Pollution means the process of making soil, water and air dirty. According to Odum, water is saidto be polluted when it is changed in its quality or composition directly or indirectly as a result of waste disposal and other human activities so that it becomes harmful for domestic, industrial, agricultural , recreational and other purposes.
This document discusses the heavy metal pollution of water sources in India from industrial effluents. It notes that heavy metals are non-biodegradable and can accumulate in the environment. The document analyzes samples from the Sutlej, Beas, and Ghaggar rivers, finding various heavy metals including cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, and copper. It discusses the health impacts of contaminated water and how water hyacinth can be used as a biomonitor for pollution levels. The sources and impacts of water pollution in India are summarized.
The document provides information on the syllabus and topics covered for an environmental engineering course. It includes details on:
1. The course will have 50 marks for theory and 50 marks for practical components. Various assessments like exams, assignments, attendance will contribute to the final marks.
2. Key topics that will be covered include introduction to environmental engineering, water supply engineering, environmental pollution, legislation and management. Specific topics within water supply engineering like water treatment processes, distribution networks and quality management will be examined.
3. Recommended textbooks and reference materials are provided to guide study on the various topics.
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, effects, and ways to control it. It defines water pollution as contamination of water bodies caused by human activities that can harm organisms and plants living in these areas. The main types of water pollutants discussed are nutrients, surface water, oxygen depleting substances, and chemicals from industries and agriculture. Water pollution disrupts ecosystems and food chains, and can cause diseases in humans and death of aquatic animals. Individuals and governments can take steps to control pollution and conserve water resources.
The document discusses the impacts of solid waste management on people, planet, and profit. It describes how improper waste management can negatively impact the surrounding environment and residents' health by emitting odors and pollutants. Direct dumping of waste can contaminate water sources and spread diseases. The increasing amounts of solid waste generated are also an environmental issue, as most waste ends up in poorly managed landfills and dumpsites that pollute soil and groundwater. Effective waste management is important for sustainability and improving quality of life.
This document discusses sewage disposal and pollution control. It begins by defining sewage and its origins from residential and industrial establishments. Sewage is classified as domestic or industrial. Domestic sewage typically contains human waste while industrial sewage varies more in composition. The document then outlines the three phases of sewage treatment: pre-treatment to remove solids, primary treatment to separate waste, and secondary treatment using bacteria to further break down organic matter. It also discusses different types of pollution like air, water, soil, and noise pollution. Causes and effects of each type of pollution are provided along with strategies for pollution control and prevention of environmental degradation.
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, QUALITY STANDARDS FO...JYOTI DEVENDRA
This document discusses sources and effects of water pollution on human health. It outlines various sources of water pollution including sewage, industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers and others. It describes the waste water treatment process including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. The secondary treatment involves biological processes like activated sludge process, trickling filters and anaerobic digestion to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and disinfects the water. The document provides information on water quality standards and processing steps to treat domestic and industrial waste water.
Field report on pollution of a water body-Safilguda lakesushruth kamarushi
The document discusses the pollution issues affecting Safilguda Lake in Hyderabad, India. It outlines how sewage and garbage dumping has turned the once scenic lake into a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Local residents complain about the stench and health problems caused by the pollution. The authorities are blamed for neglecting to properly maintain the lake and control the pollution issues.
This document discusses the heavy metal pollution of water sources in India from industrial effluents. It notes that heavy metals are non-biodegradable and can accumulate in the environment. The document analyzes samples from the Sutlej, Beas, and Ghaggar rivers, finding various heavy metals including cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, and copper. It discusses the health impacts of contaminated water and how water hyacinth can be used as a biomonitor for pollution levels. The sources and impacts of water pollution in India are summarized.
The document provides information on the syllabus and topics covered for an environmental engineering course. It includes details on:
1. The course will have 50 marks for theory and 50 marks for practical components. Various assessments like exams, assignments, attendance will contribute to the final marks.
2. Key topics that will be covered include introduction to environmental engineering, water supply engineering, environmental pollution, legislation and management. Specific topics within water supply engineering like water treatment processes, distribution networks and quality management will be examined.
3. Recommended textbooks and reference materials are provided to guide study on the various topics.
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, effects, and ways to control it. It defines water pollution as contamination of water bodies caused by human activities that can harm organisms and plants living in these areas. The main types of water pollutants discussed are nutrients, surface water, oxygen depleting substances, and chemicals from industries and agriculture. Water pollution disrupts ecosystems and food chains, and can cause diseases in humans and death of aquatic animals. Individuals and governments can take steps to control pollution and conserve water resources.
The document discusses the impacts of solid waste management on people, planet, and profit. It describes how improper waste management can negatively impact the surrounding environment and residents' health by emitting odors and pollutants. Direct dumping of waste can contaminate water sources and spread diseases. The increasing amounts of solid waste generated are also an environmental issue, as most waste ends up in poorly managed landfills and dumpsites that pollute soil and groundwater. Effective waste management is important for sustainability and improving quality of life.
This document discusses sewage disposal and pollution control. It begins by defining sewage and its origins from residential and industrial establishments. Sewage is classified as domestic or industrial. Domestic sewage typically contains human waste while industrial sewage varies more in composition. The document then outlines the three phases of sewage treatment: pre-treatment to remove solids, primary treatment to separate waste, and secondary treatment using bacteria to further break down organic matter. It also discusses different types of pollution like air, water, soil, and noise pollution. Causes and effects of each type of pollution are provided along with strategies for pollution control and prevention of environmental degradation.
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, QUALITY STANDARDS FO...JYOTI DEVENDRA
This document discusses sources and effects of water pollution on human health. It outlines various sources of water pollution including sewage, industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers and others. It describes the waste water treatment process including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. The secondary treatment involves biological processes like activated sludge process, trickling filters and anaerobic digestion to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and disinfects the water. The document provides information on water quality standards and processing steps to treat domestic and industrial waste water.
Field report on pollution of a water body-Safilguda lakesushruth kamarushi
The document discusses the pollution issues affecting Safilguda Lake in Hyderabad, India. It outlines how sewage and garbage dumping has turned the once scenic lake into a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Local residents complain about the stench and health problems caused by the pollution. The authorities are blamed for neglecting to properly maintain the lake and control the pollution issues.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies by harmful substances. The document discusses various sources and causes of water pollution including point sources like pipes discharging sewage, and non-point sources like runoff from agricultural lands. It also describes common indicators of water pollution and different types of pollutants like industrial waste, agricultural chemicals, and domestic sewage. The document then discusses various water treatment methods including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. It provides case studies on pollution in the Ganges River in India and Minamata disease caused by mercury poisoning in Japan.
- Water is essential for life but only a small fraction of Earth's water is readily available for human use. Humans currently use about 54% of available freshwater runoff.
- Water is used for agriculture, industry, domestic purposes, transportation, and more. However, water pollution from various sources threatens available water supplies and ecosystems. The lecture discusses different types of water pollutants including organic, inorganic, microbiological and thermal pollutants. It emphasizes the importance of addressing water pollution to protect water resources and public health.
This document discusses sources and causes of water pollution and ways to reduce it. It defines water pollution as occurring when bodies of water are affected by harmful substances. Water pollutants can come from point sources like factories that are directly monitored, or non-point sources like urban and rural runoff which are more difficult to monitor. Some ways to reduce pollution include properly disposing of household chemicals, not littering, asking families to use safer cleaners, helping with cleanups, recycling and reusing materials, and joining organizations campaigning against pollution. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding pollution sources and reducing it so future generations can enjoy clean water.
The document discusses various causes and sources of water pollution. It notes that water pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into water bodies in large quantities, damaging wildlife or habitat. Sources of water pollution include agricultural runoff containing sediment, fertilizers and pesticides; industrial facilities; and mining. The document outlines point sources like industrial facilities versus nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff which are more diffuse. It also discusses various wastewater treatment methods including primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using physical, biological and chemical processes to remove contaminants. The aim of wastewater treatment is to convert waste into stable end products that can be safely disposed while protecting public health.
The document discusses water pollution, its causes, types, and effects. It notes that water pollution occurs when harmful substances are present in water, making it unusable for its intended purpose. Common causes of water pollution include sewage, industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and thermal pollution from power plants. Polluted water can kill aquatic animals, disrupt food chains, and spread diseases. Proper management and treatment of wastewater is needed to control water pollution.
Non Point Pollution & Urban Planning MeasuresMalvika Jaishal
This document provides a summary of non-point pollution and urban planning measures to address it. It defines non-point pollution as pollution from diffuse sources that cannot be traced to a single location. The main sources are identified as urban and suburban runoff, agricultural operations, atmospheric deposition, forestry and mining operations, and marinas. Impacts include water quality degradation and excess nutrients causing algal blooms. Planning measures to address these sources involve practices like buffer strips, retention ponds, porous pavement, and integrated pest management. A case study of regulation in India notes that national laws do not explicitly address non-point pollution and enforcement has focused on point sources.
This document summarizes sources and prevention of water contamination. It discusses two main categories of contamination sources: point sources which can be identified like factories or sewage, and non-point sources which are more diffuse like agricultural or urban runoff. Key sources outlined include agricultural and livestock waste, sewage systems, septic systems, industrial waste, and municipal solid waste. Prevention strategies proposed involve improved sanitation, public awareness, proper chemical handling, wastewater treatment, and participation from industries and communities. The document also briefly outlines effects of contamination on health, environment and economy as well as methods for water purification.
Water pollution (Environmental Science) Grade 7Kaye Abordo
This document provides information on various types of water pollution including sewage, nutrients from fertilizers, waste water from factories and homes, heavy metals, chemical waste, radioactive waste, oil, and plastics. It discusses how each of these contributes to water pollution through various means such as dumping sewage and waste water untreated, runoff of chemicals from farms and roads, industrial discharges, and the prevalence and persistence of plastics in oceans. The document also outlines the major health and environmental impacts of water pollution.
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It notes that the Earth's hydrosphere contains about 1.4 x 1018 tonnes of water, with about 75% of the surface covered by oceans. Other planets like Europa may also have subsurface oceans beneath thick ice layers. The water cycle continuously moves water between oceans, atmosphere, and land via processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.
This document discusses various causes and types of water pollution, methods for measuring and controlling water pollution, and waste treatment processes. It notes that water pollution is caused by many human activities like urban development, industrial and agricultural waste, as well as natural processes. Common methods for controlling water pollution include wastewater treatment, recycling, composting, incineration, and landfills. Measurement involves physical, chemical and biological testing of water samples. The document also provides details on types of waste like plastics, chemicals and how different treatment methods work.
Nepal faces challenges from liquid waste due to lack of proper management systems. Using the DPSIR framework, the document analyzes the drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses regarding liquid waste in Nepal. The main drivers include population growth, urbanization and lack of public awareness. Pressures stem from agriculture, industries and changing consumption patterns. The state of liquid waste management has caused issues like eutrophication and pollution of rivers. Impacts involve health, environmental and economic problems. Responses from the government include policies, treatment plants and campaigns to address liquid waste management in Nepal.
Bangladesh has a population of 150 million with a high population density and low GDP per capita. It faces severe water shortage and sanitation issues that negatively impact both urban and rural areas. Three devices - the Water Canary, Lifesaver bottle, and Reverse Osmosis Sanitation system - were proposed to test and filter water, making it safe to drink from any source. Additionally, investments in sewage systems and providing clean water access points could help address sanitation and water issues but require substantial funding.
Rising demand vs. diminishing supply
- Water is essential to life but both the supply and quality of freshwater resources are under threat. Pollution from sources like industry, agriculture, and everyday human activities is contaminating water supplies while population growth and climate change are reducing available water. If current practices are not changed, severe water scarcity and conflict over water could increase globally in the coming century. Preserving this critical resource requires improved management, conservation efforts, wastewater treatment, and more sustainable consumption.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Sewage is generated from household and commercial waste water and includes waste from bathrooms, kitchens, and industry. Improper handling of sewage can spread diseases through water systems and increase biological oxygen demand, polluting the water. Sewage contains organic matter and pathogens that can transmit disease, cause odors, and make water unusable for drinking or agriculture.
Water pollution is a major global problem that threatens human, animal and environmental health. It is caused by various factors like increasing population, industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage. This leads to contaminated surface and groundwater with harmful chemicals, pathogens, and debris. To address this issue, standards have been established for water quality and effluent discharge. However, pollution continues as many industrial and municipal wastewaters remain improperly treated before being dumped in water bodies. Preventing further water pollution through conservation efforts, proper disposal of toxins, and reducing plastic use can help address this growing crisis.
This document discusses various ways that households can contribute to water pollution and provides recommendations for reducing this pollution. It notes that kitchen waste like oils and excessive detergents can harm water quality. It also recommends using natural soaps and cleaning products, properly disposing of chemicals and medicines, composting food waste, recycling, limiting lawn watering and chemicals, and harvesting rainwater to reduce household water pollution.
A overview of the sources and effects of Air and Water Pollution in Bangladesh. Brief summary of Plastic and Micro Plastic Pollution and how substances created by these components affect the air and water harmfully. SDG goals of Bangladesh and how it is related to the betterment of our environment.
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, effects, and management. It defines water pollution as occurring when contaminants are released into water bodies, compromising water quality for other users. The main types are point source pollution from specific locations and non-point pollution from diffuse sources. Causes include industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff, and oil spills. Effects range from human health impacts to environmental issues like hypoxia. Management involves prevention, wastewater treatment, and raising awareness of the problem.
This is a power-point presentation showing the causes, effect & preventive measures of water pollution.and the definition of it.This is for students who live in india and in 9th standard of cbse.This lesson that is natural resources in science has an activity to do a ppt on it
This document discusses various types and causes of water pollution. The main points are:
1. Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, making the water unfit for use. Common pollutants include sewage, industrial waste, fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture, thermal pollution from power plants, and untreated household waste.
2. Pollution can come from point sources like pipelines or diffuse non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Major sources of pollution include community and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, thermal power plants, underground water contamination, and marine dumping.
3. Water pollution negatively impacts human health and aquatic ecosystems. It can increase
Water is essential for life but can become polluted from various sources. Water pollution is defined as contamination from excess solid, liquid, or gaseous materials that harm aquatic organisms or impair water's uses. Sources include point sources like factory emissions and non-point sources like rain carrying pollutants from multiple areas. Common causes of water pollution are domestic, sewage, industrial, and agricultural waste; urban runoff; oil spills; and religious or animal waste. Effects include harm to aquatic life and humans, disruption of food chains, disease outbreaks, and damage to ecosystems and the economy. Prevention requires efforts from governments, industries, and individuals to properly dispose of waste, reduce pollution, and clean up contaminated areas.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies by harmful substances. The document discusses various sources and causes of water pollution including point sources like pipes discharging sewage, and non-point sources like runoff from agricultural lands. It also describes common indicators of water pollution and different types of pollutants like industrial waste, agricultural chemicals, and domestic sewage. The document then discusses various water treatment methods including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. It provides case studies on pollution in the Ganges River in India and Minamata disease caused by mercury poisoning in Japan.
- Water is essential for life but only a small fraction of Earth's water is readily available for human use. Humans currently use about 54% of available freshwater runoff.
- Water is used for agriculture, industry, domestic purposes, transportation, and more. However, water pollution from various sources threatens available water supplies and ecosystems. The lecture discusses different types of water pollutants including organic, inorganic, microbiological and thermal pollutants. It emphasizes the importance of addressing water pollution to protect water resources and public health.
This document discusses sources and causes of water pollution and ways to reduce it. It defines water pollution as occurring when bodies of water are affected by harmful substances. Water pollutants can come from point sources like factories that are directly monitored, or non-point sources like urban and rural runoff which are more difficult to monitor. Some ways to reduce pollution include properly disposing of household chemicals, not littering, asking families to use safer cleaners, helping with cleanups, recycling and reusing materials, and joining organizations campaigning against pollution. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding pollution sources and reducing it so future generations can enjoy clean water.
The document discusses various causes and sources of water pollution. It notes that water pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into water bodies in large quantities, damaging wildlife or habitat. Sources of water pollution include agricultural runoff containing sediment, fertilizers and pesticides; industrial facilities; and mining. The document outlines point sources like industrial facilities versus nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff which are more diffuse. It also discusses various wastewater treatment methods including primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using physical, biological and chemical processes to remove contaminants. The aim of wastewater treatment is to convert waste into stable end products that can be safely disposed while protecting public health.
The document discusses water pollution, its causes, types, and effects. It notes that water pollution occurs when harmful substances are present in water, making it unusable for its intended purpose. Common causes of water pollution include sewage, industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and thermal pollution from power plants. Polluted water can kill aquatic animals, disrupt food chains, and spread diseases. Proper management and treatment of wastewater is needed to control water pollution.
Non Point Pollution & Urban Planning MeasuresMalvika Jaishal
This document provides a summary of non-point pollution and urban planning measures to address it. It defines non-point pollution as pollution from diffuse sources that cannot be traced to a single location. The main sources are identified as urban and suburban runoff, agricultural operations, atmospheric deposition, forestry and mining operations, and marinas. Impacts include water quality degradation and excess nutrients causing algal blooms. Planning measures to address these sources involve practices like buffer strips, retention ponds, porous pavement, and integrated pest management. A case study of regulation in India notes that national laws do not explicitly address non-point pollution and enforcement has focused on point sources.
This document summarizes sources and prevention of water contamination. It discusses two main categories of contamination sources: point sources which can be identified like factories or sewage, and non-point sources which are more diffuse like agricultural or urban runoff. Key sources outlined include agricultural and livestock waste, sewage systems, septic systems, industrial waste, and municipal solid waste. Prevention strategies proposed involve improved sanitation, public awareness, proper chemical handling, wastewater treatment, and participation from industries and communities. The document also briefly outlines effects of contamination on health, environment and economy as well as methods for water purification.
Water pollution (Environmental Science) Grade 7Kaye Abordo
This document provides information on various types of water pollution including sewage, nutrients from fertilizers, waste water from factories and homes, heavy metals, chemical waste, radioactive waste, oil, and plastics. It discusses how each of these contributes to water pollution through various means such as dumping sewage and waste water untreated, runoff of chemicals from farms and roads, industrial discharges, and the prevalence and persistence of plastics in oceans. The document also outlines the major health and environmental impacts of water pollution.
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It notes that the Earth's hydrosphere contains about 1.4 x 1018 tonnes of water, with about 75% of the surface covered by oceans. Other planets like Europa may also have subsurface oceans beneath thick ice layers. The water cycle continuously moves water between oceans, atmosphere, and land via processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.
This document discusses various causes and types of water pollution, methods for measuring and controlling water pollution, and waste treatment processes. It notes that water pollution is caused by many human activities like urban development, industrial and agricultural waste, as well as natural processes. Common methods for controlling water pollution include wastewater treatment, recycling, composting, incineration, and landfills. Measurement involves physical, chemical and biological testing of water samples. The document also provides details on types of waste like plastics, chemicals and how different treatment methods work.
Nepal faces challenges from liquid waste due to lack of proper management systems. Using the DPSIR framework, the document analyzes the drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses regarding liquid waste in Nepal. The main drivers include population growth, urbanization and lack of public awareness. Pressures stem from agriculture, industries and changing consumption patterns. The state of liquid waste management has caused issues like eutrophication and pollution of rivers. Impacts involve health, environmental and economic problems. Responses from the government include policies, treatment plants and campaigns to address liquid waste management in Nepal.
Bangladesh has a population of 150 million with a high population density and low GDP per capita. It faces severe water shortage and sanitation issues that negatively impact both urban and rural areas. Three devices - the Water Canary, Lifesaver bottle, and Reverse Osmosis Sanitation system - were proposed to test and filter water, making it safe to drink from any source. Additionally, investments in sewage systems and providing clean water access points could help address sanitation and water issues but require substantial funding.
Rising demand vs. diminishing supply
- Water is essential to life but both the supply and quality of freshwater resources are under threat. Pollution from sources like industry, agriculture, and everyday human activities is contaminating water supplies while population growth and climate change are reducing available water. If current practices are not changed, severe water scarcity and conflict over water could increase globally in the coming century. Preserving this critical resource requires improved management, conservation efforts, wastewater treatment, and more sustainable consumption.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Sewage is generated from household and commercial waste water and includes waste from bathrooms, kitchens, and industry. Improper handling of sewage can spread diseases through water systems and increase biological oxygen demand, polluting the water. Sewage contains organic matter and pathogens that can transmit disease, cause odors, and make water unusable for drinking or agriculture.
Water pollution is a major global problem that threatens human, animal and environmental health. It is caused by various factors like increasing population, industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage. This leads to contaminated surface and groundwater with harmful chemicals, pathogens, and debris. To address this issue, standards have been established for water quality and effluent discharge. However, pollution continues as many industrial and municipal wastewaters remain improperly treated before being dumped in water bodies. Preventing further water pollution through conservation efforts, proper disposal of toxins, and reducing plastic use can help address this growing crisis.
This document discusses various ways that households can contribute to water pollution and provides recommendations for reducing this pollution. It notes that kitchen waste like oils and excessive detergents can harm water quality. It also recommends using natural soaps and cleaning products, properly disposing of chemicals and medicines, composting food waste, recycling, limiting lawn watering and chemicals, and harvesting rainwater to reduce household water pollution.
A overview of the sources and effects of Air and Water Pollution in Bangladesh. Brief summary of Plastic and Micro Plastic Pollution and how substances created by these components affect the air and water harmfully. SDG goals of Bangladesh and how it is related to the betterment of our environment.
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, effects, and management. It defines water pollution as occurring when contaminants are released into water bodies, compromising water quality for other users. The main types are point source pollution from specific locations and non-point pollution from diffuse sources. Causes include industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff, and oil spills. Effects range from human health impacts to environmental issues like hypoxia. Management involves prevention, wastewater treatment, and raising awareness of the problem.
This is a power-point presentation showing the causes, effect & preventive measures of water pollution.and the definition of it.This is for students who live in india and in 9th standard of cbse.This lesson that is natural resources in science has an activity to do a ppt on it
This document discusses various types and causes of water pollution. The main points are:
1. Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, making the water unfit for use. Common pollutants include sewage, industrial waste, fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture, thermal pollution from power plants, and untreated household waste.
2. Pollution can come from point sources like pipelines or diffuse non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Major sources of pollution include community and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, thermal power plants, underground water contamination, and marine dumping.
3. Water pollution negatively impacts human health and aquatic ecosystems. It can increase
Water is essential for life but can become polluted from various sources. Water pollution is defined as contamination from excess solid, liquid, or gaseous materials that harm aquatic organisms or impair water's uses. Sources include point sources like factory emissions and non-point sources like rain carrying pollutants from multiple areas. Common causes of water pollution are domestic, sewage, industrial, and agricultural waste; urban runoff; oil spills; and religious or animal waste. Effects include harm to aquatic life and humans, disruption of food chains, disease outbreaks, and damage to ecosystems and the economy. Prevention requires efforts from governments, industries, and individuals to properly dispose of waste, reduce pollution, and clean up contaminated areas.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate water bodies directly or indirectly. Various human activities like industries, agriculture, mining, wetland destruction and deforestation can pollute water. Industries release waste that affects water quality, while agriculture increases soil erosion, nutrients and pesticide use. Mining increases minerals and affects pH and clarity. Wetland destruction removes natural filters, and deforestation increases soil erosion, nutrients and disease risk. Accidental pollution from spills can also damage water. Soil pollution reduces soil quality, increases health risks, and contaminates water sources through runoff. It harms soil ecosystems. Various agencies work to prevent water and soil pollution and provide information.
This document provides an overview of water pollution. It discusses how water availability is limited yet water is essential for life. Both surface water and groundwater can become polluted from a variety of point and non-point sources, including industrial and agricultural waste, sewage, and chemical dumping. Various types of pollutants are described. Water pollution has serious health and environmental effects. Preventing pollution and implementing treatment systems can help control this important problem. A case study analyzes pollution in an Indian river.
This document discusses water and marine pollution. It begins by introducing different types of water pollution like point sources from pipes/drains and nonpoint sources from diffuse runoff. Specific sources of water pollution are also outlined like sewage, dumping, industrial and agricultural waste, mining, and power plants. The document then discusses effects of pollution like diseases, ecosystem destruction, and impacts on the food chain. Methods for controlling pollution through wastewater treatment are described. The document also covers types of marine pollution and their effects before concluding with the importance of oceans to the global economy and food supply.
This document provides information about water pollution from a lecture on water supply and treatment technology. It defines water pollution and discusses various types of water pollutants including sewage, industrial, agricultural, and physical pollutants. It also describes the sources of water pollution from surface water and groundwater. Finally, it outlines measures to control water pollution including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment of sewage as well as other methods like effluent treatment, water recycling, enforcement of acts, and monitoring of water quality.
This ppt is about water pollution, causes, sources, effects, control, water quality standards, waste water treatments and its types, oxidation ponds and ganga action plan
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into water bodies without proper treatment. It is a major global problem, causing over 14,000 daily deaths from water-borne diseases. Developing nations struggle most with access to clean water. Industrialized countries also continue to have pollution challenges, with around half of waterways in the US found to be polluted. Water pollution comes from sources like agricultural and industrial runoff, sewage, thermal pollution from power plants, and trash. Solutions include improving industrial and agricultural practices, upgrading sewage treatment plants, controlling stormwater runoff, and preventing pollution at its source through individual actions. Proper measurement and testing helps analyze pollution levels.
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, types, and effects. It defines water pollution as contamination of water bodies by toxic substances that degrade water quality. Major causes discussed include sewage discharge, industrial waste, agricultural and residential runoff containing nutrients and chemicals. Types addressed are nutrients, surface water, oxygen-depleting, groundwater, microbiological, suspended, and chemical pollution. Effects include aquatic life death, disrupted food chains, increased disease prevalence, and ecosystem destruction. Prevention methods like proper waste disposal and reducing chemical usage are recommended. Wastewater treatment involves screening, primary settling, secondary biological treatment, and final filtration before discharge.
Water quality is affected by various pollutants from point and non-point sources. The key water quality parameters include physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The major sources of water pollution are domestic and industrial sewage, agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides, and microbial contaminants from animal and human waste. Poor water quality can cause various water-borne diseases and negatively impact human health. Stringent treatment is required to ensure water is safe for drinking and other daily uses.
This document discusses water pollution, including its definition, types of pollutants, sources, effects, and ways to prevent it. It defines water pollution as any physical or chemical change in water that harms humans or other organisms. The major types of pollutants are pathogens, inorganic materials, organic materials, suspended solids, and radioactive materials. Sources include sewage, agriculture, oil, erosion, and industrial/domestic waste. Effects are risks to human and animal health. Prevention methods center around proper waste disposal, reducing runoff, and recycling/reusing water.
Water is very useful for our daily
life. We use it for various purpose like
cocking, washing cloths, cleaning,
drinking, industries and agriculture
etc.Undesirable change in the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of water that may harmfully
affect the life or create a potential hazard for living
organism is called “water pollution”.
The document discusses various causes and effects of water pollution. It notes that water pollution is a major global problem, killing over 14,000 people daily. Various sources of water pollution are outlined, including industrial and agricultural waste, as well as municipal sewage. The types of water pollution discussed include inorganic contaminants, pathogens, macroscopic pollution, petroleum, radioactive substances, and thermal pollution. Methods for treating and purifying polluted water are also summarized, such as filtration, sedimentation, chlorination, and activated sludge processes. Potential solutions to water pollution problems include legislation to reduce industrial waste, improved municipal treatment plants, more sustainable farming practices, better waste management, and measures to prevent pollution from entering water cycles naturally.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances enter water bodies, making the water unsuitable for uses like drinking or sustaining aquatic life. It can come from various point sources like industrial and domestic discharges, as well as non-point sources like surface runoff, carrying pollutants from agricultural lands, roads, and other areas. This contamination adversely impacts water quality by increasing turbidity, toxicity, and levels of nutrients, pathogens, and other pollutants. Effective treatment and management of sewage, industrial waste, and other sources of pollution are needed to control water pollution and protect water resources.
A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES A REVIEWJoe Andelija
This document summarizes various technologies for treating greywater, which is wastewater from household sources like sinks and laundry that does not contain sewage. It finds that simple technologies like bioremediation and sand filters have limited effectiveness, while activated carbon is very effective for removing dyes, colors and contaminants. The best approaches combine different treatment methods to thoroughly treat greywater for non-potable reuse like irrigation. Guidelines require treated greywater to have low levels of contaminants before it can be reused. The document reviews several studies on greywater treatment technologies including bioremediation with microorganisms and sand filters, use of activated carbon, and systems combining septic tanks, constructed wetlands and intermittent sand filters.
This document discusses sewage treatment and wastewater characterization. It defines sewage as wastewater generated by a community from domestic, industrial and storm sources. Sewage treatment is described as a multi-stage process to clean sewage and protect the environment and human health. Wastewater is characterized by its physical, chemical and biological properties such as temperature, solids, organic matter and microorganisms. Oxygen demand parameters like BOD and COD are also discussed.
This document discusses water pollution, including its causes, types, and effects. It defines pollution and describes when it occurs due to human activity introducing solid, liquid, or gaseous substances into natural bodies of water. The types of pollutants covered include pathogens, oxygen-depleting wastes, nutrients, chemicals, sediment, radioactive isotopes, heat, and oil. The document also examines nature's limited capacity for treating pollution and discusses water treatment methods like primary, secondary, and tertiary processes used to remove pollutants.
Water Pollution environmental microbiologyDENNISMMONDAH1
The document is a seminar presentation on water pollution given by Dennis M. Mondah at Davangere University under the guidance of K.L Soumya. It discusses the types, sources, and effects of water pollution as well as methods of control and wastewater treatment. The major sources of water pollution identified are sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, mining, and solid waste. Water pollution reduces water quality and makes it unsuitable for drinking, domestic, and industrial uses while also harming aquatic ecosystems. Proper wastewater treatment and regulation of polluting activities are needed to control water pollution and its negative effects.
Improper disposal of solid waste can lead to pollution and disease outbreaks. Proper solid waste management through collection, treatment, and disposal is needed globally. Key methods include sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, and recycling. Industrial and agricultural waste as well as saline water also require specialized treatment methods. Metrics to measure sustainability assess environmental, social and economic impacts over time to guide balanced development.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Ajinkya more environtment;e
1. 1
Solapur education society
S E S POLYTECNIC , SOLAPUR
certificate
This is to certify that the following student
ROLL NO NAME
3307 Ajinkya .B. More
3311 Shridhar .V. Budharam
3316 Mahesh . A . Aldar
3306 Gopalkrishna .A.Yele
Of fifth semester of diploma in electronic and telecommunication of institute S.E.S
Polytecnic solapur (0095) have completed the micro project work on( house hold water
treatment ) satisfactorily under my supervision and guidence in subject ( 22447 ) in
Environmental Studies for the academic year 2020 – 2021 as prescribed in the above
curriculum
Prof. P.R. Nagansure prof. N.D.Kulkarni
(Sub. Teacher) ( HOD ) (Principal)
2. 2
Content
Sr no Content Page no
1) Certifiate 1
2) Pollution and cause of pollution 3
3) Types of pollution 4
4) householdwater treatment and 6
Applicabilty
5) Purpose and methods 7
6) household sand filter 8
7) Cloth filter 9
8) ceramic filter 10
9) biosand filter 11
10) membrane filter 12
3. 3
11) nanofilter 13
In India, all fourteen major rivers .including Ganga, Gomti, Kaveri, Damodar have been
polluted. Damodar is perhaps the most heavily.
polluted river. One litre of Damodar water contains as much as 900 milligram of iron and 27 mg
of lead, 32 mg of Zn and 1313 mg of Ni. Beside these heavy metals, very high levels of
sulphate, phosphate and nitrate were also found in water. Sulphate level ranging from 100 to
400 mg/1 was the highest recorded among the Indian river.
Pollution means the process of making soil, water and air dirty. According to Odum, water is
saidto be polluted when it is changed in its quality or composition directly or indirectly as a result
of waste disposal and other human activities so that it becomes harmful for domestic, industrial,
agricultural , recreational and other purposes.
Normally, water is never pure in a chemical sense. It contains impurities of various kinds both
dissolve and suspended. These comprises dissolved gases (CO2, NH3, and N2), dissolve
minerals (salts of
Ca, Mg, Na), suspended impurities (clay, silt, sand and mud) and microscopic organisms.
These are natural impurities derived from atmosphere and nearby area. But they are found in
such a low concentration that they do not pollute water normally rather their presence is
sometimes essential for maintaining potable
water and other useful properties of water. Polluted waters are turbid, sometimes smell bad and
are not suitable for the domestic activities.
They are generally harmful and disease like typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery and cholera spread
through
polluted water.
Causes of Water Pollution
Water pollution is mainly caused by:
(i) Natural process; (ii) Anthropogenic activities
i) Natural process in which decomposed vegetables, animals etc. are brought into main water
bodies.
All these processes are interdependent on each other and lead to the natural environment. e.g.
If organic waste or industrial effluent is added to the water it will not only influence chemical
characteristics but will also affect color, odour and biological properties of water
.
ii) Artificial process such as industrial, agricultural, domestic, radioactive, mining, thermal power
plants and
use of fertilizers and pesticides by man.
These pollutants are constantly getting added to water deteriorating it to such an extent that it
becomes unfit for the living communities.
4. 4
Types of Water Pollution
Water pollution can be classified mainly into four categories. These are
- Physical.
- Chemical.
- Bacteriological .
- Biological.
Sources of Water Pollution
The major sources of water pollution are:
1)Domestic waste.
2) Industrial waste.
3) Agricultural waste.
4) Heat i.e., thermal pollution.
1. Domestic Waste
It includes water, food waste, modern synthetic detergents which are used for cleaning and
washing purpose. It also includes human waste (excreta) and other waste which are released
and find their way into nearby water bodies.
2. Industrial Waste
Establishment of large number of industries like paper and pulp, textile, rubber, medicine and oil
has caused water pollution problems. These industries produce a large number of effluent and
are discharged into nearby rivers, ponds and streams without giving adequate treatment.
Waste from chemical industries contain heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb which are carcinogenic
in nature and toxic compounds like phenol, cyanide and ammonia. Most of these pollutants are
non-degradable
Therefore they accumulate in food chain as Fe and cause many harmful effects. e.g. Mercury
comes in water, in the effluent of paper and pulpindustry, which is harmful for aquatic life.
The waste from the textile industry are heavily loaded with organic and inorganic compounds
which cause depletion of O2 level in water bodies.
Sr no Name of river Source of water pollution
1 Yamuna in Delhi Indraprastha Thermal Power Station (Delhi) DDT factories,
sewage Chemical and tannery industries
2 Ganga at Kanpur Paper and pulp industry
3. Gomati at Lucknow Textile, chemical, paints, steel, rayon and oil industries
4. Hooghly at Calcutta Paper and pulp textile, tannaries and sewage
5. Kaveri at Tamilnadu Fly ash from thermal power station, steel industries
6. Damodar Fertilizer industries and sewage
5. 5
7. Godavari
3. Agricultural Waste
In order to increase yield of crops, a number of fertilizers which are extremely essential for the
plants and crop are applied but they have a harmful effect on human beings and animal life.
When excess of fertilizers are used they seep into ground through the surface water and find
their way in to nearby water bodies causing severe health hazards. These fertilizers, pesticides,
insecticides etc.,
When reach bodies causes pollution problem. Most common insecticides are DDT, BHC etc.
4. Heat i.e. Thermal Pollution
Industries like nuclear power plant and thermal power station use a large quantity of water for
cooling purposes. Thus water becomes heated. If such water is released into a nearby river or
lake it causes thermal pollution. This pollution has profound effect on aquatic ecosystem.
The warm water has less amount of oxygen but animals need more of it, as their metabolic rate
is higher. This lack of oxygen results in suffocation of many animals
6. 6
HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT
Globally, nearly two billion peopleuse either unimproveddrinking-water sourcesor
improved sourcesthat are faecally-contaminated. Over half a million
diarrhoealdeaths in low-and middle-incomecountriesareattributed to inadequate
drinking-water, and the vast majority of these deaths occur amongchildren under 5.
Household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) is an importantpublic health
intervention to improvethe quality of drinking-water and reducediarrhoealdisease,
particularly amongthose who rely on water from unimproved sources, and in some
cases, unsafeor unreliablepiped water supplies.
Further, safe drinking-water is an immediatepriority in most emergencies, and
HWTScan be an effective emergency responseintervention.
Applicability
Household-levelwater treatmentis appropriate when:
A relatively small amountof water is obtained from a well or spring and is collected
and transported by hand.
The sourceis contaminated and simpleprotective measurescan neither improve
water quality nor stop the contamination.
Community resourcesareinadequateto meet the cost of a simplecommunity
treatment system and makeit difficultto develop a centralisedtreatment system.
An emergency situation causes disruption of the serviceand contamination of the
water supply so that a long-term rapid solution is needed
7. 7
PURPOSE
The purposeof water treatment is to reduceor removeall contaminantsthat are
presentin the water and to improvewater quality so that it is completely safe to
drink. Water is unlikely to be completely free of contaminantsat the original source.
The typesof water treatment processesdepend on the characteristics of the raw
water (untreated water direct from its source)and required water quality standards.
Water treatment systemscan be categorized as small-scale water treatment, which
includescommunity and household treatmentmethods, or large-scale water
treatment that might be found in townsand cities .
METHODS
There are several differentmethods of small-scale water treatment that can be
employed at the household and community level.
Broadly speakingthese can be grouped either as Filtrationmethods, in which water
passes through a porousbarrier (filter) that traps tiny particles includingpathogenic
microorganismsand other impurities, and Disinfection methods, in which
contaminants are removed by the use of variouschemicals or by energy from the sun.
Filtration Methods
•Household sand filter
•Cloth filtration
•Ceramic filters
•Biosandfilter
•Membrane filters
•Nanofiltration
8. 8
•Ultrafiltration
Household sand filter
Household filters are an attractive option for household treatment because
these filters can usually be made from locally available and inexpensive
materials like clay pots or barrels. They are simple and easy to use.
The upper pot contains layers of sand and gravel. Water is poured in at the
top and, as it passes through the layers of sand, any particles within it are
filtered out. The thickness of the layers should be approximately 5 cm of
gravel, 5 cm of coarse sand and 10 cm of fine sand.
The bottom of the upper pot should be perforated (have tiny holes in it) so
the clean water can drip into the lower pot. The lower pot should have a
tap (faucet) to draw off the clean water easily. The sand and gravel should
be changed when the rate of filtration starts to slow; at minimum it should
be changed every two or three months.
9. 9
Cloth filtration/straining
Straining water is an important first step that, if done correctly, will
improve the effectiveness of all the HH water treatment methods.
Pouring muddy or dirty looking water through a piece of fine, clean cotton
cloth will often remove a certain amount of the suspended solids and
insect larvae contained in the water.
A cotton cloth works best and you should not be able to see through the
cloth. On the other hand, the cloth should not be so thick that it takes a
very long time to filter the water.
On the other hand, you can determinewhether the cloth is adequate by usingit to
filter the water. If the dirt does notpass through the cloth then it is workingcorrectly.
Straining alone is unlikely to make water from a contaminated sourcecompletely safe
to drink. Butit makeshousehold water treatment easier.
Washing the cloth between uses will makestraining more effective
10. 10
Ceramic filters
Ceramic filters are easy to use, relatively low cost and have a long life if the filter
remainsunbroken. They are good for reduction of bacteria and protozoabut lack
residualprotection so recontamination is possible.
They rely on the small poresize ofceramicmaterialtofilterdirt, debris, and bacteria
out of water
The majority of bacteria are removed mechanically through the filter’s very small
(0.6–3.0 microns)pores
11. 11
Biosandfilter
Biosandfilters differ from the other types of filter described above in that
they make use of biological activity as well the mechanical filtering of
particles.
The most widely used version of the biosandfilter is a concrete container
about one metrein height and filled with sand
The container is filled with water so the water level is above the sand
layer. The water allows a ‘bioactive’ layer to grow on top of the sand. This
bioactive layer consists of algae, plankton and other microscopic plant life
that helps reduce disease-causing organisms, particularly protozoa and
bacteria.
The biosandfilter is fairly easy to use, can be produced from locally
available materials, needs little maintenance and has a long life but it has a
high initial cost and is difficult to transport.
12. 12
It improves the look and taste of the water and is good for removing
protozoa but has a low rate of virus inactivation and does not remove
100% of bacteria so recontamination is possible.
Membrane filters
Membrane filters or “membranes” are microporous plastic films with
specific pore size ratings. Also known as screen, sieve or microporous
filters, membranes retain particles or microorganisms larger than their
pore size primarily by surface capture
Pores range from 0.1microns to 10 microns.
Note: Micron is another name for the micrometre–which is one millionth
of a metre, i.e. a thousandth of a millimetre.
13. 13
Nanofilter
Nanofiltration(NF) is a relatively recent membrane filtration process
used most often with low total dissolved solids water such as surface
water and fresh groundwater