The 4 categories of vaccines are:
1. Live attenuated vaccines: These are vaccines created from live weakened (attenuated) strains of viruses or bacteria. They mimic natural infection to stimulate immune response. Examples include MMR, BCG, chickenpox, rotavirus vaccines.
2. Inactivated vaccines: These are created from viruses or bacteria that have been killed (inactivated) using heat, chemicals, or radiation. Examples include influenza, hepatitis A vaccines.
3. Toxoid vaccines: These are created from bacterial toxins that have been inactivated with formaldehyde. Examples include tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.
4. Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines
Dnb pediatrics osce 2 for PGS in Southern Railway HospitalNibedita Mitra
DNB pediatrics Osce for Post graduates in southern Railway Head Quarter Hospital. This includes a video Station. Click on the picture to play the video
Practical pediatric quiz - Kaun Banega WinnerGaurav Gupta
Interactive quiz based on mentimeter platform for IAP Chandigarh Annual meeting in Dec 2017.
Great success for practising paediatricians in general,
Also a great teaching experience
Dnb pediatrics osce 2 for PGS in Southern Railway HospitalNibedita Mitra
DNB pediatrics Osce for Post graduates in southern Railway Head Quarter Hospital. This includes a video Station. Click on the picture to play the video
Practical pediatric quiz - Kaun Banega WinnerGaurav Gupta
Interactive quiz based on mentimeter platform for IAP Chandigarh Annual meeting in Dec 2017.
Great success for practising paediatricians in general,
Also a great teaching experience
The second edition of AIIMS Medicine Quiz was held on 11th September, 2021. This quiz was for residents currently pursuing MD/DNB in Medicine/ Geriatric Medicine/ Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases.
Blood Group Selection in Newborn Transfusion - Dr Padmesh - NeonatologyDr Padmesh Vadakepat
Before transfusing blood in a newborn, we have to understand the basic physiology and unique features of newborn blood groups. This presentation aims to simplify the same.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. This is a PBS and photograph of a 10 year old boy who has presented with
fatigue, fever, and malaise of > 1week in duration.
On examination, he has generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and
hepatomegaly. (1X5=5)
1) describe the main features in each picture
2) what is the diagnosis
3) Write 3 complications that may occur
4) What medication is contraindicated
5) what is the treatment
3. • Answer (1X5=5)
• Picture 1 shows tonsillitis with membrane
formation, picture 2 shows atypical mononuclear cells
which are enlarged with irregular nuclei and basophilic
pleomorphic cytoplasm
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Splenic hemorrhage/ splenic rupture/ airway
obstruction causing drooling/ stridor and respiratory
distress/ thrombocytopenia/ Coombs positive
hemolytic anemia/ GBS/ Reyes syndrome
• Ampicillin and amoxycillin
• Rest and symptomatic treatment / avoidance of
contact sports or strenuous athletic activities during
the first 2-3 weeks of illness or while splenomegaly is
present.
4. • A
•
•
•
•
Name the Method used in slide 1/2
Enumerate the steps 1
Name two organisms which can
be stained by this method 1
• B
• Identify the PS 1/2
• Name 4 conditions in which
it can be seen 2
5. • A
• Zheil Neelson technique(1/2)
• Steps: 1
Heat and dry, fix the smear
Add carbol fuschin
Heat for approx 5 minutes, do not boil
Decolorize with 20% sulfuric acid
Decolorize with ethanol
Wash with water
Counter stain with Methylene blue
• Myco tuberculosis , M. Leprae, Nocardia
7. This is a picture of a 5 year old boy with a characteristic rash which was
preceded by a prodromal phase consisting of low grade fever, headache
and mild URTI.
Describe the 2 pictures? 2
What is the diagnosis? 1
And the cause?1
Mention two immune mediated post infectious phenomena of the above organism 2
8. Answer
• Erythema infectiosum/ Parvovirus B19 (1+1)
• Picture-1- slapped cheek appearance (1)
• Picture-2- lacy reticulated rash on the arm(1)
• Rash and arthropathy are immune
mediated, post infectious phenomenon(1+1)
15. A
• DIGENIC INHERITANCE.
• Digenic inheritance explains the occurrence of retinitis
pigmentosa (RP) in children of parents who each carry a
different RP-associated gene. Both parents have normal
vision, as would be expected, but the offspring who were
double heterozygotes developed RP.
• Digenic pedigrees exhibit characteristics of both autosomal
dominant (vertical transmission) and autosomal recessive
inheritance (1 in 4 recurrence risk). A couple in which the
two partners are carriers for two different genes may have
affected children. Any child, however, might transmit both
mutations to an offspring, as in dominant inheritance.
16. B
• Pseudodominant inheritance refers to the
observation of apparent dominant (parent to
child) transmission of a known autosomal
recessive disorder
• This occurs when a homozygous affected
individual has a partner who is a heterozygous
carrier, and it is most likely to occur for relatively
common traits, such as sickle cell anemia or
congenital deafness due to connexin26 gene
mutation.
17. Milestone
Follows moving object 180
Sustain social contact, listen to music
Polysyllable vowel sound
Creep or crawl
Plays simple ball game
Hope of feet
Name 4 colors
Make tower of 4 cubes
Dress and undress
Put 3 words together
Age of attaining ( in months)
18. Milestone
Age of attaining ( in months)
Follows moving object 180
2
Sustain social contact, listen to music
3
Polysyllable vowel sound
7
Creep or crowl
10
Plays simple ball game
12
Hope of feet
48
Name 4 colours
60
Make tower of 4 cubes
18
Dress and undress
60
Put 3 words together
24
20. •
•
•
•
•
PAO2=PI02- (PaCo2 /R)
VA= (VT-VD) X RR
Ventilation index= PIP X VR/1000XPaCO2
OI={(MAP X FIO2)/PaO2 } X100
A-aO2 gradient= PAO2-PaO2
21. • .A 12 yrs old female brought in general OPD
with c/o fever, malaise, weight loss and
recurrent headache since 3 months . On
examination she had asymmetrical blood
pressure and claudication
• What is the diagnosis?
• What are diagnostic criteria?
• What are types of same?
• What is drug of choice for new case, relapse
case and refractory case
24. • What is the clinical condition called?
• Which is the commonest malignancy
associated with this?
• Which chromosome is implicated in malignancy
mentioned in question 2?
• What other malignant disorders are associated
with the malignancy being discussed?
26. • . A. What is PICOT study used for?
• What it an acronym for ….
• B Weight of 12 children of 2 yrs is as below
• 10, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 10, 6, 9, 7, 11,8
• Calculate mean, mode, median
27. A.
• PICOT is a technique medical researchers use to
develop a clinical research question.
• It may form part of a formal funding or
research proposal, or medical staff may use it to
carry out a small-scale experiment.
• PICOT is an acronym for the five different areas
the technique considers -- patient
population, intervention or issue, comparison
with another intervention or issue, outcome
and time frame.
29. • A patient is admitted to the ICU with the following lab values:
• BLOOD GASES under room air
• pH: 7.199
PCO2: 32.2
HCO3: 12
PO2: 86.6
• ELECTROLYTES, BUN & CREATININE
• Na: 136
K: 4
Cl: 103
1 – Describe the metabolic condition (1)
2 – What is the expected compensation? (1)
3 – Calculate anion gap. What is the normal value? (2)
4 – Name two conditions with similar anion gap as above (1)
31. • 2yrs old child with seizure, behavioral problems, skin
abnormalities, MRI done
• What is diagnosis?
• What are criteria?
• What is inheritance?
• What are chart eristic CNS presentation
• How u follow up these cases?
34. An eight year old child presented with
malaise, anorexia, vomiting, muscle weakness and orthostatic
hypotension. He had H/o a febrile illness with purpuric rash a few
days before.
What is the significant finding in the picture?
What is the cause of this finding?
What is the possible infection preceding it and what is it called
What are the possible electrolyte
abnormalities ?
What is the definitive test for
diagnosis of this condition.
35. Answer
• Hyperpigmentation of the gingival and buccal
mucosa.
• Cortisol deficiency leading to increased ACTH
production and Melanocyte stimulating hormone
arising from the ACTH precursor POMC.
• Meningococcemia – Waterhouse-Friderichsen
syndrome
• Hypoglycemia, ketosis, hyponatremia
• ACTH Stimulation test
36. •
•
•
•
•
A. What is diagnosis?1/2
What are predisposing factors
for it? 1
What is t/t? 1/2
What are other manifestations? 1/2
•
•
•
•
B .Clarithromycin
What group it belongs 1/2
What mechanism of action? 1
What organisms it act against 1
37. •
•
•
•
A. Guttate psoriasis
Streptococcal infection, post viral, post steriod
Topical steriod/PT
Arthritis
• B. Macrolide antibotic
• By interfering with their protein synthesis.
• Atypical pneumonias associated with
Chlamydophila pneumoniae, skin and skin
structure infections. In addition, it is sometimes
used to treat legionellosis, Helicobacter pylori, and
lyme disease.
38. • 1) Identify the condition in
the CXR of an ELBW
newborn
• 2) Give the definition of this
condition
• 3) Mention the stages of
this condition in a 34 wk old
• 4) What are the
pharmacological strategies
in the management of this
condition
• 5) Expand INSURE
39. answer
1)Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
2) Current definitions include
1. total duration of oxygen supplementation requirement for >28
days,
2. degree of prematurity (<32 weeks gestational age at birth),
AND
3. Oxygen dependency at 36 weeks Postmenstrual Age.
40. answer
3) Stages:
• Mild: Breathing room air at 56 days postnatal age or
discharge*
• Moderate: Need for <30% oxygen at 56 days postnatal age or
discharge*
• Severe: Need for > 30% oxygen and/or positive pressure
(IMV/CPAP) at 56 days postnatal age or discharge*
(* whichever comes first)
42. 1) What is the radiological investigation
2) What sign is demonstrated?
3) What is the diagnosis?
4) What is the commonest age group in
which the following condition
occurs?
5) What are the other conditions
associated with this abnormality?
43. answer
•
•
•
•
•
Upper GI barium meal study
Corkscrew duodenum
Malrotation with a midgut volvulus
Usually newborns and young infants
Duodenal atresia, duodenal stenosis, annular
pancreas
44. • What are 4 categories of vaccines and
explain them?
• Fill the category below?
VACCINE
BCG
CHICKEN POX
MMR
DTwP
TYPHOID
DTaP
PPV23
RABIES
45. • Categories: Category 1: Vaccine covered under
Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)
• Category 2: Vaccine recommended by IAP in
addition to EPI
• Category 3: Vaccine which are to be given after
one to one discussion with parents.
• Category 4: Vaccine to be given under special
circumstances.
49. • A .This is lead II ECG of neonate who
presented with excessive crying.
Systolic NIBP is 80 mm HG
• 1) What is the ECG diagnosis?
• 2) DC shock is available. Is DC shock treatment
of choice Y/N?
• 3) If any treatment necessary, if yes mention?
50. • B. Identify the ECG. What is the name of
this condition?
• Mention 4 causes for this.
51. A
• SVT
• No
• Vagal maneuvers , Ice filled packs on face, Carotid
massage
Adenosine with dose and method of administration
Digoxin
Propanolol
52. B
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
2nd degree AV block. Mobitz Type 1
Myocarditis
Cardiomyopathy
Myocardial infarction
Congenital heart disease
Digitalis toxicity
Cardiac surgery
53. Match the following
1. Verapamil
2. Methemoglobinemia
3. TCA
4. Sulfonylureas
5. Propranalol
6. Anticholinergics
7. INH
8. Ethylene glycol
9. Diazepam
10. Morphine
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Fomepizole
Octreotide
Pyridoxine
Methylene blue
Insulin
Sodium bicarbonate
Glucagon
Physostigmine
Naloxone
Flumazenil
55. • A premature baby was ventilated and on
2nd day had convulsions. His investigation
done which is shown here
11/3/2013
CME,Indore
55
56. •
•
•
•
•
Identify and describe the investigation
Spot the diagnosis with grade
What are preventive measures?
What is the commonest neurological sequel?
What is the commonest Opthalmological
sequel?
11/3/2013
CME,Indore
56
58. Write cardiac disorder for
following syndrome (1/4 X 10=2 1/2)
syndrome
Apert
Crouzon
De lange
Noonan
william
Down
Digeorge
Cong.Rubella
Maternal PKA
Carpenter
Cardiac disoder