This document discusses prenatal nutrition recommendations before, during, and after pregnancy. It recommends increased intake of proteins, vitamins like folate and iron, minerals like calcium and zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy. Nutrition is especially important in the early stages of pregnancy when organs are developing. The three trimesters of pregnancy and stages of fetal development from embryo to fetus are described. Food hygiene and avoiding foods like soft cheeses, undercooked meat and raw eggs is advised. Maintaining a healthy weight and lifestyle during pregnancy can improve maternal and infant health outcomes.
Micronutrients and pregnancy effect of supplementation and itsNARENDRA C MALHOTRA
This document summarizes a conference on micronutrients and pregnancy. It discusses multiple micronutrient deficiencies that are prevalent in pregnant women, especially in low and middle income countries. Certain micronutrients like iodine, calcium, vitamin D, zinc, copper, manganese and magnesium are important during pregnancy but often neglected. Deficiencies in these can lead to adverse outcomes for both mother and baby. The timing and functions of various micronutrients that impact the offspring are highlighted. Maintaining adequate micronutrient status through diet and supplementation is important for fetal growth and development.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that the last two trimesters of pregnancy and first six months of lactation represent a critical period for an infant's growth and development. Inadequate maternal nutrition during this time can negatively impact both mother and fetus, leading to issues like low birth weight, prematurity, and impaired growth and development. Proper nutrition is essential to support the high demands of pregnancy, lactation, and the rapid growth and development of the fetus and infant.
The document discusses nutrition needs during pregnancy and lactation. It explains that pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks and is divided into trimesters. During pregnancy, a woman needs more calories, protein, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients to support the growth of the fetus and development of maternal tissues. Nutritional demands continue during lactation to support milk production. The diet during lactation should provide additional calories, fluids, rest and relaxation to sustain breastfeeding.
It is natural and necessary to gain weight during pregnancy, with the average being 25-35 lbs. Nutritional needs increase during pregnancy, including protein and vitamins/minerals that are essential for fetal development. Common concerns during pregnancy include nausea, constipation, heartburn, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. A healthy diet is important, while avoiding alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and limiting caffeine intake. Lactation requires extra nutrients as breast milk production demands additional calories. Breastfeeding provides antibodies and proper nutrition for infant growth and development.
Good nutrition during pregnancy is important for the health of both the mother and developing baby. Pregnant women need to gain weight within recommended ranges based on their pre-pregnancy BMI and consume additional calories and nutrients to support the growth of the fetus. Key nutrients that require special attention include folic acid, calcium, iron, and protein. Common issues like morning sickness and constipation can be managed through a nutritious diet with small, frequent meals and staying hydrated.
Role of Calcium in pregnancy DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Rashmi Jai...Lifecare Centre
ROLE OF CALCIUM IN PREGNANCY
FOCUS :
Daily requirement of calcium according to age
Calcium metabolism in pregnancy
Calcium requirement in pregnancy
Maternal benefits
Fetal benefits
Reduction in blood lead levels
Nutrition to improve calcium
Guidelines about dietary calcium intake / supplements in pregnancy
Micronutrients and pregnancy effect of supplementation and itsNARENDRA C MALHOTRA
This document summarizes a conference on micronutrients and pregnancy. It discusses multiple micronutrient deficiencies that are prevalent in pregnant women, especially in low and middle income countries. Certain micronutrients like iodine, calcium, vitamin D, zinc, copper, manganese and magnesium are important during pregnancy but often neglected. Deficiencies in these can lead to adverse outcomes for both mother and baby. The timing and functions of various micronutrients that impact the offspring are highlighted. Maintaining adequate micronutrient status through diet and supplementation is important for fetal growth and development.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that the last two trimesters of pregnancy and first six months of lactation represent a critical period for an infant's growth and development. Inadequate maternal nutrition during this time can negatively impact both mother and fetus, leading to issues like low birth weight, prematurity, and impaired growth and development. Proper nutrition is essential to support the high demands of pregnancy, lactation, and the rapid growth and development of the fetus and infant.
The document discusses nutrition needs during pregnancy and lactation. It explains that pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks and is divided into trimesters. During pregnancy, a woman needs more calories, protein, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients to support the growth of the fetus and development of maternal tissues. Nutritional demands continue during lactation to support milk production. The diet during lactation should provide additional calories, fluids, rest and relaxation to sustain breastfeeding.
It is natural and necessary to gain weight during pregnancy, with the average being 25-35 lbs. Nutritional needs increase during pregnancy, including protein and vitamins/minerals that are essential for fetal development. Common concerns during pregnancy include nausea, constipation, heartburn, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. A healthy diet is important, while avoiding alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and limiting caffeine intake. Lactation requires extra nutrients as breast milk production demands additional calories. Breastfeeding provides antibodies and proper nutrition for infant growth and development.
Good nutrition during pregnancy is important for the health of both the mother and developing baby. Pregnant women need to gain weight within recommended ranges based on their pre-pregnancy BMI and consume additional calories and nutrients to support the growth of the fetus. Key nutrients that require special attention include folic acid, calcium, iron, and protein. Common issues like morning sickness and constipation can be managed through a nutritious diet with small, frequent meals and staying hydrated.
Role of Calcium in pregnancy DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Rashmi Jai...Lifecare Centre
ROLE OF CALCIUM IN PREGNANCY
FOCUS :
Daily requirement of calcium according to age
Calcium metabolism in pregnancy
Calcium requirement in pregnancy
Maternal benefits
Fetal benefits
Reduction in blood lead levels
Nutrition to improve calcium
Guidelines about dietary calcium intake / supplements in pregnancy
The document discusses nutrition requirements during pregnancy and lactation. During pregnancy, a woman's metabolic rate and nutrient absorption increases to nourish the growing fetus. Her blood volume also expands. Inadequate nutrition can harm both mother and baby. Extra calories, protein, iron, calcium and other nutrients are needed. During lactation, a woman needs additional nutrients to produce breast milk that nourishes the infant. Her energy, protein, calcium, iron and vitamin needs all increase. She must consume a varied, nutrient-rich diet and stay hydrated to support milk production.
Nutrition requirements increases tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother not only has to nourish herself but also growing foetus and the infant who is being breast fed
Nutrition During Pregnancy PowerPoint 03 20 2021Earlene McNair
The document discusses nutrition and health topics related to pregnancy. It covers the importance of appropriate weight gain, a nutritious diet, and prenatal care for the health of the mother and baby. It recommends calorie and nutrient intake increases during pregnancy, including additional protein, iron, folic acid, calcium, and other vitamins and minerals. Low birth weight is identified as a risk for infant health. Food safety practices and foods to avoid during pregnancy are also outlined. Common discomforts like nausea and tips for staying active are reviewed. The risks of tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and poor dental health are discussed.
This document discusses the importance of maternal nutrition for fetal development and lifelong health outcomes. It defines an optimum fetus and lists the benefits of achieving this. Key factors that influence fetal growth such as gestational age, maternal weight gain, and nutrition are examined. The link between maternal nutrition and fetal status is established through evidence from wartime famines. The roles of specific nutrients including iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, folate, antioxidants, and omega-3s are outlined. Food-borne infections and the ideal diet for pregnant women are also addressed.
I believe pregnancy is a long and difficult process for every mum in the world. Through a better diet planning for pregnant women, they can have a healthier body to welcome their beloved baby.
The document discusses important nutrition considerations during pregnancy. It recommends getting proper nutrition prior to conception to support fetal development during the first few weeks. Key nutrients discussed include folate, iron, calcium, vitamins D and A, omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and carbohydrates. Adequate intake of these nutrients is important for reducing health risks for both mother and baby during pregnancy and development.
1. The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy, outlining nutrient requirements and dietary guidelines. It covers topics like pre-pregnancy nutrition, ideal weight gain, increased needs for calories, protein, iron and other nutrients during pregnancy.
2. Nutritional concerns during pregnancy like nausea, constipation and heartburn are addressed, along with interventions like eating small frequent meals and staying hydrated.
3. Inadequate or excessive weight gain is also covered, noting the risks and recommended rates of gain depending on pre-pregnancy BMI. Maintaining a balanced diet according to daily food group guidelines is emphasized.
This document discusses nutrition recommendations during pregnancy. It covers recommended weight gain, dietary allowances, macronutrients including protein, carbohydrates, fat and seafood guidelines. It also discusses micronutrients including vitamin and mineral needs such as folate, iron, iodine and cautions around excess vitamin A intake. Habits around caffeine, pica and alcohol are also covered. The document is authored by Prof. Aboubakr Elnashar from Benha University Hospital in Egypt.
This document discusses the importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy and baby. It covers key nutrients needed like protein, iron, folate, vitamins A, C, B6, B12, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. The roles and sources of these nutrients are described. Nutritional needs vary in the three trimesters, with energy and nutrients especially important in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters to support rapid fetal growth. Both under-eating and over-eating can impact pregnancy outcomes. Maintaining a healthy diet and weight gain during pregnancy is important for the health of both mother and baby.
Maternal nutrition is essential for the health of both mother and child. The document discusses key maternal nutrition indicators in India such as anemia rates and weight status, as well as consequences of poor nutrition like increased risk of mortality and low birth weight. It also outlines recommendations and national programs that aim to improve nutrition through counseling, supplementation, healthcare access and more comprehensive implementation across the continuum of care from pre-conception to early childhood.
Breast milk is specifically designed to optimise the baby's growth and development. Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth and exclusive breastfeeding for six months are important for the health of babies. However, data shows that only a small percentage of babies in India are breastfed according to these guidelines. Exclusive breastfeeding provides health benefits for both infants and mothers by reducing disease risk. While more mothers need to be made aware of the benefits of breastfeeding, supporting breastfeeding also requires a collective societal effort. Sustainable breastfeeding practices can help reduce infant and child mortality and contribute to achieving global development goals.
Maternal nutrition in Nepal faces several challenges. Immediate causes of undernutrition include inadequate dietary intake and infections. Underlying causes are food insecurity due to limited availability and access, as well as inadequate care for mothers due to social norms, beliefs, and workloads. Basic causes include poverty, lack of education, and insufficient health services and sanitation infrastructure. Existing policies and programs aim to address these issues through supplementation, nutrition education, and integrating nutrition into other community health programs. However, gaps remain in continuity of care, coordination, and addressing urban and vulnerable populations.
Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation is crucial for both maternal and infant health. Inadequate intake of key nutrients like protein, iron, calcium and vitamins can negatively impact the mother and development of the fetus. Studies in India show that many pregnant women have low intake of calories, protein and micronutrients compared to recommendations. Certain nutrients like iodine, DHA, choline and folate are especially important for brain development of the fetus and infant. Ensuring adequate intake of nutrients throughout the lifecycle from childhood to pregnancy can help prevent maternal and fetal malnutrition.
This document discusses calcium supplementation during pregnancy. It notes that calcium is essential for bone formation, muscle contraction, and other bodily functions. While absorption increases during pregnancy, the recommended daily intake is 1200 mg according to WHO. Inadequate calcium can cause issues for both mother and fetus. Calcium supplementation of at least 1 g per day is recommended by WHO and Cochrane reviews to reduce risks of preeclampsia, particularly for those in areas with low calcium diets or at high risk of hypertension. Forms like calcium carbonate are commonly used. Monitoring intake to avoid excess is also advised.
1) Pregnancy requires proper nutrition for both mother and baby's development. The mother needs to eat a balanced diet with adequate proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
2) Common misconceptions about foods like bananas, green vegetables and lentils need to be avoided as they provide important nutrients.
3) In addition to a balanced diet, mothers also require an extra 300 calories, 15g protein and 10g fat per day during pregnancy. Regular checkups and adequate rest are also important.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after giving birth. It occurs in 4% of pregnancies worldwide and prevalence varies between racial/ethnic groups. GDM results from the placenta producing hormones that cause insulin resistance in the mother. This puts the fetus at risk for complications like macrosomia and hypoglycemia. Women with GDM are also at higher risk for cesarean delivery and developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Screening and treatment of GDM can help reduce risks to both mother and baby.
Nutrition is important before, during, and after pregnancy. Getting enough micronutrients like folic acid, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, calcium, vitamin D, and iodine is essential for fetal and placental growth and development. Folic acid reduces the risk of neural tube defects and premature birth. Good sources of nutrients include green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals, fish, dairy, and lean meats. Caffeine and alcohol should be limited or avoided during pregnancy. Proper weight gain and calorie intake are also important for a healthy pregnancy.
This document discusses vitamin D metabolism and requirements during pregnancy and lactation. It covers:
1) Vitamin D metabolism, including sources, conversion to active forms in the liver and kidneys, and role of vitamin D binding protein.
2) Increased vitamin D levels and requirements during pregnancy to support fetal development. Supplementation guidelines recommend 1500-2000 IU/day to maintain optimal levels.
3) Associations between vitamin D deficiency and gestational diabetes and preeclampsia, though the evidence is mixed and relationships may be indirect. Maintaining sufficient vitamin D status may help reduce risks of complications.
Maternal mortality refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth. Globally, almost 800 women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. The vast majority (99%) of maternal deaths occur in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The three leading causes of maternal death in the United States are postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia and eclampsia, and cardiomyopathy. Preventing unwanted pregnancies and ensuring access to skilled care before, during, and after childbirth can significantly reduce maternal mortality worldwide.
Abstract: Good nutrition is important for all New Zealanders, but it assumes an even greater Importance for women when they are pregnant or breastfeeding their infant. Pregnancy is a time when nutritional needs are higher, and meeting those needs has a positive effect on the health of both the mother and her unborn baby. The effects of nutrition while the foetus is developing during pregnancy last for a lifetime, and we want to see children inherit a legacy of good health for the future. We also want to see women enjoying a healthy pregnancy without the negative effects of poor nutrition on their health, and in the best possible nutritional state to support breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is the best and safest way to feed infants, and women and families need to be given all the advice and support possible to assist them in establishing and continuing breastfeeding for at least the first six months of the infant’s life.
This paper brings together all the key areas of food and nutrition affecting the health of pregnant and breastfeeding women. It is intended that health practitioners ,educators and caregivers will use this paper and the accompanying health education booklets, Eating for Healthy Pregnant Women and Eating for Healthy Breastfeeding Women, to provide sound advice and support to pregnant and breastfeeding women and their families to achieve a healthy lifestyle.
Impact of DHA Source on Cognitive development of the baby and other micronutr...Lifecare Centre
This document summarizes the impact of different sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other micronutrients on cognitive development in babies. It finds that intake of DHA and omega-3 fatty acids is very low in Indian diets, especially for vegetarians, increasing risk of low birth weight. While fish is a good source of DHA, concerns about mercury contamination make algal sources of DHA a safer option. The document also reviews evidence that supplementation with DHA, calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 during pregnancy can positively impact outcomes like risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and birth weight.
The document discusses nutrition requirements during pregnancy and lactation. During pregnancy, a woman's metabolic rate and nutrient absorption increases to nourish the growing fetus. Her blood volume also expands. Inadequate nutrition can harm both mother and baby. Extra calories, protein, iron, calcium and other nutrients are needed. During lactation, a woman needs additional nutrients to produce breast milk that nourishes the infant. Her energy, protein, calcium, iron and vitamin needs all increase. She must consume a varied, nutrient-rich diet and stay hydrated to support milk production.
Nutrition requirements increases tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother not only has to nourish herself but also growing foetus and the infant who is being breast fed
Nutrition During Pregnancy PowerPoint 03 20 2021Earlene McNair
The document discusses nutrition and health topics related to pregnancy. It covers the importance of appropriate weight gain, a nutritious diet, and prenatal care for the health of the mother and baby. It recommends calorie and nutrient intake increases during pregnancy, including additional protein, iron, folic acid, calcium, and other vitamins and minerals. Low birth weight is identified as a risk for infant health. Food safety practices and foods to avoid during pregnancy are also outlined. Common discomforts like nausea and tips for staying active are reviewed. The risks of tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and poor dental health are discussed.
This document discusses the importance of maternal nutrition for fetal development and lifelong health outcomes. It defines an optimum fetus and lists the benefits of achieving this. Key factors that influence fetal growth such as gestational age, maternal weight gain, and nutrition are examined. The link between maternal nutrition and fetal status is established through evidence from wartime famines. The roles of specific nutrients including iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, folate, antioxidants, and omega-3s are outlined. Food-borne infections and the ideal diet for pregnant women are also addressed.
I believe pregnancy is a long and difficult process for every mum in the world. Through a better diet planning for pregnant women, they can have a healthier body to welcome their beloved baby.
The document discusses important nutrition considerations during pregnancy. It recommends getting proper nutrition prior to conception to support fetal development during the first few weeks. Key nutrients discussed include folate, iron, calcium, vitamins D and A, omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and carbohydrates. Adequate intake of these nutrients is important for reducing health risks for both mother and baby during pregnancy and development.
1. The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy, outlining nutrient requirements and dietary guidelines. It covers topics like pre-pregnancy nutrition, ideal weight gain, increased needs for calories, protein, iron and other nutrients during pregnancy.
2. Nutritional concerns during pregnancy like nausea, constipation and heartburn are addressed, along with interventions like eating small frequent meals and staying hydrated.
3. Inadequate or excessive weight gain is also covered, noting the risks and recommended rates of gain depending on pre-pregnancy BMI. Maintaining a balanced diet according to daily food group guidelines is emphasized.
This document discusses nutrition recommendations during pregnancy. It covers recommended weight gain, dietary allowances, macronutrients including protein, carbohydrates, fat and seafood guidelines. It also discusses micronutrients including vitamin and mineral needs such as folate, iron, iodine and cautions around excess vitamin A intake. Habits around caffeine, pica and alcohol are also covered. The document is authored by Prof. Aboubakr Elnashar from Benha University Hospital in Egypt.
This document discusses the importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy and baby. It covers key nutrients needed like protein, iron, folate, vitamins A, C, B6, B12, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. The roles and sources of these nutrients are described. Nutritional needs vary in the three trimesters, with energy and nutrients especially important in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters to support rapid fetal growth. Both under-eating and over-eating can impact pregnancy outcomes. Maintaining a healthy diet and weight gain during pregnancy is important for the health of both mother and baby.
Maternal nutrition is essential for the health of both mother and child. The document discusses key maternal nutrition indicators in India such as anemia rates and weight status, as well as consequences of poor nutrition like increased risk of mortality and low birth weight. It also outlines recommendations and national programs that aim to improve nutrition through counseling, supplementation, healthcare access and more comprehensive implementation across the continuum of care from pre-conception to early childhood.
Breast milk is specifically designed to optimise the baby's growth and development. Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth and exclusive breastfeeding for six months are important for the health of babies. However, data shows that only a small percentage of babies in India are breastfed according to these guidelines. Exclusive breastfeeding provides health benefits for both infants and mothers by reducing disease risk. While more mothers need to be made aware of the benefits of breastfeeding, supporting breastfeeding also requires a collective societal effort. Sustainable breastfeeding practices can help reduce infant and child mortality and contribute to achieving global development goals.
Maternal nutrition in Nepal faces several challenges. Immediate causes of undernutrition include inadequate dietary intake and infections. Underlying causes are food insecurity due to limited availability and access, as well as inadequate care for mothers due to social norms, beliefs, and workloads. Basic causes include poverty, lack of education, and insufficient health services and sanitation infrastructure. Existing policies and programs aim to address these issues through supplementation, nutrition education, and integrating nutrition into other community health programs. However, gaps remain in continuity of care, coordination, and addressing urban and vulnerable populations.
Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation is crucial for both maternal and infant health. Inadequate intake of key nutrients like protein, iron, calcium and vitamins can negatively impact the mother and development of the fetus. Studies in India show that many pregnant women have low intake of calories, protein and micronutrients compared to recommendations. Certain nutrients like iodine, DHA, choline and folate are especially important for brain development of the fetus and infant. Ensuring adequate intake of nutrients throughout the lifecycle from childhood to pregnancy can help prevent maternal and fetal malnutrition.
This document discusses calcium supplementation during pregnancy. It notes that calcium is essential for bone formation, muscle contraction, and other bodily functions. While absorption increases during pregnancy, the recommended daily intake is 1200 mg according to WHO. Inadequate calcium can cause issues for both mother and fetus. Calcium supplementation of at least 1 g per day is recommended by WHO and Cochrane reviews to reduce risks of preeclampsia, particularly for those in areas with low calcium diets or at high risk of hypertension. Forms like calcium carbonate are commonly used. Monitoring intake to avoid excess is also advised.
1) Pregnancy requires proper nutrition for both mother and baby's development. The mother needs to eat a balanced diet with adequate proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
2) Common misconceptions about foods like bananas, green vegetables and lentils need to be avoided as they provide important nutrients.
3) In addition to a balanced diet, mothers also require an extra 300 calories, 15g protein and 10g fat per day during pregnancy. Regular checkups and adequate rest are also important.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after giving birth. It occurs in 4% of pregnancies worldwide and prevalence varies between racial/ethnic groups. GDM results from the placenta producing hormones that cause insulin resistance in the mother. This puts the fetus at risk for complications like macrosomia and hypoglycemia. Women with GDM are also at higher risk for cesarean delivery and developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Screening and treatment of GDM can help reduce risks to both mother and baby.
Nutrition is important before, during, and after pregnancy. Getting enough micronutrients like folic acid, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, calcium, vitamin D, and iodine is essential for fetal and placental growth and development. Folic acid reduces the risk of neural tube defects and premature birth. Good sources of nutrients include green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals, fish, dairy, and lean meats. Caffeine and alcohol should be limited or avoided during pregnancy. Proper weight gain and calorie intake are also important for a healthy pregnancy.
This document discusses vitamin D metabolism and requirements during pregnancy and lactation. It covers:
1) Vitamin D metabolism, including sources, conversion to active forms in the liver and kidneys, and role of vitamin D binding protein.
2) Increased vitamin D levels and requirements during pregnancy to support fetal development. Supplementation guidelines recommend 1500-2000 IU/day to maintain optimal levels.
3) Associations between vitamin D deficiency and gestational diabetes and preeclampsia, though the evidence is mixed and relationships may be indirect. Maintaining sufficient vitamin D status may help reduce risks of complications.
Maternal mortality refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth. Globally, almost 800 women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. The vast majority (99%) of maternal deaths occur in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The three leading causes of maternal death in the United States are postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia and eclampsia, and cardiomyopathy. Preventing unwanted pregnancies and ensuring access to skilled care before, during, and after childbirth can significantly reduce maternal mortality worldwide.
Abstract: Good nutrition is important for all New Zealanders, but it assumes an even greater Importance for women when they are pregnant or breastfeeding their infant. Pregnancy is a time when nutritional needs are higher, and meeting those needs has a positive effect on the health of both the mother and her unborn baby. The effects of nutrition while the foetus is developing during pregnancy last for a lifetime, and we want to see children inherit a legacy of good health for the future. We also want to see women enjoying a healthy pregnancy without the negative effects of poor nutrition on their health, and in the best possible nutritional state to support breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is the best and safest way to feed infants, and women and families need to be given all the advice and support possible to assist them in establishing and continuing breastfeeding for at least the first six months of the infant’s life.
This paper brings together all the key areas of food and nutrition affecting the health of pregnant and breastfeeding women. It is intended that health practitioners ,educators and caregivers will use this paper and the accompanying health education booklets, Eating for Healthy Pregnant Women and Eating for Healthy Breastfeeding Women, to provide sound advice and support to pregnant and breastfeeding women and their families to achieve a healthy lifestyle.
Impact of DHA Source on Cognitive development of the baby and other micronutr...Lifecare Centre
This document summarizes the impact of different sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other micronutrients on cognitive development in babies. It finds that intake of DHA and omega-3 fatty acids is very low in Indian diets, especially for vegetarians, increasing risk of low birth weight. While fish is a good source of DHA, concerns about mercury contamination make algal sources of DHA a safer option. The document also reviews evidence that supplementation with DHA, calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 during pregnancy can positively impact outcomes like risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and birth weight.
The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy. It notes that pregnancy causes physiological changes in women to accommodate the fetus, including hormonal changes, weight gain, breast growth, increased blood volume, and fluid retention. Nutritional needs increase during the second and third trimesters to support fetal growth. Inadequate nutrition can lead to complications like preterm birth and low birth weight. Key nutrients that increase in recommended intake include calories, protein, fatty acids, fiber, vitamins A, C, D, B vitamins, iron, calcium and folate. Ensuring good prenatal nutrition promotes healthy pregnancy and birth outcomes.
This document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy. It notes that maternal nutrition focuses on a woman's nutritional status as it relates to bearing and nurturing children. During pregnancy, women experience numerous physiological changes including hormonal changes, weight gain, breast size growth, cardiovascular changes, and changes in body fluids. Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy can increase health risks for both mother and baby, including complications during labor, premature birth, and nutritional deficiencies in infants. The needs for vitamins, minerals, proteins and other nutrients increase during pregnancy to support fetal growth and development as well as maternal tissue growth. Poor maternal nutrition can negatively impact fetal development and increase health risks later in life. Supplementation with iron and folic acid is especially important during pregnancy
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN THANJAVUR DISTRICTIAEME Publication
Motherhood is a special and sacred fulfilment in a women’s life. Pregnancy is a period of rapid growth and cell differentiation, both for the mother and the fetus. But this period is associated with certain complications and many women die in the process of childbirth, especially in developing countries. This study concentrates on the reproductive and nutritional status of the rural women with reference to selected villages in Thanjavur District. The study has a wide scope in the community as it deals with the impact of maternal nutrition education on behaviour of pregnant and lactating women, directly benefiting the families and indirectly benefiting the community. The study will help to know the main reproductive health problems of rural women in the present time. This study will contribute to the society and government to know the expectations of rural women regarding health care services. About 50 respondents were selected through simple random sampling in Orathanadu Block, Thanjavur. Both primary and secondary data used for this study. The primary data were collected by using a pretested questionnaire. It was identified that 58% of the respondents were taking Nutritious food.
Malnutrition is a major health problem for infants and young children worldwide. Inadequate nutrition during the first two years of life can negatively impact growth, health, and development. The document discusses the importance of breastfeeding and complementary feeding. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months meets infant nutritional needs and protects against illness. After six months, other foods should be introduced along with continued breastfeeding to two years or beyond. Improper complementary feeding can impair growth. The study aims to examine awareness of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in urban and rural Bangladeshi communities and how malnutrition impacts infection rates in children.
This chapter discusses nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It covers the importance of preconception nutrition and lifestyle for both partners. A healthy diet and lifestyle before and during pregnancy can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and baby. The chapter reviews the three trimesters of pregnancy and how the fetus develops. It describes the key role of the placenta in exchanging nutrients between mother and fetus. Common signs and symptoms of pregnancy are also discussed. Maintaining appropriate weight gain and meeting nutrition needs are important for both mother and baby's health.
Low birth weight is one of the major problems for the new born baby throughout its life. It is the single most important factor determining the survival chances of the child. Many of them die during their first year. The weight of the baby is the best indicator to evaluate the newborn as well as the maternal health and the nutritional status of the mother. Most of the extreme low birth weight baby dies in the early months or year. And those who survive will have various health problem in their future life like muscle weakness, low IQ, heart problem, diabetes etc. Low birth weight can be prevented by providing proper nutrition and avoiding various unwanted things like smoking, alcohol consumption, medication without prescription & over exertion of the body which will lead to tiredness & weakness. Various research studies were also done to find the causes, prevention & treatment of Low birth weight.
This document discusses mother and child health care. It covers several key topics in 3 sentences or less:
Maternal health problems in developing countries include reducing mortality, promoting nutrition and health practices. Main health issues are malnutrition, infection, and effects of uncontrolled fertility. Proper antenatal care including nutrition, rest, exercise and checkups is important to achieve a healthy mother and baby.
The document discusses a study that assessed mothers' knowledge regarding the health benefits of birth spacing for mothers and children. The study used a descriptive survey design with 100 mother participants. Most participants were aged 33-39, educated up to higher secondary level, housewives, and had monthly incomes over Rs. 5,001. Most had two children, with birth spacings of 18-24 months and did not use birth spacing methods. Participants received information from doctors, nurses, and mass media. The findings showed that 41% had average knowledge, 33% had good knowledge, and 17% had excellent knowledge regarding birth spacing benefits.
The document summarizes a study that assessed mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding exclusive breastfeeding of infants admitted to PIMS, Islamabad. The study found that most mothers knew the advantages of breastfeeding and its importance for infant health. However, their practices were mainly influenced by cultural traditions passed down from elders in their families. While knowledge of breastfeeding's benefits was generally good, some mothers lacked understanding of key concepts like the difference between breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding or the importance of colostrum. The study identified gaps and misconceptions around exclusive breastfeeding practices that could be addressed through improved education and support for mothers.
EAT RIGHT IN PREGNANCY Dr Renu Chawla , Dr Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
The document discusses the importance of nutrition, especially adequate intake of omega-3 fatty acids like DHA, during pregnancy and the first 1000 days of life. It notes that this period is critical for growth and development. The fetus relies on maternal sources of DHA, which is transferred through the placenta and accumulated rapidly in the brain and eyes during the third trimester. Insufficient DHA intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding can impact the health, development, and future disease risk of both mother and child.
This document discusses preconception nutrition care. It defines preconception care as optimizing a woman's health before pregnancy to reduce risks. Key goals are reviewing how fetal development is impacted by maternal nutrition early in pregnancy and addressing nutritional deficiencies commonly found in women before conception. The document outlines important nutrients for preconception including folic acid, iron, iodine, omega-3s and vitamins A, D and B12 and recommends intake levels. It also addresses risks of overweight/underweight, eating disorders and diabetes on fertility and pregnancy outcomes.
Final research paper written for Introduction to Child Development in fall 2019. This paper discusses the benefits of breastfeeding for the child and the mother.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition for child development from pregnancy through early childhood. It states that the first 1000 days from pregnancy to age 2 are critical for proper nutrition, as children need the right foods to grow and develop to their full potential. Specific topics covered include the benefits of breastfeeding, introducing solid foods at 6 months, ensuring toddlers and preschoolers eat a balanced diet with grains, proteins, vegetables and fruits. The document also discusses how poor nutrition can negatively impact children's health, growth, and risks of issues like obesity and malnutrition later in life.
A Review Article : Myths, Beliefs and Malpractices Relating to Breastfeeding ...inventionjournals
Feeding practices of infants and children have been the prime concern in all countries. Myths and fallacies have existed ever since societies began. Misconceptions about current breast feeding, weaning and other health-related matters are commonly heard in the cultures of developing countries. The pattern of feeding during the first two years of life is increasingly recognised as important determinants of malnutrition. Breastfed children have at least six times greater chance of survival in the early months than non-breast children. The benefits of breastfeeding depend upon the initiation of breast-feeding, its duration and the age at which the child is weaned. Various myths regarding breastfeeding are like colostrum should not be given to children, mother should not breastfeed if suffering from an infection, infants need water also apart from breastmilk, etc. The National Family Health Survey III data released in India in 2005-06 has revealed that only 23.4% newborns in India are given breast milk within first hour of birth.The aim of this study was to review the literature regarding myths, beliefs and practices relating to breastfeeding and complementary feeding in infants.
Breastfeeding, also called nursing, is the process of feeding a mother's breast milk to her infant, either directly from the breast or by expressing (pumping out) the milk from the breast and bottle-feeding it to the infant
Nutrition during Pregancy in wh BHND.pptxyakemichael
This document discusses nutrition during pregnancy. It outlines the major physiological changes and increased nutrient needs during pregnancy. Optimal weight gain and a balanced diet plan are important. Some nutrients may need to be supplemented. Risk factors like smoking, alcohol, medications, caffeine intake etc. can be modified to reduce complications. The placenta exchanges nutrients and waste between mother and fetus. Adequate pre-pregnancy nutrition is important for proper placenta development to ensure optimal fetal nourishment and growth.
Similar to Prenatal nutrition nutrient recommendations before, during & after pregnancy (20)
Patient compliance: Challenges in management of cardiac diseases in Kuala Lum...pharmaindexing
Background
The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of compliance among cardiac patients who attend the health facilities in Kuala Lumpur and Perak, Malaysia. The reasons for non-compliance and recommendations from healthcare professionals were also evaluated.
Method
A cross-sectional study of 400 patients and 100 healthcare professionals was carried out. This study utilizes variables on external factors and internal factors as the measurement tools. The questionnaire which consists of Morisky self-reported medication adherence questions was administered to patients and causes for non-compliance sought. Questionnaire for healthcare professionals was used to determine strategies that can improve compliance rate.
Results
The study revealed a 15.8% of high adherence rate, 54.3% of moderate adherence rate and 30% of poor adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. The chi-square tests showed the strong association between dependent and independent variables. The model chosen for testing the patient compliance through external and internal factors gives an R2 value of 85.0% with an adjusted R2 of 84.7%. The F value (317.187) was also significant (p=0.000) which means that the variables have better fit in the multivariate model. The major reasons determined for non-adherence were attitudes and beliefs, lifestyle, side effects and cost of medications. The study recommends that pharmacists and dispensing technicians should be adequately qualified to provide proper counselling to cardiac patients on their medicines and disease conditions.
Conclusion
The result of this study is of value to health care providers. Compliance to cardiovascular medications will avoid treatment failures encountered in therapy.
Overview on Recurrence Pregnancy Loss etiology and risk factorspharmaindexing
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Novel treatments for asthma: Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents.pharmaindexing
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Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza H1n1pharmaindexing
Swine influenza (swine flu) became alarming health concern when World Health Organization declared as “public health emergency of international concern” on April 25, 2009. After documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries of two WHO regions, the WHO raised the pandemic level to 6.1 During the 1918, flu pandemic infected one-third of the world's population (an estimated 500 million people) and caused approximately 50 million deaths.2 In 1976, an outbreak of swine influenza occurred in New Jersey, USA, which involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, resulting in one death.3 In 1988, another fatality was reported as a complication of swine influenza.
A descriptive study on newborn care among postnatal mothers in selected mater...pharmaindexing
The newborn health challenge faced by India is more formidable than that experienced by any other country in the world. The newborn health is inevitably affected by the traditional care practices of the mothers causing high infant morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study were determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and find out the association between knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and to determine the association between these as well as with the selected demographic variables. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care in selected maternity centres in Madurai. Survey approach was employed to select sample and it consisted of 100 postnatal mothers. Data was collected using structured interview schedule. Findings of the study showed that 65% of postnatal mothers had moderate knowledge; 61% had favourable attitude and 57% of them had high practice of new born care. There was a significant association between knowledge and attitude (r=+0.567), knowledge and practice (r=+0.388), attitude and practice (r=+0.321) .There was a significant association between knowledge and education, monthly family income and obstetrical score at p<0.05. Findings of the study indicated the need to conduct frequent assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care. Awareness and attitude of the mothers towards new born care still has lots of lacunae especially in those who belong to the lower socio economic statusand poorly educated postnatal mothers. So it is imperative to provide comprehensive training in the field of new born care for mothers during pregnancy
Late 19th century was evident of intelligent biomaterial; which has changed researcher’s perspective towards science and technology. This intelligent biomaterial are envisioned to have huge impact on Healthcare from sequential signalling of biomedical molecule, mimicking natural gene, an effective drug carrier, to high resolution diagnostic tool.From drug discovery aspect many of NCE fail to reach therapeutic potential due to PK/ PD profile. Nanotechnology has changed the face of drug discovery form chemical evaluation to structure of proteins in signalling pathways and development of chemical antibody. Nanotechnology from lab to market approval is long process due to regulatory evaluation. Though it seems to be bright future market it has to go through a long process from being innovation to complete market product. This makes whole process expensive making investor reluctant to invest in big projects.Western world is aware of dramatic potential of nano-projects; which has its limitation in financial investments; with major challenge of transforming nano science to commercial pharmaceutical product.
The Flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in ter...pharmaindexing
This case study summarizes the treatment of a 4-year old child with congenital urinary tract obstruction who presented with constipation, fever, and cough. Laboratory tests found low electrolyte levels, high blood acids, and kidney damage. The child's treatment included surgery, dialysis to correct electrolyte imbalances, and antibiotics for chest infection. However, the case study notes discrepancies in the post-operative treatment, including questionable antibiotic selection and prescribing of calcium channel blockers not recommended for children. The study concludes there is a need for clinical pharmacists on the healthcare team to improve rational medication use.
Corticosteroid induced disorders – An overviewpharmaindexing
Glucocorticoids are important in the treatment of many inflammatory, allergic, immunologic, and malignant disorders, and the toxicity of glucocorticoids is one of the commonest causes of iatrogenic illness associated with chronic inflammatory disease.Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch or type II muscle fiber atrophy. Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.Osteoporosis remains one of its major complications.Steroid induced glaucoma is a form of open angle glaucoma occurring as an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy. Glucocorticoids induce hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance.Glucocorticoid treatment impairs both glucose transport in fat and muscle cells. Corticosteroid-induced psychosis represents a spectrum of psychological changes that can occur at any time during treatment. Cushing’s syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. Physicians must be aware of these adverse effects and be equipped to manage them.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Lucinactant: A new solution in treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrom...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes research on Lucinactant, a novel synthetic surfactant approved by the FDA in 2012 for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It contains a peptide called sinapultide that mimics the function of human surfactant protein B. Studies found Lucinactant was as effective as or more effective than previous animal-derived surfactants in reducing mortality from RDS, but its pharmacokinetics are not fully understood. The document reviews clinical trials and mechanisms of Lucinactant and discusses its efficacy, safety profile, and potential cost benefits compared to other surfactants.
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
This study aimed to isolate soil bacteria with potential bioactive properties against human pathogens. 36 bacterial strains were isolated from 3 soil samples and screened against common pathogens. 14 isolates showed antibacterial activity, including against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi. The 3 most active bacterial isolates were selected for further production and isolation of their bioactive metabolites. Testing found the metabolites had prominent antibacterial effects against the clinical pathogens studied, indicating their potential as a source of new antimicrobials given the rise in drug resistance.
A study on sigmoid Volvulus presentation and managementpharmaindexing
A study on sigmoid volvulus presentation and management was a 2yr retrospective study done at RMMCH.The diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus was made from a history of large bowel obstruction (constipation, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain), which were often recurrent and plain abdominal radiographs.The morbidity associated isSuperficial wound infection occurred in four patients. All the infected wounds eventually healed with conservative measures. Clinical anastomotic dehiscence was noted in 1 patient for which during relaparotomy proximal colostomy and mucous fistula was done. The mortality associated is shown is there were 9 deaths of which 7 were due to sepsis and 2 were due to comorbid illness. Two out of eight patients for whom a colopexy was done had a recurrent attack of sigmoid volvulus. The duration of hospital stay ranged between 10 and 21 days. Use of sigmoidoscopic detorsion for viable colon should be encouraged. Sigmoidopexy, which is associated with a recurrence rate of 20% in our series of patients, should be used selectively.Hartmann’s procedure is a safe option in sigmoid volvulus with gangrenous bowel. Primary anastomosis in emergency situation can be carried out with morbidity and mortality in patients with viable colon
Evaluation of Preliminary phytochemical on various some medicinal plantspharmaindexing
The present study was carried out to evaluate the physical status and percentage yield of methanolic extract and its fractions of whole plant of Leucas cephalotes, leaves of Hiptage benghalensis and leaves of Kydia calycina were recorded for future references and Preliminary phytochemical screening of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroidal and phenolic compounds. MLC revealed the presence of all the above mentioned phytoconstituents except saponins and also MKC steroidal compounds. The fractions of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids.
Comparision of in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxac...pharmaindexing
This study compared the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxacin against various clinical isolates. 120 bacterial isolates from patient samples were tested for susceptibility to cefoperazone and levofloxacin using disc diffusion. Results showed levofloxacin had lower resistance than cefoperazone for E. coli and P. aeruginosa, while cefoperazone was more effective against S. aureus. However, resistance to both antibiotics was gradually increasing, highlighting the need for regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Health promotion survey in overweight and obese students of universities in n...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Overweight and obesity is one of the major health problems in the UK and worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is either overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity is an important issue that causes distress to most women. Health promotion is the best method to educate overweight and obese women. It is defined as the process enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health by Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It is aimed to enhance the well-being of the individuals and their positive attitudes towards prevention of various diseases. In order to make any improvement to the health promotion for overweight and obesity, the risk factors and the opinions from the public should first be identified and addressed.
Methods
Cross-sectional survey design was selected with a questionnaire that consisted of 20 open and close ended questions. A sample size of 196 was determined. The data thus gathered was analyzed using SPSS V20 (Statistical Package for Social Science version 20). Descriptive statistics (fx) and (SD) were used and Chi-square X2 test for association was employed.
Results
Out of the total 196 responses, only (40%) of the students had normal weight (SD 1.1), (25%) students had a good understanding of health promotion (SD 1.6), half (50%) appeared concerned about their weight (SD 0.5), (60%) had an obese family member (0.5). The BMI of students was associated with the presence of an obese member in their family and their weight as a concern for them. (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion
The health promotion service is beneficial as it was found to have raised concerns in the mind of the students regarding over weight and obesity. However it was observed that the understanding of health promotion service was different among students and this is the root of the problem.
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Prenatal nutrition nutrient recommendations before, during & after pregnancy
1. ~ 1 ~
* Corresponding author: Govind shukla
E-mail address: govindbbd@gmail.com
IJAMSCR |Volume 1 | Issue 1 | Oct - 2013
www.ijamscr.com
Research article
Prenatal Nutrition:Nutrient recommendations Before, During & After
Pregnancy
*,1
Govind shukla, 2
Shivani prashar, 3
M.sarika, 4
Dr.Sunil Yadav, 5
Dr.V.Chandramouli,
6
C.J. Sampath kumar
1
Research Scholar, Lactonova Research Foundation, Hyderabad,
2
Sr. Product Executive,Shrey Nutraceuticals Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi
3
Product Analyst,Lactonova India Hyderabad
4
Medical officer-in–charge ,BPHC Bamore JHANSI U.P.
5
Consultant Physician & Nutritionist, PrajaVaidyasala,P&T Colony Hyderabad
6
Managing Director, Lactonova India Hyderabad
ABSTRACT
Nutrition before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants. This is a rather critical time
for healthy fetal development as infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrient for optimal growth and health
outcome later in life. Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Birth weight
of the newborn at delivery reflects the sufficiency and the quality of maternal nutrient for the fetus during pregnancy.
Prenatal nutrition has a strong influence on birth weight and further development of the infant. The present paper
reviews the role of prenatal nutrition in pregnancy.
KEYWORDS: Prenatal nutrion, Pregnancy, Foetal development during pregnancy.
INTRODUCTION
In a precursory study into the link between
nutrition and pregnancy in 1950 women who
consumed minimal amounts over the eight week
period had a higher mortality or disorder rate
concerning their offspring than women who ate
regularly, attributed to the fact that the children
born to well-fed mothers had less restriction within
the womb.[1]
Not only have physical disorders been linked with
poor nutrition before and during pregnancy, but
neurological disorders and handicaps are a risk that
is run by mothers who are malnourished, a
condition which can also lead to the child
becoming more susceptible to later degenerative
disease(s).[2]
23.8% of babies are estimated to be
born with lower than optimal weights at birth due
to lack of proper nutrition.[3]
It is very important that expecting mothers should
change their personal habits like smoking, alcohol,
caffeine, using certain medications and street drugs
as soon as they know they are pregnant or even
when they are planning to conceive. All these can
affect the development of the organs like brain,
which happen in early stages of pregnancy. They
can cause irreparable damage to the growing
foetus.[4]
The expecting mothers should be very calm and
peaceful, also focussed on what they should do for
a healthy pregnancy.
NUTRITION REQUIREMENT BEFORE
PREGNANCY
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences
and Clinical Research (IJAMSCR)
2. Govind shukla et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-1(1) 2013 [1-7]
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Pre-natal nutrition
As with most diets, there are chances of over-
supplementing, however, as general advice, both
state and medical recommendations are that
mothers follow instructions listed on particular
vitamin packaging as to the correct or
recommended daily allowance (RDA).
Fig: 1 Building blocks for a Healthy Baby
Protein is needed for the buildup of muscles,
uterus, breasts, blood supply, and baby’s
tissues. Low protein intake is related to
smaller-than-average weight babies who may
have health problems. Pregnant and
breastfeeding women need around 71 grams of
protein per day.
Folate is a vitamin that is required to build
protein tissues. Low folate levels are linked to
birth defects, such as spina bifida. These
defects form early in pregnancy, often before
women know they are pregnant. The dietary
reference intake for folate is 400 micrograms
per day before pregnancy, 600 micrograms per
day during pregnancy, and 500 micrograms per
day while breastfeeding.
Calcium is needed for strong bones. Pregnant
and breastfeeding women 19 and older need
around 1,000 milligrams per day or 1,300
milligrams per day for women under 19 years
of age. Low zinc levels during pregnancy can
cause long labor and small babies who may
have health problems. The dietary reference
intake for zinc is 11 milligrams per day or 12
milligrams per day for women under 19 years
of age. Women who are breastfeeding need
about the same amount (12 milligrams per day
or 13 milligrams per day for women under 19).
Iron deficiency is common in pregnant women.
Both mother and baby need iron for their
developing blood supplies. A developing baby
also stores iron for use after birth. This
increases the mother’s iron needs. It is
practically impossible to get enough iron from
food. All pregnant women need around 27
milligrams per day. The need for iron declines
after birth but women who are breastfeeding
still require about 10 milligrams a day.
Magnesium and zinc supplementation for the
binding of hormones at their receptor sites.
Regular vitamin D supplementation
decreases the chances of deficiencies in
adolescence. More importantly, it is known to
reduce the likelihood of rickets with pelvic
malformations which make normal delivery
impossible.
Regular vitamin B12 supplementation,
again is known to reduce the chances of
infertility and ill health.
Omega-3 fatty acids increase blood flow
to reproductive organs and may help regulate
reproductive hormones.[5]
Consumption is also
known to help prevent premature delivery and
low birth weight.[6]
The best dietary source of
omega-3 fatty acids is oily fish. Some other
omega-3 fatty acids not found in fish can be
found in foods such as flaxseeds, walnuts,
pumpkin seeds, and enriched eggs.[5]
The DHA intake from an average diet
during pregnancy is only 80 mg DHA per day,
3. Govind shukla et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-1(1) 2013 [1-7]
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based on a paper in the Journal of Nutrition,
2005 (Denomme et al. 135: 206-211).
A minimum 300 mg DHA daily is
suggested based on a 1999 NIH body of
experts recommending needed levels to
support fetal brain development and visual
acuity benefits. Most notably, the last trimester
is the most critical period for DHA during
pregnancy for the baby's brain growth in the
womb.
DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3
long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid) is found
in every cell in our bodies. It is critical for
brain, eye and central nervous system
development and functioning. During
pregnancy, developing babies rely on their
mothers to get needed DHA. Since DHA is
derived from the foods we eat, the content of
DHA in a mother's diet determines the amount
of DHA passed on to her developing baby.
Unfortunately, the majority of pregnant
womens fail to get the recommended amount
of DHA in their diets and DHA is not found in
most prenatal vitamins.
A 2003 study published in the journal
Pediatrics showed children whose mothers
took a DHA supplement during pregnancy
scored higher on intelligence tests at four years
of age than children of mothers not taking
DHA supplements.
A 2004 study published in Child Development
found that babies whose mothers had high
blood levels of DHA at delivery had advanced
attention spans into their second year of life.
During the first six months of life these infants
were two months ahead of babies whose
mothers had lower DHA levels.
Other research studies suggest breastfed babies
have IQs of six to 10 points higher than
formula-fed babies. Medical and nutritional
experts attribute this difference to the DHA
infants receive while nursing. (Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 2003).
In a trial of women receiving DHA
supplementation during the third trimester, the
average length of gestation increased six days
(Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2003).
Research has found low levels of DHA in
mother's milk and in the red blood cells of
women with postpartum depression. (Journal
of Affective Disorders, 2002). Some scientists
believe increasing levels of maternal DHA
may reduce the risk of postpartum depression.
Nutrition requirement of mothers during
pregnancy
The conception and the subsequent weeks
afterwards is the time when it is at its most
vulnerable, as it is the time when the organs and
systems develop within. The energy used to create
these systems comes from the energy and nutrients
in themother's circulation, and around the lining of
the womb, such is the reason whycorrect nutrient
intake during pregnancy is so important.
Fig: 2 Weight Vs Gestational age:
4. Govind shukla et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-1(1) 2013 [1-7]
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Foetal development during pregnancy
Gestation is the period of embryo development
from conception to birth.Gestation is about 40
weeks in humans and is divided into three
trimesters, each spanning 3 months..
Gestational
stages, on the other hand, are based on
physiological fetal development, which include
blastogenesis, embryonic stage and fetal stage.
Blastogenesis is the stage from fertilization to
about 2 weeks. The fertilized egg or the zygote
becomes a blastocyst where the outer layer and the
inner cell mass differentiate to form placenta and
the fetus respectively. Implantation occurs at this
stage where the blastocyst becomes buried in the
endometrium.
Embryonic stage is approximately from 2 weeks
to 8 weeks. It is also in this stage where the
blastocyst develops into an embryo, where all
major features of human are present and
operational by the end of this stage.
Fetal stage is from 9 weeks to term. During this
period of time, the embryo develops rapidly and
becomes a fetus. Pregnancy becomes visible at this
stage.
Fig:3 Foetal development during pregnancy
Embryo at 2 month Fetus at 4 month Fetus at 8 month
During the early stages of pregnancy, since the
placenta is not yet formed, there is no mechanism
to protect the embryo from the deficiencies which
may be inherent in the mother's circulation. Thus, it
is critical that an adequate amount of nutrients and
energy is consumed. Additionally, the frequent
consumption of nutritious foods helps to prevent
nausea, vomiting, and cramps.[7]
Supplementing
one's diet with foods rich in folic acid, such as
oranges and dark green leafy vegetables, helps to
prevent neural tube birth defects in the baby.
Consuming foods rich in iron, such as lean red
meat and beans help to prevent anemia and ensure
adequate oxygen for the baby.[8]
A necessary step
for proper diet is to take a daily prenatal vitamins,
that ensure their body gets the vitamins and
minerals it needs to create a healthy baby. These
vitamins contain folic acid, iodine, iron, vitamin A,
vitamin D, zinc and calcium.[9]
Recommended Food hygiene during
pregnancy
It is advised for pregnant women to pay special
attention to food hygiene during pregnancy in
addition to avoiding certain foods in order to
reduce the risk of exposure to substances that may
be harmful to the developing fetus. This can
include food pathogens and toxic food components,
alcohol, and dietary supplements such as vitamin
A.[6]
Dietary vitamin A is obtained in two forms which
contain the preformed vitamin (retinol), that can be
found in some animal products such as liver and
fish liver oils, and as a vitamin A precursor in the
form of carotenes, which can be found in many
fruits and vegetables.[6]
Intake of retinol, in extreme
cases, has been linked to birth defects and
abnormalities. However, regular intake of retinol is
not seen as dangerous. It is noted that a 100 g
serving of liver may contain a large amount of
retinol, so it is best that it is not eaten daily during
pregnancy, something which is also the same with
alcohol intake in binge drinking.
Excessive amounts of alcohol have been proven to
cause fetal alcohol syndrome. The World Health
Organization recommends that alcohol should be
avoided entirely during pregnancy, given the
relatively unknown effects of even small amounts
of alcohol during pregnancy.[10]
Pregnant women are advised to pay particular
attention to food hygiene and to avoid certain foods
during pregnancy in order to minimize the risk of
food poisoning from potentially harmful pathogens
such as listeria, toxoplasmosis, and salmonella.
Pregnant women are therefore advised to avoid
foods in which high levels of the bacteria have
been found, such as in soft cheeses. Listeria are
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destroyed by heat and therefore pregnant women
are advised to reheat ready-prepared meals
thoroughly. Pregnant women should also wash
their fruit and vegetables very thoroughly in order
to minimize risk. Salmonella poisoning is most
likely to come from raw eggs or undercooked
poultry.[6]
Maternal obesity has a significant impact
on maternal metabolism and offspring
development.[11]
Insulin resistance, glucose
homeostasis, fat oxidation and amino acid synthesis
are all disrupted by maternal obesity and contribute
to adverse outcomes.[11]
Modification of lifestyle is
an effective intervention strategy for improvement
of maternal metabolism and the prevention of
adverse outcomes.[11]
Table:1 Recommended prenatal nutrients during pregnancy
Nutrient Recommendation (Extra = Above RDA)
Maximum/Total
amount
Energy
Increase by 200 kcal (840 kJ) per day in last trimester
only.
RDA
Proteins Extra 6 g per day 51 g per day
Thiamin Increase in line with energy; increase by 0.1 mg per day 0.9 mg per day
Riboflavin Needed for tissue growth; extra 0.3 mg per day 1.4 mg per day
Niacin
Regular supplementation/diet of substance. No increase
required.
RDA
Folate Maintain plasma levels; extra 100 µg per day 300 µg per day
Vitamin C Replenish drained maternal stores; extra 120 mg per day 50 mg per day
Vitamin D Replenish plasma levels of vitamin 10 µg per day. RDA
Calcium Needs no increase RDA
Iron Extra 3 mg per day needed RDA
Magnesium, zinc, and
copper
Normal supplementation or consumption. RDA
Iodine Extra 100 µg per day.
250 µg per
day[12][13][14][15]
Folate requirement in in pre-and peri-
conception.
Folic acid, which is the synthetic form of the
vitamin folate, is extremely critical both in pre-and
peri-conception.[6]
Deficiencies in folic acid may
cause neural tube defects; women who had 4 mg of
folic acid in their systems due to supplementing 3
months before childbirth significantly reduced the
risk of NTD within the fetus. This is now
advocated by the UK department of health,
recommending 400 µg per day of folic acid.
The development of every human cell is dependent
on an adequate supply of folic acid. Folic acid
governs the synthesis of the precursors of DNA,
which is the nucleic acid that gives each cell life
and character. Folic acid deficiency results in
defective cellular growth and the effects are most
obvious on those tissues which grow most
rapidly.[16]
Leafy green vegetables, such as cabbage, broccoli
and greens are all good sources of naturally
occurring form of folic acid, folate.
Along with neural tube development, folate affects
DNA synthesis in multiple ways. Folate is involved
in the construction of purines and pyrimidines, the
building blocks of nucleic acids.[17]
Folate is also
necessary to make s-adenosylmethionine (SAM),
which acts as a methyl donor in the synthesis of
DNA.[17]
Because of its role in these important
mechanisms, fetal DNA would be significantly
altered if a maternal folate deficiency is present.
One possible outcome is DNA mutation, which
could prevent normal gene expression. For
example, a tumor-suppressing gene might be turned
off, altering normal immune function in preventing
cancer growth.[17]
Thompson et al.[18]
examined the
relationship between maternal supplementation of
folate and iron during pregnancy and incidences of
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in their
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children. Increased rates of ALL were found in
children whose mothers did not take iron and folate
supplements. Iron alone did not seem to reduce the
risk of developing ALL, however iron in
combination with folate was shown to have a
protective effect in decreasing the risk for ALL.
Thompson and his associates (2001), concluded
that maternal folate supplementation throughout
pregnancy plays an important role in reducing the
risk for childhood ALL.[18]
Water, an important aspect of nutrition
throughout pregnancy.
During pregnancy, one's mass increases by about
12 kg.[19]
Most of this added weight (6 to 9 L) is
water[19]
because the plasma volume increases, 85%
of the placenta is water[20]
and the fetus itself is 70-
90% water. This means that hydration should also
be considered an important aspect of nutrition
throughout pregnancy. To ensure healthy hydration
during pregnancy, the European Food Safety
Authority recommends an increase of 300 mL per
day compared to the normal intake for non-
pregnant women, taking the total adequate water
intake (from food and fluids) to 2,300 mL, or
approximately 1,850 mL/ day from fluids alone.[21]
Proper nutrition is important after delivery to help
the mother recover, and to provide enough food
energy and nutrients for a woman to breastfeed her
child. Women having serum ferritin <= 70 µg/L
may need iron supplements to prevent iron
deficiency anaemia during pregnancy and
postpartum.[22][23]
During lactation, water intake needs increase to
compensate for the loss of water through milk
production. Milk is made of 88% water, and the
European Food Safety Authority therefore
recommends that breastfeeding women increase
their water intake by about 700 mL/day, giving an
adequate volume of 2,700 mL/day (from food and
drink), or approximately 2,200 mL/day from
fluids.[21]
Practical Recommendations for Pregnant
Mothers
The following general tips can be helpful to
pregnant women. It would be beneficial to maintain
adequate physical activity to meet energy needs
from the food consumed. Eating a balanced diet
would be optimal for healthy pregnancy results. To
prevent problems like dehydration and
constipation, it is important to drink enough fluids,
especially water, to support blood volume increases
during pregnancy. It is recommended to
accompany regular meals with a daily prenatal
vitamin supplement that has sufficient folic acid
and iron content.
If the fetus is predicted to have low birth weight, it
would be ideal to increase caloric intake, which can
be done by having extra Food Guide Servings
daily. If the fetus is predicted to have high birth
weight, smaller and more frequent meals should be
consumed to allow better weight management.
Moderate sugar intake, such as fruit juices, is also
suggested. It is essential to limit food and
beverages with high calories and salt content.
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[4] Laura Riley. Stephanie Karpinske. ed. Pregnancy: The Ultimate Week-by-Week Pregnancy Guide.
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[5] Murkoff, Heidi (May, 20 2010). "Foods that make you fertile". Everyday Health.
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