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IRJET- Grey Water Treatment by Water Hyacinth-A Review
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 964 GREY WATER TREATMENT BY WATER HYACINTH-A REVIEW Shivangi Singh1, Nusrat Ali2 1(Student, Civil Engineering Department, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P, India) 2(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P, India) ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Aquatic plants for the treatment of domestic wastewater have been used by several researchers. All techniques are reported to be cost effective compared to other methods. Various contaminants like total suspended solids, dissolved solids, hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, heavy metals, and other contaminants have been minimized using aquatic plantslike water hyacinth, hydrilla etc. In this paper role of all plant species, origin and their occurrence, ecological factors and their efficiency in reduction of different water contaminants have been presented. Key Words: Domestic Wastewater, Water Hyacinth, Aquatic Plants, Hydrilla 1. INTRODUCTION Aquatic plant system has been accounted as one of the processes for wastewater recovery, reuse andrecycling.The main purposes for using this system have focused on waste stabilization and nutrient removal. The removal mechanism are physical sedimentation and bacterial metabolic activity as in the conventional activated sludge and trickling filter (USEPA, 1991). Plant assimilation of nutrients and their subsequent harvesting are another mechanismforpollutant removal. Minimum cost and easy maintenance make the aquatic plant system attractive to use. Thus constructed ponds with aquatic plants are increasingly applied as a viable treatment for domestic wastewater. However, there are some constraints with using aquatic plants such as the requirement for large area of land, the reliability for pathogen destruction, and the types and end-uses of aquatic plants. Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes)treatmentsystemsare generally known in tropical area. The system with WH can operate at higher loading rates. Their end-use products can be utilized for organic fertilizer. Dry WH petioles can be woven into baskets and purse (Polprasert, 1996). The degree of purification of wastewater within a hyacinth lagoon depends not only on the capacity of the plants to assimilate nutrients, but also on their potential to alter the wastewater environment to enhance removal of organic matter through biochemical processes. Water hyacinth lagoons function as horizontal trickling filters in which submersed plant roots provide physical support for a thick bacterial biofilm, which actively degrades organic matter (Stowell et al. 1981). They are considered to combine the physical process of filtration with fixed–film and suspended growth biological conversion processes. The micro- organisms degrade organic matter, producing metabolites, which they and the plants utilize along with nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals as a food source.Thesystem differs from other more conventional fixed-film systems in that the attachment medium is biologically active. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Thongchai Kanabkaew (2004) investigates that the enhanced removal efficiency of unconventional plants for aquatic treatment systemasposttreatment.Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera) and hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) were planted with one control unit. Influents and effluents were analysed for pH, SS, BOD5, TKN, NH3 -N, NO2 - -N, NO3 - -N, TP and Coliform bacteria twice a week. The results showed that ponds with aquatic plants were superior to those who don’t have aquatic plants. The system with lotus showed the good removal efficiency for wastewater treatment.Forthesystem with hydrilla verticillata, it was found that pH and SS of the effluent were high. It might not be best to use hydrilla for effluent polishing. Rajendra B. Magar (2017) defines that the roots of Water hyacinths (WH) naturally absorb pollutants including lead, mercury, and strontium90, as well as some organic compounds which are carcinogenicandhaveconcentrations of approximately 10,000 time that is present as in generically found water. This study attempts to evaluatethe effect of WH in two different type of sewer or drainage line, one from water closet and another from bath or shower room. Further, the reading for various parameters like Potential of hydrogen (pH), Turbidity, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride and colour has been periodically taken every 24 hrs for 5 days. The effect of WH has resulted in significant decrease in turbidity and due to which the reduction of flocs and reduction in organic matters in water have been observed. R. Sooknaah (2000) Presence of aquatic plants in natural or constructed wetlands not only reduces the concentration of problematic nutrients from the wastewater, but also alters the physico-chemical environment ofthewater, rhizosphere and underlying sediment (Reddy & Patrick, 1984). In addition to plant assimilation of nutrients, changes in the environment of the water also help in reducing thepollutant level of the wastewater through biochemical processes brought about by micro-organisms. This paper gives a
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 965 review of the biochemical and physico-chemical processes occurring in a floating aquatic plant system. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS The domestic wastewater before discharging to vicinity Rivers’, can be stopped through constructing check dam in drain and can be diverted to the Floating rafts bed tank for its pollutants remediation. The flowing volume of wastewater can be measure by V- Notch. The Floating rafts bed tank having size of approximate 20m long, 2m width and 1m depth or an appropriate size shallow rectangular tank/basin witha high length to width ration will be designed and constructedwith bricks and cemented concrete lining to protect any leaching towards underground. The design will take care to reduce the potential for short circuiting and to simple harvesting operations. The domestic wastewater will be directly diverted to Floating rafts bed tank at different hydraulic retention time (HRT) such as 1, 2 ,5 ,10 and 15 days for remediation of wastewater pollutants through plant roots (rhizosphere) system (Canna and Water lily). The Floating rafts will be made-up with bamboo/PVC pipe and proper netting will be done for support of plants and to form bio- film to support the maximum attachedmicrobial population. The desired number of Floating rafts will be made with suitable size of approximate 1.4m x 2.1m (2/3) in rectangular shape for the Floating rafts bed tank. A comparative study may be carried out at different HRT for optimization of pollutantsremoval efficiency/reclamationof wastewater and preparing the engineering design of large scale system for remediation/restoration of domestic and other industrial wastewater. Biological stability of Floating rafts bed is the prime requirementforsuccessful wastewater treatment. The plants belonging to Typha species, Reeds (Phagmites), Canna and other aquatic plantsmaybeselected for up-take of pollutants by their roots considering existing climatic condition. Maintenance of the Floating rafts bed tank may include harvesting of plants at various interval of time and removal of detritus accumulation. Phyto-remediation: Phyto-remediation of industrial/domestic polluted water is generally believed to occur through one or more of the following mechanisms or processes: phyto-extraction, phyto-stabilization, phyto- degradation, phyto-volatilization, rhizo-filtration andrhizo- degradation (Oh et al., 2013a; Li et al., 2009). Phyto- remediation is applicable to a broad range of contaminants/pollutants, including heavy metals and radionuclides, as well as organic compoundslikechlorinated solvents, polycy-clicaromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),pesticides/insecticides,explosives, and surfactants (Oh et al., 2013a) (Li et al., 2009). Research on floating rafts mechanism in polluted water restoration: Use of floating rafts for treatment of polluted wastewater is a complicated physical,chemical and biological process. In the floating rafts technique generally aquatic plants’ developed roots are utilize to contact wastewater, forming a concentratednatural filteringlayerof roots (rhizosphere), as well as absorbing, adsorption, transforming and degrading (rhizodegradation) the water pollutants. Plant’s roots can also release large amount of enzyme and organic acid to enhance the decomposition and degradation of the macromolecular or toxic pollutants/substances in wastewater and improve the bioavailability of nitrogenand phosphorustotheplantroots. Plant’s roots also provide microorganism with oxygen source and attachment place (root surface) and enhance their metabolism to cut down water pollutants content. Through shifting the plants out (old stem can removed) and separating them from floating platform, we will achive the purpose of purifying water quality. Absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus: Aquatic plant’s such as Canna, Water lily etc. have an enormous potential on removing of nitrogen and phosphoruselements in eutrophic water (Wang et al., 2012, Xu, 2010). Aquatic plants make the rapid accumulation of biomass (bimegnigication) come true in the way of more vegetative reproduction and removal of more pollutants from wastewater. As indispensable nutrient, elements in plants growing process, the inorganic form of N and P in water could be absorbed directly by aquatic plants through their roots’ absorption (rhizoaccumulation), and then plant protein or organic component were synthesized to facilitate plant’s growth and development. Therefore, plants had a strong capacity of fixing N and P as well as other nutrients/pollutants (Xuand Lu, 2011). When aquaticplants were shifted out of water of floating platform where they established, the nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed by different parts of plant such as stem, leaves and root were brought out of water too. In the research conducted on Floating rafts purification in intensive aquaculture pond, water spinach floating beds were observed highest direct absorption rates of Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP) on the 100 days as 52.35 and 5.39 kg hm-2 a-1respectively (Chen et al., 2010). Degradation of organic matters (OMs): Floating rafts not only can remove nitrogen and phosphorus elements effectively, but it is also effective in removing organic matters (Luo et al., 2011; Bu et al., 2010). Canna and Calamus floating bed’s removal rates of COD and Mn were 42.3% and 36.3% respectively in 5 days (Bu et al., 2010). However, the main ways of removing organic matters by Floating rafts were the degradationofrootssecretionaswell as absorption and utilization of microbes. Aquatic plants constantly secretedgreatdeal ofmacromolecularorganicsto the environment in the process of growth, such as enzyme, saccharide, organic acid etc. (Liu et al., 2009). Those
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 966 secretions not only decomposed organic matters effectively, but it also provided root’s microbes with many nutrient substances. Moreover, the oxygen produced by floating plant’s photosynthesis wasreleasedtowaterthroughplant’s roots (Cheng et al., 2003), then many anoxic and aerobic areas were formed around its rhizosphere to intensify both aerobic microbe’s and anaerobic microbe’s growth and reproduction, to pro-mote microbe’s constant absorption and utilization of organic pollutants in water and to raise its degradation efficiency of organic matters,thusachievingthe pro-pose of removing organic matters. For example, samphire’s removal of humic like proteinoid, DOC and other organic matters were implemented by its rhizo-sphere’s activity (Huang et al., 2013) Temperature: Among, factors affecting the efficiency of floating raft treatment, temperature are most important which play a vital role in plant’s growth and reproduction. Temperature is positively correlated with plant’s purifying capacity, when the temperature is high, floating bed plant’s growth and their metabolism is vigorous and plant’s purifying effect of water pollutants is obviously improved and as the plant become more healthy, they accumulates more pollutants in their tissues. It was observed that, when the water temperature was increased from 2°C to 29°C, canna’s removal rates of TN (Total Nitrogen) and TP (Total Phosphorus) were distinctly increased by 57% and 63%, respectively as compare to at 2°C. When the temperature was raised beyond 10°C, canna removal rate of TP and TN inform wastewater obviously in-creases; and when the temperature was lower than 10°C, canna’s growth rate was at a standstill (Zhen et al., 2008; Luo et al., 2010). In another researchit was ob-served that cress floating bed’s and water cress floating bed’s removal rates of TN and TP from eutrophic water at22°C were clearly higher than that of at 10°C and 35°C (Hu et al., 2010); Eichhorniacrassipes floating bed’s removal rates of TN and TP from eutrophic water at 25°C was higher than that of 15°C and 35°C temperature. It was also observed that, plant’s removal rates of TNandTP were not proportional to the temperature, but the temperature was very important factor that affect to the floating bed plant’s biomass and more the plant biomass, more will be accumulation of pollutants (Liu et al., 2013). As discussed in above paragraph, plant’s growth rate was different at different temperatures and the growth of plants were very good at the optimum temperature condition and its purifying effect for polluted water was obvious mare as compare to very high or low temperature conditions where plant’s growth was restrained, thereby plant’s purifying effect of polluted wastewater was influenced greatly by temperature. Processing time/hydraulic retention time (HRT): Floating rafts plant’s pollutants removal efficiency are proportionally related to processing time or hydraulic retention time such as more the pollution level of wastewater, more processing time will required. For example, yellow flag, canna and siberian iris floating bed’s purifying capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus in polluted water increased with the growth of time of plants (Chen et al., 2011). Lycopus, wood betony, rumex japonicas and garden sorrel floating bed’s purifying effects of N and P in sewage increased with the growth of time, moreover, in the initial 30 days plant’s removal efficiencywereobvious,while after 30 days plants removal rates of contaminants ware declined (Xu, 2010). With the growth in the processing time (such as 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours), watermifoil’sand water caltrop’s enrichments of Cd2+ increased proportionally. (Zhen et al., 2008). Study conducted by Luo and friendshave found that with the growth of processing time, the removal rate of water pollutants had the tendency to firstly increase and then decrease (Luo et al., 2010). Ajayi and Ogunbayo used water hyacinth in 2012 to purifysewageandfoundthat the content of BOD, Fe and Cu in water firstly increases and two weeks later gradually decreases. Resource utilization of aquatic plants: Aquatic plants are supposed to be growing rapidly and they also have capacity to gain large biomass in less time. Nutrients suchas Nitrogen and Phosphorus etc. which were absorbed by plants can be transformed into proteins, amino acids and other nutrient materials and have certain economic value also (Zhou et al., 2006). As the aquatic plants have certain age limit and hence they require pruning on time otherwise plants will de-cay in wastewater, and as a result of that, this not only leads to production of secondary pollution but also leads to wastes of valuable resources (Chen et al., 2010). At present, aquatic plants are used in the form of phyto- extraction, exploitation for medical purpose, forage production for animals (Fan et al., 2011) and edible vegetables for human being etc., (Li et al., 2008). However, the performance of aquatic plant for excess removal of pollutants from wastewater is yet one of the important limiting factors of their ecological restoration in the aquatic environment/condition, and new methods andmodification in this technique ac-cording to level of pollutants toenhance the performance of floating raft will be a future research direction. Engineering application: Since long ago, Floating rafts technique is used as an aquatic plants based treatment method for wastewater and eutrophic water. There are many engineering techniques at both domestic and international level having gotten good purifying effect, but they also simultaneously having manyproblemsalsosuchas high installation cost, production of secondary pollutants, management of generated sew-age sludge etc. However, Floating raft is plant based method of purification, its purifying capacity also de-pends upon certain climatic factors such as humidity, temperature, wind velocity, mean sea level etc. Nevertheless, once the growth of plant reached to the saturation stage, removal of these plants again will be time consuming and require labour cost (Guo and Zhang, 2010) Plants used in the Floating rafts require daily care as they are vulnerable to the certain pest and disease with
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 967 reference to the environmental condition and if the management of plants fail to form systematic specification; Floating rafts working life become short, usually < 6 years (Guo and Zhang, 2010); still there are no technology and management standards to reference in engineering application of floatingrafttechnique.However,Floating rafts technique has excellent merits and above problems/demeritsarehinderingFloatingraftstechnology’s application and promotion. There-fore, the use of Floating raft technique in combination with technology at broad and field level needs further systematically research. 4. CONCLUSION It has been observed that phytoremediation of wastewater using the floating and submerged plant system is a predominant method which is economic to construct, requires little maintenance and increase the biodiversity. Many researchers have used water hyacinth, water lettuce and hydrilla for the removal of water contaminants buttheir treatment capabilities depend on different factors like climate, contaminants of different concentrations, temperature, etc. The removal efficiency of contaminants like TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, hardness, heavy metals, etc. varies from plant to plant. Plant growth rate and hydraulic retention time can influence the reduction in contaminants. Therefore, an available knowledge and techniques for removal of water contaminants and advancement in wastewater treatment can be integrated to assess and control water pollution. REFERENCES 1) Alireza Valipour, Venkatraman Kalyan Raman and Young-Ho. “Effectiveness of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using a Bio-HedgeWH WetlandSystem”. Water ISSN 2073-4441 2) Ajayi, T.O. and Ogunbayo, A.O. (2012).Achieving Environ-mental Sustainability in Wastewater Treatment by Phyto-remediation with Water Hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes).Journal of Sustainable Develop-ment. 5(7): 80-90. 3) Avila, C., Salas, J.J., Martín, I., Aragón, C. and García,J. (2013). “Integrated treatment of combined sewer wastewater and storm water in a hybrid constructed wetland system in southern Spain and its further reuse”. Ecol. Eng. 50 : 13–20. 4) B.D.Tripathi, Suresh C.Shukla. Biological treatment of wastewater by selected aquatic plants. Environmental Pollution Volume 69, Issue 1,991, Pages 69-78. 5) Bu, F.P., Luo, G.Y., X.Y. and Xu.(2010).Canna indica and AcorusCalamus Ecological Floating Beds for Purifica-tion of Micro-Polluted Source Water.China Water & Wastewater. 26(3) : 14-17. 6) Chang, J.J., S.Q., Dai, Y.R., Liang, W. and Wu, Z.B. (2012). Treatment performance of integrated vertical flow constructed wet-land plots for domestic waste water. Ecol. Eng. 44 : 152–159. 7) Dong Sheng Shen, Bao Cheng Huang, Hua Jun Feng. Performance of a Novel Decentralised Sewage TreatmentReactor.Hindawi PublishingCorporation Journal of Chemistry Volume 2013, Article ID 437147, 6 pages. 8) Davis, T.A., Volesky, B. & Mucci, A. (2003). A Review of the Biochemistry of Heavy Metal Bio-sorption by Brown Algae. Water Research.37 : 4311-4330. 9) Dhote, S. and Dixit, S. (2009). Water quality improvement through macrophytes-A review.Environ. Monit.Assess.152: 149–153. 10) Fan, J.Q., Zou, G.Y. and Song, X.F. (2011).Effects of FCEFB and TFB on the Nitrogen Removal andNitro- gen Cycling Microbial Community in a Eutrophic Riv-er.Research of Environmental Science. 24(8) : 850-856. 11) Faping, B. and Xiaoyi, X. (2013).Plantedfloatingbed per-formance in treatment of eutrophicriver water. Envi Moni Asses. 185: 9651-9662. 12) F. Ye and Y. Li, “Enhance-ment of nitrogen removal in towery hybrid constructed wetland to treat domestic wastewater for small rural communities,” Ecological Engineering, vol. 35, no. 7, pn. 1043– 1050, 2009. 13) G. De Stefani, D. Tocchetto, M. Salvato, M. Borin. Performance of a floating treatment wetland for instream water amelioration in North East Italy. Hydrobiologia (2011) 674:157–167. 14) Joana Martins Pisoeiro. Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Treatment With Constructed Wetlands. Institute Superior Técnico, TULisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal. 15) Lissy, A.M.P.N, andMadhu,B.Dr.G.,2010,Removal of heavy metals from waste water using water hyacinth., In: Proc. of the International Conference on Advances in Civil Engg, 42-47. 16) M. Karvelas, A. Katsoyiannis, and C. Samara, “Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the waste water treatment process,” Chemosphere,vol.53,no. 10, pp. 1201–1210, 2003.
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 968 17) Praveen Solanki, Maitreyie Narayan and R. K. Srivastava. Effectiveness of domestic waste water treatment using floating rafts a promising phyto- remedial approach: A review. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9 (4): 1931 -1942 (2017) 18) Piyush Gupta1,Surendra Roy1, Amit B. Mahindrakar. Treatment of Water Using WH, Water Lettuce and Vetiver Grass - A Review. Resources and Environment 2012, 2(5): 202-215 19) Rajendra B. Magar, Afroz N. Khan, Abdulrazzak Honnutagi. Waste Water Treatment using Water Hyacinth, 32nd Indian Engineering Congress, The Institution of Engineers (India) Chennai, 2017. 20) R. Sooknah. A reviewofthe mechanismsofpollutant removal in water hyacinthsystem. ResearchJournal – Volume-6 – 2000 University of Mauritius, Mauritius. 21) Rajnikant Prasad, Rangari P, Dilendra Jasutkar. Performance Evaluation of Constructed Wetland in Treating Domestic Waste water. International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2454-503. 22) Shibao Lu, Liang Pei, Xiao Bai. Study on method of domestic waste water treatment through new-type multi-layer artificial wetland. International journal of hydrogen energy 40 (2015) 11207-11214. 23) Sankar Jamuna. Treatment of sewage wastewater using water hyacinth - Eichhornia sp and its reuse for fish culture. Toxicol. Int.Vol. 16, No. 2, 2009 pp 103-106. 24) Schulz, C., Gelbrecht, J. and Rennert, B. (2003) Treatment of Rainbow Trout Farm Effluents in Artificial Wetland with Emergent Plants and Subsurface Horizontal Water Flow. Aquaculture, 217, 207-221. 25) Thongchai Kanabkaew and Udomphon Puetpaiboon. Aquatic plants for domestic wastewater treatment: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) systems, Article in Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology September 2004. 26) Wu, Su-qing; Chang, Jun-jun; Dai,Yanran; Wu,Zhen- bin; Liang. Treatment performance and microorganism community structure of integrated vertical-flow constructed wet-land plots for domestic wastewater. Environmental Science & Pollution Research. Jun2013, Vol.20Issue6,p3789- 3798. 10p.
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