1. Nutritional programming theories suggest that the prenatal and early life nutritional environment can influence long-term health by permanently programming physiological functions and disease risk.
2. Animal studies demonstrate a direct link between nutrient imbalance during fetal development and later diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, independent of growth rates.
3. Exposure to glucocorticoids and alterations in gene expression from nutrient imbalance in early life are thought to be important mechanisms influencing tissue development and function long-term.
As defined by Congress in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which became
law in 1994, adietary supplement is a product (other than tobacco) that
-- is intended to supplement the diet;
-- contains one or more dietary ingredients
(including vitamins; minerals; herbs or
other botanicals; amino
acids; and other substances) or their constituents;
-- is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule,
tablet, or liquid; and
-- is labeled on
the front panel as being a dietary supplement.
http://ods.od.nih.gov/
EAT RIGHT INDIA campaign was launched in 2018.
The campaign is led by FSSAI.
It is aimed to create consumer awareness about eating safe and nutritious food.
It also aims to engage, excite, and enable citizens to improve their health and well being.
Tagline : “Sahi Bhojan, Behtar Jeevan” forms the foundation of this movement.
The campaign aims to reduce the sugar, salt and fat in packaged food and raise awareness among people that sugar, salt and fat are not good for health and should be consumed in minimal quantities.
It encourages food companies to reformulate their goods, provide better nutritional information to consumers, and invest in healthier foods on the supply side.
Folic acid and vitamin B9, is one of the B vitamins.The recommended daily intake level of folate is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements.Folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency.It is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) in the baby.
The Journal of NutritionSymposium Nutritional Experiences.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Journal of Nutrition
Symposium: Nutritional Experiences in Early Life as Determinants of the
Adult Metabolic Phenotype
Mechanisms Linking Suboptimal
Early Nutrition and Increased Risk of
Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity1–3
Malgorzata S. Martin-Gronert and Susan E. Ozanne*
Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed a relationship between poor early growth and development of type 2 diabetes and
other features of metabolic syndrome. The mechanistic basis of this relationship is not known. However, compelling
evidence suggests that early environmental factors, including nutrition, play an important role. Studies of individuals in
utero during a period of famine showed a direct relationship between maternal nutrition and glucose tolerance. Further
evidence has come from studies of monozygotic twins who were discordant for type 2 diabetes. Nutrition during the early
postnatal period has also been shown to have long-term consequences on metabolic health. Excess nutrition and
accelerated growth during the neonatal period has been suggested to be particularly detrimental. Animal models, including
maternal protein restriction, have been developed to elucidate mechanisms linking the early environment and future
disease susceptibility. Maternal protein restriction in rats leads to a low birth weight and development of type 2 diabetes in
the offspring. This is associated with b cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. The latter is associated with changes in
expression of key components of the insulin-signaling cascade in muscle and adipocytes similar to that observed in tissue
from young men with a low birth weight. These differences occur prior to development of disease and thus may represent
molecular markers of early growth restriction and disease risk. The fundamental mechanisms by which these
programmed changes occur remain to be fully defined but are thought to involve epigenetic mechanisms. J. Nutr. 140:
662–666, 2010.
Introduction
It is well established that poor growth in utero is associated with
increased risk of developing diseases such as type 2 diabetes in
later life (1). There is strong evidence from both human and
animal studies that the early environment and in particular early
nutrition play an important role. However, the molecular
mechanisms by which a phenomenon that occurs in early life
has a phenotypic consequence many years later are only just
starting to emerge.
Epidemiological data
The first study to link birth weight to increased risk of type 2
diabetes was conducted in a group of men born in Hertfordshire,
UK, who were 64 y old at the time of the study. Those men who
had the lowest birth weight were 6 times more likely to currently
have either impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes than
those men who were heaviest at birth (2). These findings have
been reproduce.
As defined by Congress in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which became
law in 1994, adietary supplement is a product (other than tobacco) that
-- is intended to supplement the diet;
-- contains one or more dietary ingredients
(including vitamins; minerals; herbs or
other botanicals; amino
acids; and other substances) or their constituents;
-- is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule,
tablet, or liquid; and
-- is labeled on
the front panel as being a dietary supplement.
http://ods.od.nih.gov/
EAT RIGHT INDIA campaign was launched in 2018.
The campaign is led by FSSAI.
It is aimed to create consumer awareness about eating safe and nutritious food.
It also aims to engage, excite, and enable citizens to improve their health and well being.
Tagline : “Sahi Bhojan, Behtar Jeevan” forms the foundation of this movement.
The campaign aims to reduce the sugar, salt and fat in packaged food and raise awareness among people that sugar, salt and fat are not good for health and should be consumed in minimal quantities.
It encourages food companies to reformulate their goods, provide better nutritional information to consumers, and invest in healthier foods on the supply side.
Folic acid and vitamin B9, is one of the B vitamins.The recommended daily intake level of folate is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements.Folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency.It is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) in the baby.
The Journal of NutritionSymposium Nutritional Experiences.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Journal of Nutrition
Symposium: Nutritional Experiences in Early Life as Determinants of the
Adult Metabolic Phenotype
Mechanisms Linking Suboptimal
Early Nutrition and Increased Risk of
Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity1–3
Malgorzata S. Martin-Gronert and Susan E. Ozanne*
Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed a relationship between poor early growth and development of type 2 diabetes and
other features of metabolic syndrome. The mechanistic basis of this relationship is not known. However, compelling
evidence suggests that early environmental factors, including nutrition, play an important role. Studies of individuals in
utero during a period of famine showed a direct relationship between maternal nutrition and glucose tolerance. Further
evidence has come from studies of monozygotic twins who were discordant for type 2 diabetes. Nutrition during the early
postnatal period has also been shown to have long-term consequences on metabolic health. Excess nutrition and
accelerated growth during the neonatal period has been suggested to be particularly detrimental. Animal models, including
maternal protein restriction, have been developed to elucidate mechanisms linking the early environment and future
disease susceptibility. Maternal protein restriction in rats leads to a low birth weight and development of type 2 diabetes in
the offspring. This is associated with b cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. The latter is associated with changes in
expression of key components of the insulin-signaling cascade in muscle and adipocytes similar to that observed in tissue
from young men with a low birth weight. These differences occur prior to development of disease and thus may represent
molecular markers of early growth restriction and disease risk. The fundamental mechanisms by which these
programmed changes occur remain to be fully defined but are thought to involve epigenetic mechanisms. J. Nutr. 140:
662–666, 2010.
Introduction
It is well established that poor growth in utero is associated with
increased risk of developing diseases such as type 2 diabetes in
later life (1). There is strong evidence from both human and
animal studies that the early environment and in particular early
nutrition play an important role. However, the molecular
mechanisms by which a phenomenon that occurs in early life
has a phenotypic consequence many years later are only just
starting to emerge.
Epidemiological data
The first study to link birth weight to increased risk of type 2
diabetes was conducted in a group of men born in Hertfordshire,
UK, who were 64 y old at the time of the study. Those men who
had the lowest birth weight were 6 times more likely to currently
have either impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes than
those men who were heaviest at birth (2). These findings have
been reproduce.
Physical growth and cardiovascular health: a focus on stuntingInes Varela-Silva
Plenary talk presented at The 4th International Conference on Evolutionary Medicine: Health and Disease in Changing Environments (5-10 June 2018), Vilnius, Lithuania
Alcohol, tobacco o and drug use is a major public health issue, increasing the risk of injury, violence, HIV infection and other disease among our world’s students.
For example, In USA, in 2013, the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) reported that the following data:
66.2% of high school students have tried alcohol.
41.1% have smoked.
22.1% have been offered, sold, or given an illegal drug on school property.
School Staff Responsibility.
As school employee for the following district protocols for:
Prevention
Intervention
Referral for evaluation and treatment.
Continuity of student care.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. • The environment encountered يواجهin fetal and
neonatal life exerts يبدلa profound influence on
physiological function and risk of disease in
adult life.
• Epidemiological evidence suggests that
impaired fetal growth followed by rapid catch-
up in infancy is a strong predictor of obesity,
hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes
and CHD.
• Whilst these associations have been widely
accepted to be the product of nutritional factors
operating in pregnancy, evidence from human
populations to support this assertion is scarce.
3. • Animal studies clearly demonstrate that
there is a direct association between
nutrient imbalance in fetal life and later
disease states, including hypertension,
diabetes, obesity ,CHD and renal
disease.
• These associations are independent of
changes in fetal growth rates.
• Experimental studies examining the
impact of micro- or macronutrient
restriction and excess in rodent
pregnancy provide clues to the
mechanisms that link fetal nutrition to
permanent physiological changes that
promote disease.
4. • Exposure to glucocorticoids (Any of a
group of steroid hormones, such as
cortisone, that are produced by the
adrenal cortex, are involved in
carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism,
and have anti-inflammatory properties ) in
early life appears to be an important
consequence of nutrient imbalance
and may lead to alterations in gene
expression that have major effects on
tissue development and function.
5. The early-life origins of health and
disease
• Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation,
may also be important processes in early-life
programming.
• The environment encountered during fetal
life and infancy appears to be strongly
related to risk of non-communicable
diseases in adult life (Barker 2004).
• In order to explain these apparently causal
relationships it is proposed that adaptations
during critical phases of growth and
development may ensure the maintenance of
homeostasis, and hence survival, when the
environment is compromised.
6. • Variation in nutrient supply during early
development appears to be a strong
signal initiating these adaptive processes
• The means through which events in early
life trigger permanent responses have
been described as nutritional or metabolic
programming (Lucas, 1991).
• These terms describe the process
through which a stimulus or insult during
a critical window of fetal or infant
development elicits يستنبطpermanent
responses that produce long-term
changes in tissue structure or function.
7. • Programming is the consequence of
the innate capacity of developing
tissues to adapt to the conditions that
prevail during early life, which for
almost all cell types in all organs is an
ability that is present for only a short
period before the time of birth.
• The epidemiological studies that first
indicated that disease could be
programmed by intrauterine influences
formed the basis of what became
known as the ‘fetal origins of adult
disease hypothesis’, or the ‘Barker
hypothesis’.
8. • This constantly evolving concept is
now described as the developmental
origins of health and disease
hypothesis.
• The developmental origins of health
and disease hypothesis was originally
developed to explain associations
between patterns of fetal and infant
growth and major disease states in
human populations, but has received
strong support from experimental
studies in animals.
9. Clues from epidemiology
• The first clues that the environment
encountered in early life could determine risk
of disease in adulthood came from
ecological studies evaluating the causes of
the north-south divide in disease patterns in
England and Wales (Barker and Osmond,
1986)
• These studies identified the period around
the time of birth as playing a critical role in
the development of CHD (Osmond et al ,
1990).
10. • Low weight at birth is associated with
increased risk of CHD mortality, raised
adult blood pressure), non-insulin-
dependent diabetes and risk of the
metabolic syndrome.
11. • The birth weight-disease associations
have been confirmed in a large number of
independent cohorts all around the
developed and developing world.
• Based on fairly limited evidence the
association has been attributed to the
impact of a poor plane of nutrition before
and during pregnancy (see Fig 1).
12. • Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the Barker hypothesis.
• The simplest form of the hypothesis is that undernutrition impairs fetal
growth.
• The association between fetal growth and long-term disease outcomes is
likely to be confounded by a direct association between undernutrition and
disease.
13. Life-course perspectives on
health and disease
• The aetiology of non-communicable
disease is invariably complex, and is now
regarded as involving influences at all
stages of the life-course, a concept best
considered using the example of CHD.
• It is long-established that CHD is usually
related to adult environmental and lifestyle
factors, including a high-fat diet, poor
dietary antioxidant status and smoking.
14. • These environmental factors are
clearly not the only determinants
of risk, as the individual genotype
determines the impact of dietary
risk factors.
• In other words, the adult risk of
disease is related to a ‘phenotype’
that is defined by interaction
between the genotype and the
environment.
15. • This adult phenotype is, however, also
shaped by nutrient-gene interactions in
adolescence, in childhood, infancy and
in fetal life
• Thus, early-life programming is just
one facet of the way in which
adaptations to insults or stimuli at
different life stages determine the adult
physiology and metabolic profile and
the responsiveness of the individual to
metabolic or endocrine افراز هرمون
داخليsignals.
16. Nutritional programming
concept
• Nutritional programming in utero affects the
incidence and severity of disease in the
adult.
• This hypothesis has established a
relationship between nutritional
environment during critical windows of
development plasticity and offspring
disease in adult life. Or
• In 1992 Hales and Barker proposed a new
hypothesis concerning the causes and
origins of type 2 diabetes, emphasizing the
nutritional conditions in early life
17. • Their ‘‘thrifty phenotype’’
hypothesis suggests that during
gestation and early postnatal life
an individual becomes
programmed for nutritional thrift in
order to adapt to and survive in an
environment of limited resources
and poor nutrition.
18. • Once established, this acquired
metabolic phenotype is maintained
throughout the lifetime of the
individual, and does not change
• The nutritional programming concept
derives from two prior hypotheses:
1. the Thrifty Phenotype or Barker Fetal
Origins of Disease hypothesis (Barker,
1997) and
2. the extended ‘Predictive Adaptive
Response’ (PAR) hypothesis
(Gluckman & Hanson, 2004).
20. • The thrifty phenotype hypothesis
• Exposure of the developing
organism to a low plane of
nutrition promotes metabolic thrift
in order to ensure survival.
• In a postnatal environment in
which nutrients are in short supply
this metabolic thrift continues to
be a survival trait, but if nutrients
are present in excess the thrifty
trait will promote the metabolic
syndrome
21. The Thrifty Phenotype
hypothesis
• The Thrifty Phenotype hypothesis
proposed that in utero undernourishment
results in permanent detrimental changes
leading to the development of diseases
later in life.
• The effects of maternal under-nutrition on
fetal development has been studied
extensively both in humans and
experimental animals.
22. • The initial evidence was based on
epidemiological studies of survivors of
the Dutch famine of 1944–1945, where
perinatal exposure to famine conditions
resulted in higher prevalence of
overweight in adult offspring.
• Subsequent studies showed that
perinatal nutritional deficiencies
predispose adult offspring to metabolic
syndrome, including obesity,
cardiovascular disease (CVD),
hypertension, and type 2 diabetes
23. The Predictive Adaptive
Response (PAR) hypothesis
• The Predictive Adaptive Response (PAR)
hypothesis proposes that the fetus makes
adaptations based on the predicted postnatal
environment.
• The prenatal nutritional environment is the
primary source of ‘prediction’ of the
environment available to the fetus per this
hypothesis.
• When the PAR is appropriate, the phenotype
is normal;
24. • however, when there is a mismatch
between the nutritional environment,
either high or low, during critical
developmental periods and the adult
environment, disease will develop.
• PARs can only be induced during
critical windows of development.
• Thus, the windows of potential
induction differ for different organs,
resulting in extension of the plasticity
phase from in-utero to post-natal
development.
25. • Furthermore, PAR also extended
Bakers hypothesis to nutritional
mismatch both to under-nutrition and
over-nutrition during critical
developmental periods
• Whether adaptive or predictive,
developmental programming postulates
long-term detrimental effects on adult health
due to nutritional imprinting during critical
developmental periods.
• Understanding and mapping the interaction
between nutrient imbalance and modification
of gene expression have an enormous
potential for improving the health of future
generations
26. What is the direction?
• Nutritional programming research
requires the multi-disciplinary
approach of nutritional genomics in
relying on the concepts and
technologies of genetics, molecular
biology, epidemiology, public health
and clinical trials.
• Model systems based on rodents and
mammalians are indispensable, and
provide valuable insights into
molecular mechanisms underlying
nutritional programming.
27. • Additionally, more studies are
required to reach a better
understanding of the precise type,
timing and duration of
inappropriate nutrition that result
in chronic disease outcome.
• Significantly less data exists
regarding longer effects of
nutritional programming,
especially in human studies
28. • Although the original field of nutritional
programming focused mainly on
metabolic syndrome related diseases,
as reflected in changes in body size,
focus on detrimental effect of
unbalanced nutrition on chronic
diseases should be widened to studies
of different tissues and diseases.
• Finally, extension of studies of
nutritional programming in the pre-
conception period should be further
investigated.
29. Specific areas of interest
• Studies of the mechanism and nutrient-
gene interactions through which
nutritional programming influences
various tissues.
• Narrowing and defining critical periods
in fetal and early post-natal life that
affect specific chronic diseases.
• Identify and study the impact of genetic
determinants on early programming
effects and on subsequent outcome.
30. • Quantify the effects of early
programming on later chronic
diseases.
• Specifying the role of specific
nutrients and their interactions in
the maternal and infant diet on
programming effects on disease
and their risk factors.
• Studies of epigenetic mechanisms
in early-life programming
31. What is known about nutrition and genes
involved in nutritional programming?
• Little is known about the genes involved in
the underlying mechanism of programmed
nutrition.
• Furthermore, products of several genes
associated with a specific mechanism can
interact with other gene products in different
pathways;
• thus, studies of genes involved in nutritional
programming can reach extreme complexity.
32. • Several recent studies have begun
elucidating genes influenced by
programmed nutrition in several tissues
/ pathways, including the placenta,
endocrine pancreas, TH-receptor
pathway, renin-angiotensin system (as
related to hypertension) and adipose
tissue.
• However, this field is only beginning to
unravel genes and molecular
mechanisms involved in nutritional
programming.