The document discusses mutations, which are changes in the DNA base sequence. A mutation occurs when one base, like a C, is changed to another base like a G. Mutations can happen spontaneously during DNA duplication before cell division. Certain chemicals and radiation can increase the risk of mutations occurring. While mutations may cause small changes to a protein, they often do not have a significant effect, as the protein may still function similarly. A mutation that alters a protein's shape could change its catalytic activity if the protein is an enzyme.