid waste generation in Indian cities. It then summarizes various techniques for solid waste management including composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, refuse derived fuel production, plastic recycling, and landfilling. Factors governing the choice of technology are outlined. Directives for improving solid waste management systems are presented. Community-level waste management through recycling is discussed using Dharavi slum as an example.
Ecological sanitation is an alternative approach to managing human excreta that aims to be more sustainable than current chemical-intensive practices. It involves separating solid and liquid waste to later use as fertilizer. Urine can be diluted and used as fertilizer after a few weeks, while feces decomposes for 8-12 months before use. Experiments show crops like maize, banana, and radish grow larger when fertilized with human urine compared to chemical fertilizers or no fertilizer. Ecological sanitation toilets are designed to safely collect and store excreta for later use, reducing pollution, illness, and reliance on chemical fertilizers.
The document discusses various methods for wastewater treatment, including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes used at treatment plants. It also describes treatments for agricultural wastewater runoff involving sediment, nutrients, and animal waste. Industrial wastewater treatment is discussed along with common contaminants and treatment methods. Basic principles and types of devices for measuring water flow are also summarized.
This document discusses greywater recycling and reuse in high-rise buildings in Kuwait. It estimates that greywater (water from sinks, showers, etc. but not toilets) could provide 35-39% of total domestic water demand. Light greywater can often be reused for gardening after minimal treatment, while dark greywater from laundry/dishwashers requires simple treatment before uses like toilet flushing or gardening. Proper disinfection is important if human contact is possible. The document reviews greywater reuse systems and practices in other countries and regions facing water scarcity.
The document provides information on landfill design and operation. It discusses that landfilling involves burying waste in engineered facilities to isolate it from the environment. Key points include:
- Landfills consist of cells where waste is compacted and covered regularly to isolate it. Proper design includes leachate and gas collection systems and barriers.
- Waste decomposition in landfills produces landfill gas, primarily methane and carbon dioxide. Factors like waste composition, moisture, and temperature affect gas production.
- Final landfill covers include low-permeability clay layers, drainage layers, and vegetation to prevent infiltration and isolate waste after closure. Landfills require long-term maintenance and monitoring after closure
Utilization and recycling of treated wasteRaja Rajan
This document discusses the utilization and recycling of treated waste. It begins by introducing the higher costs of commercial activated carbon and the use of agricultural and municipal wastes as lower-cost absorbents. It then outlines three main sewage treatment processes that can remove 75-95% of biochemical oxygen demand. The document goes on to define treated waste and describe the types of treated water, including agricultural, industrial, and sewage treatment. It concludes by outlining steps for recycling treated water through multiple treatment stages.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
Preliminary investigation of some physicochemical parameters and water qualit...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on water quality in Imo River, Nigeria. Water and sediment samples were collected from three stations on the river - upstream, midstream, and downstream - and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. The results showed variations in parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients, and metals across the stations. For example, turbidity ranged from 6-305 mg/L and copper ranged from 0.92-1.16 mg/L in water samples. The study aims to investigate the impact of nearby industrial and human activities on water quality in the river system.
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How Can You Improve Your As-is Models? Requirements Analysis Methods Meet GQMShinpei Hayashi
The document describes a method for improving existing models (as-is models) by identifying problems and deriving new models (to-be models). It uses an integrated modeling approach combining goal models, use case descriptions, and context diagrams. Metrics are derived using the GQM method to help identify problems by quantifying aspects of the as-is model. The problems identified are then used to refine goals and develop an improved to-be model in an iterative process.
The document summarizes a study on the physicochemical characteristics of the Chakferi River water and nearby drinking water sources in Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The objectives are to analyze the water quality of the Chakferi River and drinking water sources nearby. Water samples will be collected from various locations and tested for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity and more. So far samples have been collected over 4 weeks but results and analyses are yet to be conducted. The study aims to recommend suitable locations for drinking and irrigation based on water quality.
Preformulation involves characterizing the physical and chemical properties of new drug molecules to aid in developing safe and stable dosage forms. It provides direction for choosing the dosage form, excipients, composition and process development. Key factors studied include the drug's physical characteristics like crystallinity, hygroscopicity and solubility, as well as its chemical stability when exposed to conditions like oxidation, hydrolysis and photolysis. Understanding how the drug behaves under various conditions helps ensure the dosage form maintains integrity during storage and use.
sciencepowerpoint.com delivers a four part 2150+ slide PowerPoint slideshow becomes the roadmap for an amazing and interactive science experience. Complete with bundled homework package, many built-in quizzes, hands-on activities with directions, unit notes, answer keys, video links, rubrics, review games, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information.
Areas of Focus within The Rivers Unit -Watersheds, Rivers of the United States, Sections of a River, Parts of River (Vocabulary), Stream Order, Erosion and Deposition, Water Quality, Chemical Properties of Water, Bio-Indicators of Water Quality (EPT richness), Physical Properties of Water Quality, Rivers and Flooding, Factors that Control Flooding, Types of Flooding, Tsunami's, Wetlands, Flood Prevention, Levees, Dams and Ecosystem, Importance of Dams, Impacts of Dams, Hydropower, Parts of Dam, Salmon (Life Cycle), Systems of Help Salmon, Fish (General), Layering in a Lake, Lake Turnover, Nutrients and Lakes.
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks + PowerPoint Review Games
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint.com
The document discusses methods for analyzing water quality and pollution. It outlines physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological measurements that can be used to assess water quality, choose treatment methods, determine treatment efficiency, trace pollution sources, and analyze microbial infection risks. Specific tests are described to measure levels of various chemical and biological substances that affect water potability, health, toxicity, and pollution. Bacteriological examinations including total count, E. coli, and coliform tests are also summarized.
Dislocations are defects in crystal structures caused by stress and strain. There are different types of dislocations including edge dislocations and screw dislocations. Dislocations cause plastic deformation in metals by allowing slip and twinning to occur when stress is applied. Slip involves the sliding of crystal planes over one another, resulting in a permanent displacement, while twinning involves the rearrangement of atoms across a twinning plane. Dislocations are classified into types and influence many material properties, such as making metals able to undergo shaping processes that involve plastic deformation.
This document discusses water quality parameters and pollution. It covers topics like point and nonpoint pollution sources, inorganic chemicals like arsenic and nutrients like phosphorus that can cause algal blooms. Water quality is managed through programs that monitor parameters and pollutants in surface and groundwater to protect ecosystems and human health.
Nearly all water in the world contains contaminants, even in the absence of nearby pollution-causing activities
Many dissolved minerals, carbon compounds, and microbes find their way into drinking water as it comes in contact with air and soil
When pollutant and contaminant levels in drinking water are high, they may affect household routines and be detrimental to human health
The only way to ensure that your water supply is safe is to have a periodic laboratory water quality analysis done on your drinking water. Hach India is the leading provider of high end water quality analysis equipment in india
This document discusses various methods for sampling water. It begins by explaining that sampling must account for environmental heterogeneity and can involve static or dynamic systems. It then outlines five main sampling methods: systematic, random, judgmental, stratified, and haphazard. For each method, it provides an example of how it would be implemented for water sampling. It also discusses types of samples, equipment for surface and groundwater sampling, and considerations for continuous monitoring. The key points are that sampling must address spatial and temporal variability and that different methods have advantages for different sampling needs and environments.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.O...Felix Oginni
Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water.
A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.
1) The document evaluates the performance of a locally developed paddle wheel aerator on catfish effluent quality in Lagos, Nigeria.
2) Two basins containing diluted catfish effluent were used - one with a paddle wheel aerator and one without (the control).
3) Water quality parameters like suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite and biochemical oxygen demand were measured over time in both basins.
4) The results showed that the paddle wheel aerator significantly reduced levels of all water quality parameters measured compared to the control basin without aeration.
Evaluation of the Wastewater Quality Improvement by The Channel Located Downs...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The quality of treated wastewater coming from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) by lagoons in Ouagadougou is not conform to national standard for discharge or for reuse in agriculture. The present study on the natural purifying capacity of the channel downstream of the WWTP aims to test the hypothesis that the quality of treated water running off through the gutter can significantly be improved for gardening. Then, the analyzes were done according French standards. So, the results between the output and a distance of 3 km along the channel indicate alkaline pH values slightly variable. Regarding carbon pollution, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) average decreases from 1280 to 720 mg /l, while the average levels of Suspended Solids (SS) decreases from 343 to 300 mg /l. The nutrient contents such as orthophosphate and ammonia decrease with averages ranging from 9.18 and 6.05 mg /l for the former and 12 to 3.35 mg /l for the second whiletheconcentrationofnitratepassfrom2.91to6.37mg/l. Concerning microbiological pollution, faecal coliforms level increases from 3800 CFU /100 ml to 11300 CFU / 100 ml. In sum, there is a small auto scrubber power affected by factors as such as infiltration, high evaporation and anthropogenic activities near the channel.
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples from Selected Market Loca...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study that assessed pollutant levels in Lake Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 5 points around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical and biological parameters in a laboratory. The results found that temperature, total dissolved solids, and levels of sulfate, nitrate and phosphate were within recommended limits. However, pH levels and concentrations of iron, lead and fecal coliform bacteria exceeded guidelines. The acidic pH is likely due to runoff of fertilizers and waste from surrounding agricultural and residential areas entering the lake. Overall, the lake water quality has been impacted by human activities in the area.
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
IRJET- Decontamination of Wastewater by Biofiltration using Invasive BivalvesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using invasive bivalves for biofiltration of wastewater to reduce contamination. Bivalves like quagga mussels, zebra mussels, and blue mussels are effective at removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from water through their filter feeding. A study was conducted where bivalves were placed in a filtration unit to treat wastewater from canals and industrial areas in Kakinada, India. The bivalves decreased levels of eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and E. coli through bioaccumulation of contaminants in their bodies. Invasive bivalves show potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment by removing
To Study the Effect of Municipal Treated Effluent on Groundwater Quality Near...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study examining the effect of treated effluent from a sewage treatment plant on local groundwater quality in Davangere, India. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the plant's treatment process and identify potential environmental hazards. Groundwater samples were collected from wells near the plant and analyzed for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, chlorides, and more. The results found that while effluent quality generally improved with increased distance from the plant, some groundwater parameters exceeded safety limits, indicating the treated sewage is negatively impacting local water sources. Further monitoring is recommended to better understand health and environmental risks.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Geospatial and Statistical Assessment of Groundwater Contamination Due to Lan...Kavya Prabhakar
This study assessed groundwater contamination from a landfill leachate plume in Kozhikode, India. Groundwater samples were collected from wells near the landfill during wet and dry seasons and analyzed for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. Most samples exceeded drinking water standards. Spatial analysis using GIS showed contamination was highest within 300m of the landfill. The leachate was also analyzed and found to contain high levels of contaminants like dissolved solids, chlorides, COD and BOD. Leachate pollution indices were calculated and revealed significant pollution potential from the landfill leachate.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment Systemijtsrd
This paper emphasized on "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System". KanDawGyi Lake is used for wastewater collection. It is situated in ChanMyaThaZi Township, Mandalay and near the AyeYarWaddy river. Residential, commercial and industrial area are existed surrounding the KanDawGyi Lake. Water from human activities such as cooking, bathing, washing and septic tanks effluent is discharged into drains by gravity flow without treatment. Average six million gallons of wastewater discharged from Mandalay City area flow into KanDawGyi Lake passing through ThinGaZar creek daily. So, lake water has been contaminated by domestic wastewater. This has resulted detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Water in recreation center should be aesthetically pleasing and essentially free of toxicants and pathogenic organisms. Seven collection points such as entrance, east of north side, south east of north side, south of north side, water fountains, PyiGyiMon barge and exit of KanDawGyi Lake are chosen to collect the wastewater sample. The water quality of KanDawGyi Lake is evaluated by various parameters such as temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, total solids and bacteria. According to test results, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved solids, suspended solids, and total solids are uncertified. Therefore, in this paper wetland design of natural treatment system is used at the entrance of the lake to control the water pollution. Moh Moh | San San Myint "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25323.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25323/water-pollution-control-for-mandalay-kandawgyi-lake-by-natural-treatment-system/moh-moh
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
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The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed contamination in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016
142 | Canencia et al.
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed
contamination in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
Oliva P. Canencia1
, Marlou D. Dalugdug2
, Athena Marie B. Emano2
,
Richard C. Mendoza2
, Angelo Mark P. Walag*3
1
Director of Research and Development, Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Cagayan
de Oro City, Philippines
2
Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Mindanao University of Science and
Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
3
Department of Science Education, Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Cagayan de
Oro City, Philippines
Article published on August 31, 2016
Key words: Wastewater, Slaughter house, Slaughter waste effluents, Water quality, River water, Pollution,
Philippines
Abstract
Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving
bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City
Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water
quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that
the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also
revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland
water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major
contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards.
The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention
strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
*Corresponding Author: Angelo Mark P. Walag angelowalag@must.edu.ph
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 142-148, 2016
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016
143 | Canencia et al.
Introduction
The high demand for meat consumption has led to
high volume of wastes produced by different meat
industries and slaughterhouses where animals are
prepared for consumption as meat products (Adeyemi
& Adeyemo, 2016; Maranan et al., 2008).
Slaughterhouse effluents are commonly known
worldwide to contaminate or degrade their
surrounding environments whether directly or
indirectly by utilizing huge amount of water and
producing enormous amounts of wastewater
(Amorim, de Nardi, & Del Nery, 2007; Bustillo-
Lecompte & Mehrvar, 2015). The effluent contains
high concentrations of organic matter due to presence
of manure, blood, hair, and undigested feeds from the
different livestock animals.
Slaughterhouses produce a broad range of wastes. In
Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse, various wastes
are produced ranging from nails, hairs, internal
organs, animal manure, blood, and urine. The type of
livestock that here slaughtered are hogs (300-450
heads daily), cattle (50-100 heads daily), goats (20
heads daily), and ostrich (20 heads daily), these live
animals are delivered by hog growers and farmers
and unloaded it to the designated pens. A pre-mortem
examination and inspection is then conducted by the
City Veterinary Office and the National Meat
Inspection Commission to determine quality of
livestock. Sickly livestock or those with disease are
then separated and disposed of accordingly. On
average daily, around 35.76Kg of internal organs are
produced and 37.9L mixture of blood and urine are
produced from animals being butchered and carcass
being dressed. This mixture of blood and urine are
then washed away by running water leading towards
the drainage then to the holding pond.
Continuous discharge of untreated effluents from
slaughterhouse industries to different bodies of water
can lead to potential hazards to the public if left
unmanaged (Bustillo-Lecompte & Mehrvar, 2015).
This polluting effluent can directly affect the dissolved
oxygen (DO) by decreasing it significantly.
It can also increase the heterotrophic bacterial count,
BOD, nitrates, and phosphates levels of the receiving
body of water (Benka-Coker & Ojior, 1995). When
effluents are released to receiving streams, not just
the point of discharge will be affected but also all
other parts of downstream where DO, BOD, TDS will
be greatly affected but minimal compared to those
directly receiving the effluents (Olayinka, Adedeji, &
Oladeru, 2013).
Improper disposal and management of these harmful
wastes leads to various contamination to the soil, air,
and water quality resulting to serious environmental
hazards which can lead to broad spectrum of health
complications and diseases (Jiban Singh, Biswas,
Sagar, Suneel, & Akolkar, 2016; Kosamu, Mawenda, &
Mapoma, 2011). The environmental and health
hazards these wastes bring are not just limited to
humans and other terrestrial animals but also aquatic
life near the point of discharge and the receiving
bodies of water (Kosamu et al., 2011; Mulu, Ayenew,
& Berhe, 2015). Thus, the main aim of this study was
to analyze the pollution effects of the effluents
released by the nearby slaughterhouse to Cugman
River, Cagayan de Oro City. Thus, it specifically aims
to: (1) determine the type of wastes produced by the
slaughterhouse; (2) determine the concentration and
levels of nitrates, COD, BOD, Total Coliform, and lead
in the effluent and receiving river; (3) compare the
parameters determined with the national standards of
water quality and effluent; and (4) compare the
concentration and levels in the three sampling sites
(drainage, holding pond, and river).
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse is located at
Zone 2, Barangay Cugman, Cagayan de Oro City with
the coordinates 8°28’04.2"N 124°42’18.6"E.It occupies
an area of 2.45 hectares owned by the City
Government. A barangay road, which has a width of
about 10 meters, connects the project site from the
junction of the national highway. It has a distance of
about 600 meters.
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016
144 | Canencia et al.
The main drainage in the area is Cugman River,
which is located some 200 meters east. Cugman River
empties into Macajalar Bay, which is about 1.0
kilometer away from the project site. Residential
houses are located just outside the perimeter fence of
the complex.
Fig. 1. Geographical location (top) and sampling sites
(bottom) in Barangay Cugman, Cagayan de Oro City.
Red dot= Site A, Blue dot= Site B, Yellow dot= Site C
Three sampling sites were established as shown in
Fig. 1. Site A refers to the drainage area inside the
slaughterhouse establishment as shown in Fig. 2A.
Fig. 2. The different sampling sites in Barangay
Cugman, Cagayan de Oro City.
The drainage area receives the mixture of blood,
urine, and water used to wash carcasses from scalding
bath and evisceration area.
Site B on the other hand refers to the holding pond
used to store the wastewater temporarily before
releasing it to the nearby river as shown in Fig. 2B.
Lastly, Site C is the receiving body of water of the
effluents released by the slaughterhouse (Fig. 2C).
Sample Collection and Analyses
Before the actual sampling, containers were pre-
treated two days before with liquid detergent and
were rinsed with water thoroughly to remove soap
residues. The sampling containers were then rinsed
with distilled water twice and with nitric acid for one
hour successively. Finally, the containers were rinsed
with water to remove nitric acid residues and were
treated with acetone to dry off excess water (Prendez
& Carrasco, 2003).
Samplings were made three times during dry season
(November 2012 to April 2013) and wet season (June
2013 to September 2013) in the three sampling sites
established as shown in Fig. 1 and 2. Standard
methods were employed to determine the levels and
concentration of nitrates, COD, BOD, total coliform,
and lead (APHA, AWWA, & WEF, 1999). Ion selective
and brucine-sulfanilic acid methods were used to
determine the concentration of nitrates as nitrogen in
mg/L. BOD levels were determined at 20˚C using
azide modification method (dilution technique) and
open reflux dichromate method was used to
determine COD while multiple tube fermentation
technique was used to determine the total coliform
and Flame AAS for lead concentration in the samples.
Results and Discussion
Types, amounts, and sources of waste produced by
the slaughterhouse were determined through oral
interview with butchers employed in the facility
acquired from their daily records. As shown in Table
1, different types of wastes are produced through the
different stages in the production of meat in the
facility. Majority of the waste comes from the internal
organs removed from animals butchered. These
internal organs include the lungs, liver, and intestines
of the animals to name a few.
S
i
t
e
A
S
i
t
e
B
S
i
t
e
C
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145 | Canencia et al.
Liver and intestines of hogs are generally sold to
locals in the nearby community at a cheaper price.
Some of the clients of the slaughterhouse also
requests that these internal organs be given to them.
These internal organs can be utilized as food and as
an energy source through biogas production similar
in the study conducted by Budiyono, Widiasa, Johari,
& Sunarso(2011)and Afazeli, Jafari, Rafiee, & Nosrati,
(2014)which also includes the rumen, intestines,
stomach, manure from heavy and light animals and
wastewater.
Nails and hairs are disposed through the City
Government’s garbage collecting agency and are
dumped to the city’s landfill while the blood, urine,
and manure are the main constituents of the effluent
produced by the facility. All of these liquid wastes
(blood, urine, manure) are washed away by water
producing the primary effluent of the slaughterhouse.
Effluents are channeled towards the drainage area
(Fig. 2A) which collects all liquid wastes of the
facility.
Table 1. Composition of wastes generated in the
slaughterhouse daily.
Type of Waste Source Quantity
Internal Organs Insides removal 35.76 kg
Manure Receiving area 15.00 kg
Nails Dehairing 5.50 kg
Hairs Dehairing 3.20 kg
Blood/Urine Killing floor 37.9 L
Standard procedures were taken into account in
determining physicochemical parameters chosen in
the study in the effluent produced and the quality of
water of the receiving river. As shown in Table 2, the
mean and standard deviation of nitrate, chemical
oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand,
lead, and total coliform levels were determined in the
three different sites during dry season which lasted
from November 2012 to April 2013. Site A is the
drainage area and Site B is the holding pond of the
facility thus both are classified as effluents. Site C on
the other hand is the receiving river of all the effluents
produced by the facility and waste products produced
by the nearby community. The data further showed
that all sites crossed the permissible limits set by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
both as Class C effluent and inland water except for
the nitrate and BOD levels in Site C. The results of the
study are similar to the study conducted by Mulu et
al.(2015) in Central Ethiopia and Olayinka et al.
(2013) in Nigeria where nitrates, COD, BOD, and total
coliform exceeded the allowable concentrations. BOD
and COD are important parameters in determining
whether the water is polluted or not. The higher the
concentration of BOD and COD the more polluted the
water is (Mulu et al., 2015). The nitrate, total
coliform, BOD and COD in site Aare very high which
is expected since Site A receives the primary effluent
from the operation of the facility. These pollutants
come from the manure, blood, urine and other
inorganic wastes washed from the different animals
slaughtered daily.
Table 2. Mean values of physicochemical parameters and lead concentration in the different sampling sites
during dry season.
Parameter Standard1 Standard2 Site Ax Site Bx Site Cy
Nitrate (mg/L) 14 7 35.80±2.16 5.20±0.72 4.10±0.26
COD (mg/L) 100 7 2654± 138.32 35.00± 7.00 27.00± 3.13
BOD (mg/L) 50 7 1081 ± 9.54 3.00± 2.23 2.00± 1.86
Lead (mg/L) 0.1 0.05 0.30± 0.02 0.14± 0.01 0.32± 0.02
Total Coliform (MPN/100mL) 1.00x104 200 1.65x108 ± 1.50x1079.20x106 ± 1.91x1054.30x106± 3.32x105
1DENR Administrative Order No. 08 S. 2016 Class C Effluent Standards; 2DENR Administrative Order No. 08 S.
2016 Class C Water Quality Standards; xClass C Effluent; yClass C Inland Waters.
The more wastes are produced by the facility, the
higher is the BOD concentration. Moreover, the
amounts and concentrations of the different
pollutants decreases from Site A to Site C,
this is due to the fact that before the wastewater and
effluent are released to the river (Site C), enough time
is given to allow the effluent to stay still in the holding
pond (Site B) pollutants to settle down.
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146 | Canencia et al.
This may be the reason why Site C has the least
concentration of nitrate, COD, BOD, and total
coliform. The high total coliform is attributed to the
amount of manure produced by the facility at around
15Kg daily and 35.76Kg of internal organs where
coliforms naturally inhabit in animals. These wastes
are washed out then channeled to the drainage area,
thus high levels of fecal coliform is expected in Site A
and B. Lead has the highest concentration in Site C
compared to Site A and Site B. This can be attributed
to the fact that Site C is also considered as receiving
body of water of the solid and liquid wastes coming
from the nearby communities and wet market.
It is also good to note that during wet season from
June 2013 to September 2013 as shown in Table 3, all
the physicochemical parameters in all sites were
below the permissible limits except for the total
coliform. Generally, pollutants in wastewater and
rivers are diluted during wet seasons thus resulting to
a lower detected concentrations (Longe & Ogundipe,
2010). Though the total coliform during the wet
season is lower compared to during dry season, it still
crossed the permissible limit. This can be due to the
fact that the population of coliform does not decrease
or cannot be diluted during significant addition of
rainwater due to the fact that the coliform can
reproduce exponentially.
Table 3. Mean Values of physicochemical parameters and lead concentration in the different sampling sites
during wet season.
Parameter Standard1 Standard2 Site Ax Site Bx Site Cy
Nitrate (mg/L) 14 7 0.96 ± 0.22 1.00 ± 0.05 0.50 ± 0.21
COD (mg/L) 100 7 14.00 ± 3.61 24.00 ± 2.55 2.00 ± 0.93
BOD (mg/L) 50 7 17.49 ± 1.56 23.53 ± 0.86 1.94 ± 0.95
Lead (mg/L) 0.1 0.05 0.001 ± 0.00 0.001 ± 0.00 0.001 ± 0.00
Total Coliform (MPN/100mL) 1.00x104 200 2.22x105± 1.04x104 4.83x104± 2.52x1034.82x104± 1.26x103
1DENR Administrative Order No. 08 S. 2016 Class C Effluent Standards; 2DENR Administrative Order No. 08 S.
2016 Class C Water Quality Standards; xClass C Effluent; yClass C Inland Waters.
Statistical analyses were also done using One-way
ANOVA to compare the differences of means of
physicochemical parameter considered in the study as
summarized in Table 4 for dry season and Table 5 for
wet season and Tukey HSD Mean Test was used to
compare the means pair-wise. Site A has the highest
concentrations of nitrate, COD, BOD,
Total Coliform compared to Sites B and C at
0.01significant levels. While both Site A and C is
higher compared to Site B in terms of lead
concentration at 0.01 significant levels. These results
are expected since Site A is the point source of the
effluents thus yielding higher results in the
parameters considered in the study.
Table 4. Results of One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD Mean Test comparing physicochemical parameters and
lead concentration during dry season.
Parameter
Mean
F Statistic
Tukey HSD Mean
ComparisonSite A Site B Site C
Nitrate (mg/L) 35.80 5.20 4.10 552.88** A > B, C
COD (mg/L) 2654.00 35.00 27.00 1075.59** A > B, C
BOD (mg/L) 1081.00 3.00 2.00 35247.36** A > B, C
Total Coliform(MPN/100mL) 1.65x108 9.20x106 4.30x106 333.93** A > B, C
Lead (mg/L) 0.30 0.14 0.32 90.09** A, C > B
* p< 0.05; ** p< 0.01; NS, not significant at the α = 0.05 level.
During wet season, when the physicochemical
parameters were compared, it was noted that both
Site A and Site B had higher concentration of nitrates
than Site C at α = 0.05 level of significance. For BOD
and COD,
Site B had the highest levels when compared to Site A
and Site C though Site A is higher than Site C at
α=0.01. This result can be due to the fact that nitrates
level in Site B is higher compared to Site C which can
increase the oxidizable inorganic matter in the water.
6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016
147 | Canencia et al.
Lead concentration on the other hand did not differ
significantly in all sites during wet season. This can be
attributed to dilution of
concentration during excessive amounts of rainfall in
the months of June 2013 to September 2013.
Table 5. Results of One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD Mean Test comparing physicochemical parameters and
lead concentration during wet season.
Parameter
Mean
F Statistic Tukey HSD Mean
ComparisonSite A Site B Site C
Nitrate (mg/L) 0.96 1.00 0.50 7.69* A, B > C
COD (mg/L) 14.00 24.00 2.00 53.69** B > A > C
BOD (mg/L) 17.49 23.53 1.94 273.94** B > A > C
Total Coliform (MPN/100mL) 2.22x105 4.83x104 4.82x104 776.09** A > B, C
Lead (mg/L) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.03NS A, B, C
* p< 0.05; ** p< 0.01; NS, not significant at the α = 0.05 level.
Conclusion
The untreated effluents coming from the
slaughterhouse facility have a considerable effect
towards the water quality of the receiving water.
These effluents and contaminants came from wastes
produced by the facility ranging from hairs, nails,
internal organs, and mixtures of blood and urine.
These wastes have deterrent effects towards the water
quality of the river. Water quality was measured in
terms of levels of nitrate, COD, BOD, total coliform,
and lead contamination. It was found out that during
dry season, all parameters exceeded the allowable and
permissible limits of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources for effluent and inland water
except for BOD and nitrates in Site C. It was also
determined that during wet seasons, major
contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted thus
resulting to lower levels when compared to national
standards. The results of this study suggests and
recommends for further remediation of the river
water quality and intervention strategies to prevent
disposal of untreated effluents. Sustainable
management practices should also be taken into
account to protect the integrity and quality of the
riverine environment and the ecosystems nearby.
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