nutrition requirements for baby, infant, young child, preschool and school ages. this lectures breifly present the importance of breafeeding.

1. CHILDRENCHILDREN
NUTRITIONNUTRITION
(0-7 YRS)(0-7 YRS)
Dr. Ayman Balla MustafaDr. Ayman Balla Mustafa
Therapeutical Nutrition DepartmentTherapeutical Nutrition Department
Misurata University, LibyaMisurata University, Libya

2. Children categories
1) Exclusive
Bre astfe e ding baby (0 -
6 m o nths ag o )
2) Bre astfe e ding baby
o ve r 6 th
m o nths.
3) To ddle rs Nutritio n (1 -4)
4) Childre n in Pre cho o l
and Scho o lag e s (4-7 )

3. 0-6th
month
Exclusive breastfeeding
 Means an infant receives
o nly breastmilk from the
mother or a wet nurse, or
expressed breastmilk,
 No other liquids
 Solids except drops or
syrups consisting of
vitamins, mineral
supplements or medicines.

4. Most babies should breastfeed exclusively
forsix months because
 Breastmilk contains all the
nutrients a full-term baby
needs for the first six months
of life.
 It provides enough water even
in hot weather and is the
safest source of water.
 Exclusive breastfeeding
reduces the risk of diarrhoea
and other infections.
 Giving any other food or drink

5. Ways encourage exclusive
breastfeeding include:
 The baby start suckling within one
hour of birth.
 Colostrum contains high levels of
vitamin A and anti-infective
factors that protect newborns
from disease.
 Giving colostrum is like giving a
first immunization.
 If a family has a wrong belief
about colostrum (e.g. it is dirty),
help them to understand it is safe.

6.  Advising the mother to feed
‘on demand’ (when the baby
wants to feed) at least 8-10
times over 24 hours, and let
the baby suckle for as long as
he or she wants day and
night;
 Dealing with breastfeeding
problems (e.g. sore nipples,
engorged breasts, thrush in
baby’s mouth) promptly;

7.  When she wants to stop
breastfeeding, she should do
this when the family is able
to give suitable replacement
feeds;
 Iron fortified formula is an
acceptable substitute for
those families who have
decided that breastfeeding is
not an option.
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8. Infant Nutrition
From6th
month to 1 Year
 ‘weaning’ some confusion about
its meaning.‘the period during
which the child changed from
having only breastmilk to only
family foods’.
 “continued breastfeeding plus
complementary foods”.
 the term ‘complementary
feeding’ should avoid this
confusion and ensure that the
recommended feeding for
children aged over six months
 Weigh the baby at least monthly
to monitor his or her growth.
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9. When to start complementary
feeding?
when they are six months old, due
to:
 breast milk alone cannot supply
all the nutrients needed for
growth;
 children are able to eat and
digest other foods.
 Breastfeeding on demand should
continue until a child is 2 years
old.
 As children grow, increasing
amounts of complementary
foods are needed to fill the gap
between the nutrients supplied
by breastmilk and children’s
nutrient needs.
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10. Prepare complementary foods
hygienically
 Rich in energy, protein and
micronutrients, especially iron (not
watery).
 Foods are easy to eat and digest.
 Foods are hygienically prepared and
fed.
 contain no bones or hard pieces that
might cause choking;
 Foods are not too spicy or salty.
 Too much salt is bad for children.
 Some fat-rich foods to increase the
energy content;
 fresh fruits and vegetables, especially
ones rich in vitamins A and C;
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11. Foodmadewithgerminatedor
fermentedflours
 Young children need foods
rich in energy and nutrients
because their stomachs
are small.
 Porridge made from
fermented flour is easier to
digest and safer because
germs cannot grow easily
in fermented porridge.
 The iron is better absorbed
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12.  Optimal nutrition is
extremely important
during the first year, as
the baby’s organs and
nervous system continue
to develop and mature
and as the baby grows
physically.
 In fact, use length and
weight measurements as
the main tools for
assessing an infant’s
Infant Nutrition:FromBirth to 1 Year
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13.  In the first year of life, an infant
generally grows about 10
inches in length and triples in
weight.
 Energy needs are very high
because the basal metabolic
rates of babies are high.
 Still, the limited physical
activity of a baby keeps total
energy expenditure relatively
low.
Infant Growth and Activity
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14. Dietary requirements
 protein for infants 0 to 6 months of
age is 9 g/day or about 1.5 g/kg body
weight per day.
 Formula-fed infants typically consume
higher amounts of protein compared
with breastfed infants; however, the
proteins in commercial formulas are
less efficiently digested and
absorbed.
 The protein guideline for infants 7 to
12 months of age is 9.9 g/day or 1.1
g/kg body weight per day.
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-961.1

15.  Breast milk and commercial formulas
are both high in fat (about 50% of
total energy).
 Specific fatty acids are essential for
the rapid brain growth, maturation of
the retina of the eye, and nervous
system development that happens in
the first 1 to 2 years of life.
 infants one year, omega-6 fatty acids
is 4.6 g/day, about 6% to 8% of total
calories, omega-3 fatty acids is 0.5
g/day.
Dietary fat
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16.  The recommended
carbohydrate intake for
infants is based on the
lactose content of human
milk.
 60-95 g/day of carbohydrate
for infants 6 and 12 months
of age reflects the intake of
human milk and
complementary foods.
Dietary carbohydrate
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17.  An infant’s micronutrient needs high due
to rapid growth and development.
 Micronutrients include iron, vitamin D,
zinc, fluoride, and, for infants of
breastfeeding vegans, vitamin B12.
 Fortunately, breast milk and commercial
formulas provide most of the
micronutrients needed for infant growth
and development.
 In addition, all infants are routinely given
an injection of vitamin K shortly after
birth. until the infant’s intestine can
develop its own healthful bacteria.
Micronutrient Needs of Infants
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18.  Fluid is critical for everyone, but for
infants the balance is more delicate
for two reasons.
 First, they lose more water through
evaporation from the skin surface area
than adults.
 Second, their kidneys are immature
and unable to concentrate urine.
Hence, they are at even greater risk of
dehydration.
 An infant needs about 2 oz of fluid per
pound of body weight.
Fluid Recommendations for
Infants
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19.  Certain conditions, such as
diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or
extreme hot weather, can
accelerate fluid loss.
 Parents should avoid giving
breastfed or formula-fed infants
sugar water, fruit juices, or
sweetened beverages in a
bottle, especially at bedtime, as
the practice can cause decay of
developing teeth.
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20. NUTRITION FOR
TODDLERS

21.  Nutrient needs increase as a
child progresses from infancy
to toddlerhood.
 Although their rate of growth
has slowed,’ increased
nutrient needs are based on
their larger body size and
activity
 toddlers attending day care
centre may be exposed to
foods that may be more or
less nutritious than the foods
Nutrition forToddlers (1-4 yrs)
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22.  Healthy toddlers of
appropriate body weight
need to consume 30% to
40% of their total daily
energy intake as fat.
 This is important for
toddlers, especially those
have little appetite. Fat is
also necessary during the
toddler years to support the
continuously developing
Toddlers’ fat needs
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23.  Toddlers’ protein needs
increase because they
weigh more than infants and
are still growing rapidly.
 The protein for toddlers is
1.1 g/kg BW per day, or13 g
of protein daily.
 the 2 cups of milk alone
provide 16 g of protein; this
enough to meet their protein
needs.
Toddlers’ protein needs
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24.  The carbohydrate for
toddlers is 130 g/day,
Adequate fiber is important
for toddlers.
 Many fruit juices are
nutritious sources of
carbohydrates that can be
included.
 Keep in mind, however, that
too much fruit juice can
displace other foods and
Carbohydrate fortoddlers
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25.  Adequate intakes of the
micronutrients associated
with fruits and vegetables.
 The calcium and iron as
“priority nutrients” for children
2 to 4 years.
 Calcium is necessary for
children to promote optimal
bone mass, which continues
to accumulate until early
adulthood.
 Dairy products are excellent
Micronutrient Recommendations
forToddlers
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26.  Toddlers can be well nourished
by consuming a balanced, varied
diet.
 The child’s physician may
recommend a multivitamin and
mineral supplement as a
precaution against deficiencies.
 The toddler’s physician or dentist
may also prescribe a fluoride
supplement, if the community
water supply is not fluoridated.
 Supplements should also be
considered for children in vegan
Do Toddlers Need Nutritional
Supplements?
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27.  Toddlers’ stomachs are still
very small, and they cannot
consume all of the energy
they need in three meals.
 They need small meals,
nutritious snacks, every 2 to 3
hours.
 A positive environment helps
toddlers develop good
mealtime habits as well.
 Foods prepared for toddlers
Cont.
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28. NUTRITION FORPRESCHOOL AND
SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
(LECT. 10)

29.  The nutrient needs of young boys do
not differ from those of girls; because of
this, macronutrients, fiber, and
micronutrients are grouped together for
boys and girls aged 4 to 8 years.
 Total energy requirements continue to
increase throughout childhood because
of increasing body size and higher
levels of physical activity.
 Appropriate physical activity while
minimizing risk of excess weight gain.
What Are a Child’s Nutrient Needs
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30.  Start reducing dietary fat is to
slowly introduce lower-fat dairy
products such as 2% or 1%
milk, low-fat yogurt.
 Children who fail to consume
the recommended amount of
fruits and vegetables each day
may become deficient in
vitamins A, C, and E.
 Low-fat milk, yogurt are child-
friendly and convenient sources
Fat Needs
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31.  Low-fat milk, yogurt, cheese, and
fortified fruit juices are child-friendly
and convenient sources of calcium.
 The problem of “milk displacement,”
when children stop drinking milk in
favor of soda, energy drinks, and
juice, is a recognized factor in low
calcium intake.
 Diets that are low in calcium also
tend to be low in other nutrients, so
attention to calcium intake can help
ensure a more healthful overall diet
for children.
Ca requirement
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32.  The children aged 4 to 8
years for iron and zinc
increase slightly to 10 mg/day
and 5 mg/day, respectively.
 These based on the
assumption that most girls do
not begin menstruation until
after age 13.
 legumes offer a fiber-rich that
will also add iron and zinc to
the diet.
Iron requirements
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33. Overweight and obesity of old
children
 Among children and youths
are becoming problems in
some places, especially urban
areas.
 Children, like adults, are at
risk of becoming overweight or
obese if they eat too much,
especially energy-rich food
(e.g. fatty and/or sugary
foods), and consume too
many fizzy drinks, and are not
physically active.
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34. Overweight and obesity of old
children

35. Feeding olderchildren
 The risk of tooth
decay is greatest
when foods contain
large amounts of
sugars and starch that
stick to the teeth, and
when oral hygiene is
poor (no or insufficient
tooth brushing).
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36. THANKSFORYOURTHANKSFORYOUR
ATTENTIONATTENTION