Fertilizers and pesticides are discussed. Fertilizers supply essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to support plant growth. They are produced from minerals or synthetic processes. Common nitrogen fertilizers include ammonia, urea, and sodium nitrate. Phosphate and potassium fertilizers are extracted from minerals. Fertilizer use can impact the environment through water pollution, soil acidification, and greenhouse gas emissions. Proper application and integrated pest management can help minimize these effects. Pesticides are also discussed as substances used to control pests that damage crops or humans.
Classification of chemical fertilizers • organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer • Sources of Organic fertilizers • Inorganic fertilizers • Nitrogenous fertilizers • Phosphate fertilizers • Potassic fertilizers • Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers • Micronutrient Fertilizers • On the base of physiological effect • On the basis of physical forms • Granular fertilizers
Classification of chemical fertilizers • organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer • Sources of Organic fertilizers • Inorganic fertilizers • Nitrogenous fertilizers • Phosphate fertilizers • Potassic fertilizers • Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers • Micronutrient Fertilizers • On the base of physiological effect • On the basis of physical forms • Granular fertilizers
Primary source is atmosphere, Rocks, fertiliser, crop residue, organic manure, ammonium and nitrate salts. Available in both anionic and cationic forms.
Impact of Organic & Inorganic Fertilizers on Agricultureiqraakbar8
It often result in degradation of natural resources, releasing contaminants into soil, air, and water which directly impact human health. Inorganic fertilizers are subjected to easy breakdown in soil compared to organic manures and, therefore, easily contaminate soil, water, and air.
this is a 100% great presentation for the topic-fertilizers.it consists of 16 slides but you can remove the last slide.this was a slide that i created to help someone for his biology seminar on fertilizers
Primary source is atmosphere, Rocks, fertiliser, crop residue, organic manure, ammonium and nitrate salts. Available in both anionic and cationic forms.
Impact of Organic & Inorganic Fertilizers on Agricultureiqraakbar8
It often result in degradation of natural resources, releasing contaminants into soil, air, and water which directly impact human health. Inorganic fertilizers are subjected to easy breakdown in soil compared to organic manures and, therefore, easily contaminate soil, water, and air.
this is a 100% great presentation for the topic-fertilizers.it consists of 16 slides but you can remove the last slide.this was a slide that i created to help someone for his biology seminar on fertilizers
Fertilizers are compounds given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar spraying, for uptake through leaves.
Technical paper on Enhansed fertilizers U+AS and U+S Page 103 116 Sandvik - s...KVVKSwamy
Full paper gives how Rotoform process can meet the expectations of enhansed fertilizersizers. Deatilled scheme and process is explained. A case story is also explained based on the recent order from Zaklady Azotowe Pulawy S.A
Chemical Fertilizer - Science (Grade - 9)YEP Nepal
This teaching Material is for Grade - 9. We provide teaching material at no cost. Please don't forget to recommend/reference our teaching Material after use.
application of mineral as ferlizer; what are the mineral that are very good uses for fertilizer production , and they are how processed and availability of the mineral
#Investigatory project on fertilizer
#fertilizer #manure #organic manure #artificial manure
A project based on Investigatory project on fertilizer .and
fertilizer and its advantages and disadvantages
made by ABHISHEK MISHRA SATNA
abhishek_mishra_09
dr.deepak mishra mandsaur
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. FERTILIZERS
A fertilizer or fertiliser (in
British English) is any
material of natural or
synthetic origin (other
than liming materials) that is
applied to soils or to plant
tissues (usually leaves) to
supply one or more plant
nutrients essential to the
growth of plants. This also
depends on its soil fertility as
well as organic things such
as humic acid, seaweed and
worm castings.
3. MECHANISM
• Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants. This goal is met in two
ways, the traditional one being additives that provide nutrients.
The second mode by which some fertilisers act is to enhance the
effectiveness of the soil by modifying its water retention and
aeration. This article, like most on fertilizers, emphasises the
nutritional aspect. Fertilizers typically provide, in
varying proportions.
• Three main macronutrients:
• Nitrogen (N): leaf growth;
• Phosphorus (P): Development of roots, flowers, seeds, fruit;
• Potassium (K): Strong stem growth, movement of water in plants,
promotion of flowering and fruiting;
4. PRODUCTION
Nitrogen fertilizers
Phosphate fertilizers
Potassium fertilizers
Compound fertilizers
Organic fertilizers
Other elements: calcium, magnesium, and sulfur
5. Nitrogen fertilizers
Nitrogen fertilizers are made
from ammonia (NH3), which is sometimes
injected into the ground directly. The
ammonia is produced by the Haber-Bosch
process.[5] In this energy-intensive
process, natural gas (CH4) supplies the
hydrogen, and the nitrogen (N2) is derived
from the air. This ammonia is used as
a feedstock for all other nitrogen fertilizers,
such as anhydrous ammonium
nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2).
Deposits of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (Chilean
saltpeter) are also found in the Atacama
desert in Chile and was one of the original
(1830) nitrogen-rich fertilizers used.[12] It is
still mined for fertilizer.[13]
There has been technical work investigating
on-site (on-farm) synthesis of nitrate
fertilizer using solar photovoltaicpower,
which would enable farmers more control in
soil fertility, while using far less surface area
than conventionalorganic farming for
nitrogen fertilizer
6. Phosphate fertilizers
All phosphate fertilizers are obtained by
extraction from minerals containing
the anion PO4
3−. In rare cases, fields are treated
with the crushed mineral, but most often more
soluble salts are produced by chemical
treatment of phosphate minerals. The most
popular phosphate-containing minerals are
referred to collectively as phosphate rock. The
main minerals are fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F (CFA)
and hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH. These
minerals are converted to water-soluble
phosphate salts by treatment with sulfuric
or phosphoric acids. The large production
of sulfuric acid as an industrial chemical is
primarily due to its use as cheap acid in
processing phosphate rock into phosphate
fertilizer. The global primary uses for
both sulfur and phosphorus compounds relate to
this basic process.
In the nitrophosphate process or Odda process
(invented in 1927), phosphate rock with up to
a 20% phosphorus (P) content is dissolved
with nitric acid (HNO3) to produce a mixture of
phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and calcium
nitrate (Ca(NO3)2). This mixture can be
combined with a potassium fertilizer to produce
a compound fertilizer with the three
macronutrients N, P and K in easily dissolved
form.
7. Potassium fertilizers
Potash is a mixture of potassium
minerals used to make potassium
(chemical symbol: K) fertilizers.
Potash is soluble in water, so the
main effort in producing this
nutrient from the ore involves some
purification steps; e.g., to
remove sodium chloride (NaCl)
(common salt). Sometimes potash is
referred to as K2O, as a matter of
convenience to those describing the
potassium content. In fact potash
fertilizers are usually potassium
chloride, potassium
sulfate, potassium carbonate,
or potassium nitrate
8. Compound fertilizers
Compound fertilizers, which
contain N, P, and K, can
often be produced by mixing
straight fertilizers. In some
cases, chemical reactions
occur between the two or
more components. For
example, monoammonium
and diammonium
phosphates, which provide
plants with both N and P,
are produced by neutralizing
phosphoric acid (from
phosphate rock) and
ammonia.
9. Organic fertilizers
The main "organic fertilizers"
are peat, animal wastes, plant wastes
from agriculture, and treated sewage
sludge (biosolids).[citation needed]In terms
of volume, peat is the most widely
used organic fertilizer.[citation
needed] This immature form of coal
confers no nutritional value to the
plants, but improves the soil by
aeration and absorbing water.
Animal sources include the products
of the slaughter of
animals.Bloodmeal, bone meal, hides,
hoofs, and horns are typical
components.[1] Organic
fertilizer usually contain fewer
nutrients, but offer other advantages
as well as being appealing to those
who are trying to practice
"environmentally friendly" farming.
12. EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON WATER
• Agricultural run-off is a major contributor to the eutrophication of fresh water
bodies. For example, in the US, about half of all the lakes areeutrophic. The main
contributor to eutrophication is phosphate, which is normally a limiting nutrient; high
concentrations promote the growth of cyanobacteria and algae, the demise of which
consumes oxygen.[28] Cyanobacteria blooms ('algal blooms') can also produce
harmful toxins that can accumulate in the food chain, and can be harmful to humans.
• The nitrogen-rich compounds found in fertilizer runoff are the primary cause of
serious oxygen depletion in many parts of oceans, especially in coastal
zones, lakes and rivers. The resulting lack of dissolved oxygen greatly reduces the
ability of these areas to sustain oceanic fauna.[31] The number of oceanic dead
zones near inhabited coastlines are increasing. As of 2006, the application of nitrogen
fertilizer is being increasingly controlled in northwestern Europe[33] and the United
States.[34][35] If eutrophication can be reversed, it may take decades[citation needed] before
the accumulated nitrates in groundwater can be broken down by natural processes.
13. EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON SOIL
• Acidification
Nitrogen-containing fertilizers can cause soil acidification when
added.[42][43] This may lead to decreases in nutrient availability which may be
offset by liming.
Steel industry wastes, recycled into fertilizers for their high levels
of zinc (essential to plant growth), wastes can include the following toxic
metals: lead[65] arsenic, cadmium,[65]chromium, and nickel. The most common
toxic elements in this type of fertilizer are mercury, lead, and
arsenic.[66][67][68] These potentially harmful impurities can be removed; however,
this significantly increases cost. Highly pure fertilizers are widely available and
perhaps best known as the highly water-soluble fertilizers containing blue dyes
used around households. These highly water-soluble fertilizers are used in the
plant nursery business and are available in larger packages at significantly less
cost than retail quantities. There are also some inexpensive retail granular
garden fertilizers made with high purity ingredients.
14. EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON
ATMOSPHERE
• Through the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer, which was used
at a rate of about 110 million tons (of N) per year in
2012,[84][85] adding to the already existing amount of reactive
nitrogen, nitrous oxide (N2O) has become the third most
important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane. It
has a global warming potential 296 times larger than an equal
mass of carbon dioxide and it also contributes to stratospheric
ozone depletion.[86] By changing processes and procedures, it is
possible to mitigate some, but not all, of these effects on
anthropogenic climate change.[87]
• Methane emissions from crop fields (notably rice paddy fields) are
increased by the application of ammonium-based fertilizers. These
emissions contribute to global climate change as methane is a
potent greenhouse gas.[88][89]
15. HISTORY OF FERTILIZERS
• Management of soil fertility has been the preoccupation of farmers for
thousands of years. Egyptians, Romans, Babylonians, and early Germans
all are recorded as using minerals and or manure to enhance the
productivity of their farms.[9] The modern science of plant nutrition
started in the 19th century and the work of German chemist Justus von
Liebig, among others. John Bennet Lawes, an Englishentrepreneur, began
to experiment on the effects of various manures on plants growing in
pots in 1837, and a year or two later the experiments were extended to
crops in the field. One immediate consequence was that in 1842 he
patented a manure formed by treating phosphates with sulphuric acid,
and thus was the first to create the artificial manure industry. In the
succeeding year he enlisted the services of Joseph Henry Gilbert, with
whom he carried on for more than half a century on experiments in
raising crops at the Institute of Arable Crops Research.
16. Problems from fertilizers can be
diminished by following these guidelines:
Use pesticides and fertilizers sparingly. When use is necessary, use
these chemicals in the recommended amounts. Read the
label. More application does not mean a greener lawn - it means
more watering and mowing.
Water the lawn with about 1/4-inch to 1/2-inch of water after
a fertilizer application. This helps move the fertilizer into the soil
and reduces the potential of being lost in stormwater runoff.
Never apply fertilizers if a heavy rain is anticipated.
If you spill fertilizers, sweep them up, do not hose or sweep them
into the streets and storm drains.
18. Pesticide
Pesticides are substances meant for
attracting, seducing, and then
destroying any pest.[1] They are a class
of biocide. The most common use of
pesticides is as plant protection products
(also known as crop protection
products), which in general protect
plants from damaging influences such
as weeds, fungi, or insects. This use of
pesticides is so common that the
term pesticide is often treated as
synonymous with plant protection
product, although it is in fact a broader
term, as pesticides are also used for
non-agricultural purposes. The term
pesticide includes all of the
following: herbicide, insecticide, insect
growth regulator, nematicide,
termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide,avicide
, rodenticide,
predacide, bactericide, insect
repellent, animal
repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinf
ectant (antimicrobial), andsanitizer.[2]
19. TYPES OF PESTICIDES
Organophosphate pesticides
Carbamate pesticides
Organochlorine insecticides
Pyrethroid pesticides
Sulfonylurea herbicides
Biopesticides
Classified by type of pest
Further types of pesticides
20. USES OF PESTICIDES
• Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful.[12] For example, they
are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases likeWest Nile
virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic
reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such
as fleas.[12] Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or
diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also
kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in
ponds and lakes to control algaeand plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities
like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant.[13] Uncontrolled pests
such as termites and mold can damage structures such as houses.[12] Pesticides are used in
grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such as
grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these
associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency
(PMRA) of Canada.
• DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses, is an organochlorine that has been used to
fight malaria since the 1950s. Recent policy statements by the World Health Organization have
given stronger support to this approach.[14] However, DDT and other organochlorine pesticides
have been banned in most countries worldwide because of their persistence in the environment
and human toxicity. DDT use is not always effective, as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa
as early as 1955, and by 1972 nineteen species of mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT.
21. BENEFITS OF PESTICIDES
• Pesticides can save farmers' money by preventing crop losses to
insects and other pests; in the U.S., farmers get an estimated
fourfold return on money they spend on pesticides. One study
found that not using pesticides reduced crop yields by about
10%. Another study, conducted in 1999, found that a ban on
pesticides in the United States may result in a rise of food prices,
loss of jobs, and an increase in world hunger.
• There are two levels of benefits for pesticide use, primary and
secondary. Primary benefits are direct gains from the use of
pesticides and secondary benefits are effects that are more long-
term.
22. PRIMARY BENEFITS
• Controlling pests and plant disease vectors
• Improved crop/livestock yields
• Improved crop/livestock quality
• Invasive species controlled
• Controlling human/livestock disease vectors and nuisance organisms
• Human lives saved and suffering reduced
• Animal lives saved and suffering reduced
• Diseases contained geographically
• Controlling organisms that harm other human activities and structures
• Drivers view unobstructed
• Tree/brush/leaf hazards prevented
• Wooden structures protected
23. MONETARY BENEFITS
• Every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops yields
four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means based that, on
the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, $10
billion, there is an additional $40 billion savings in crop that
would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds. In
general, farmers benefit from having an increase in crop
yield and from being able to grow a variety of crops
throughout the year.
24.
25.
26.
27. Problems from pesticides can be
diminished by following these guidelines
Before using a pesticide, make sure that it is actually needed.
Verify that pests are the root of the problem and that they are
not simply covering up a deeper issue.
Allow some pests in your yard. Some insects are actually beneficial
to your yard. If a particular plant is consistently plagued by pests,
replace it with a more pest-resistant one.
A diversified yard with a variety of plants will ensure the
protection of the rest of a yard, should pests attack.
Use organic mulch or safer pest control methods whenever
possible.
Check with Cooperative Extension for additional information on
pesticides and alternatives.