The Chemical properties of soils includes (1) Inorganic matters of soil , (2) Organic matters in soil , (3) Colloidal properties of soil particles and (4) Soil reactions and Buffering action , (5) Acidic soils and (6) Basic soils. This module highlights the major chemical properties of soils.
The Formation of a particular type of soil depends upon the physico-chemical properties of the parent rock, intensity and duration of weathering, climatic and other parameters. This module highlights these aspects for a basic understanding.
Soil formation or pedogenesis is the combined effect of human impact on the environment, physical, chemical and biological processes working on soil parent material.
talking about the soil chemical properties and its objectives ,parts and etc .it also includes soil chemistry,buffer soil,acid soil,properties of acid soil,chemical composition and so on
The Chemical properties of soils includes (1) Inorganic matters of soil , (2) Organic matters in soil , (3) Colloidal properties of soil particles and (4) Soil reactions and Buffering action , (5) Acidic soils and (6) Basic soils. This module highlights the major chemical properties of soils.
The Formation of a particular type of soil depends upon the physico-chemical properties of the parent rock, intensity and duration of weathering, climatic and other parameters. This module highlights these aspects for a basic understanding.
Soil formation or pedogenesis is the combined effect of human impact on the environment, physical, chemical and biological processes working on soil parent material.
talking about the soil chemical properties and its objectives ,parts and etc .it also includes soil chemistry,buffer soil,acid soil,properties of acid soil,chemical composition and so on
The soil profile is one of the most important concepts in soil science.
Soil profile is the term used for the vertical section of mature soil generally up to the depth of 2 meter or up to the parent material to show the different layers or horizons of soil for study of soil in its undisturbed state.
It is made up of a succession of horizontal layer or Horizons.
Soils are characterised by several physical properties. The important ones are: (1) Soil separates and texture,
(2) Structure of soil, (3) Weight and soil density, (4) Porosity of soil, (5) Permeability of soil, (6) Soil colour, (7) Temperature of soil, and (8) Soil Plasticity, Compressibility and Erodibility. Some of these are discussed in this module.
The colloidal state refers to a two-phase system in which one material in a very finely divided state is dispersed through second phase.
Eg., Solid in liquid (Dispersion of clay in water) and Liquid in gas (Fog or clouds in atmosphere).
The factors which relate to structure and composition of soil are called edaphic factors.
Soil is a very complex medium. A good fertile soil contains mineral matter (40%), organic matter (10%), water (15%) and air (25%).
Mineral matter in the soil occurs in the form of particles. Soil can be studied under Physical and chemical properties.
Substances containing carbon are organic matter.
Soil organic matter consists of decomposing plant and animal residues.
It also includes substances of organic origin either leaving or dead.
Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations. Soil is defined as the unconsolidated portion of the earth's crust modified through physical, chemical, and biotic processes into a medium capable of supporting plant growth. Soil properties influence the natural and the physical infrastructure of the landscape and ecosystems.
The soil profile is one of the most important concepts in soil science.
Soil profile is the term used for the vertical section of mature soil generally up to the depth of 2 meter or up to the parent material to show the different layers or horizons of soil for study of soil in its undisturbed state.
It is made up of a succession of horizontal layer or Horizons.
Soils are characterised by several physical properties. The important ones are: (1) Soil separates and texture,
(2) Structure of soil, (3) Weight and soil density, (4) Porosity of soil, (5) Permeability of soil, (6) Soil colour, (7) Temperature of soil, and (8) Soil Plasticity, Compressibility and Erodibility. Some of these are discussed in this module.
The colloidal state refers to a two-phase system in which one material in a very finely divided state is dispersed through second phase.
Eg., Solid in liquid (Dispersion of clay in water) and Liquid in gas (Fog or clouds in atmosphere).
The factors which relate to structure and composition of soil are called edaphic factors.
Soil is a very complex medium. A good fertile soil contains mineral matter (40%), organic matter (10%), water (15%) and air (25%).
Mineral matter in the soil occurs in the form of particles. Soil can be studied under Physical and chemical properties.
Substances containing carbon are organic matter.
Soil organic matter consists of decomposing plant and animal residues.
It also includes substances of organic origin either leaving or dead.
Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations. Soil is defined as the unconsolidated portion of the earth's crust modified through physical, chemical, and biotic processes into a medium capable of supporting plant growth. Soil properties influence the natural and the physical infrastructure of the landscape and ecosystems.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
2. What is soil?
Soil is the thin layer of material covering the earth's surface
and is formed from the weathering of rocks.
Soil is one of the most important elements of an ecosystem,
and it contains both biotic and abiotic factors. The
composition of abiotic factors is particularly important as it
can impact the biotic factors, such as what kinds of plants
can grow in an ecosystem.
4. 1. Soil organic component
Soil organic matter is any
material produced originally
by living organisms (plant or
animal) that is returned to
the soil and goes through
the decomposition process.
What’s the difference
between organic material
and organic matter?
5. SOM composition
Forms and classification of soil organic matter have been
described by Tate (1987) and Theng (1987).
Soil organic matter (SOM) is the organic component of soil,
consisting of three primary parts including:
small (fresh) plant residues and small living soil organisms
Active organic matter (decomposing)
stable organic matter (humus)
Soil organic matter serves as a reservoir of nutrients for
crops, provides soil aggregation, increases nutrient
exchange, retains moisture, reduces compaction, reduces
surface crusting, and increases water infiltration into soil.
6. Cont..
Fresh Plant Residues – Refers to plant residue, animal, or
other organic substances that have recently been added to
the soil and have only begun to show signs of decay. Does
not include surface residue cover.
Small Living Organisms or Soil Microorganisms –
Bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa, arthropods, etc.
Active Organic Matter – Microorganisms and other
organic compounds are used as food by microorganisms.
Active soil organic matter decomposes faster than other
components of soil organic matter in response to
management changes.
7. Cont.
Humus or Stable Organic
Matter – product of microbial
decomposition, dark colored,
dynamic, substances
composed of residual organic
matters not readily
decomposed by soil
microorganisms.
The process of humus
formation is called humification
El- carbon, hydrogen, Sulphur
and N
8. Degradation stages of humus
The humus may be found in the following three stages of
degradation:
1. LITTER- the top floor is covered with dead organic parts
showing low degree of decomposition. These poorly
decayed dead parts of plants form litter.
2. DUFF- below the litter may be found a layer of partially
decomposed organic matter which is known as duff layer.
3. LEAF MOULD / HUMUS- when the duff is decomposed
completely into organic substances the decomposition
products generally called leaf moulds.
9. Role of humus in soil
It make the soil fertile.
It provide nutrients to the plants and microorganisms.
Because it is porous , it has got high capacity for retaining
water.
Humus make the soil porous, thus increase the aeration
and percolation which make the soil more suitable for plant
growth.
It also acts as weak cement thus binds the sand particles.
Presence of humus in the soil increase the rate of
absorption in plants.
10. The factors which influence the rate of humification are:
Nature of plants, animal or soil organism.
Rate of decomposition.
Temperature (increase in temperature up to a certain limit
increases the rate of humification).
Aeration and moisture, these increase the rate of
humification.
11. Soil microorganisms
Organism present in the soils are called soil organism.
Important group of soil organism are :
Flora: algae, bacteria (90% of total flora). Fungi , actinomycetes.
Bacteria: neutral soil
Fungi: Acidic soil
Actinomycetes: saline soil
Fauna: protozoa, Nematodes, mites, Earthworm etc.
12. Role of soil organisms
1. Decompose the dead organic matter and increase
plant nutrients in available forms.
2. Production of toxins eg fusaric acid.
3. Nitrogen fixation in the soil.
4. Mixing of soil.
5. Improvement in soil aeration.
6. Improvement in the aggregation of soil particles.
13. Factors Affecting Soil Organic Matter
Inherent factors affecting soil organic matter such as
• climate
• soil texture
• Topography. ...
• Salinity and acidity. ...
• Vegetation and biomass production.
14. Soil Organic Matter Function
Nutrient Supply: Upon decomposition, nutrients are
released in a plant-available form. While maintaining current
levels.
Each percent of SOM in the top 6 inches of a medium
textured soil releases about 10-20 pounds of nitrogen, 1 to 2
pounds of phosphorus, and 0.4 to 0.8 pounds of sulfur per
acre per year.
Water-Holding Capacity:
It has the ability to absorb and hold up to 90 percent of its
weight in water. clay holds great quantities of water, but
much of it is unavailable to plants.
15. Cont.
Soil Aggregation:
Organic matter improves soil aggregation, which improves soil
structure.
Erosion Prevention:
Because of increased water infiltration and stable soil
aggregates erosion is reduced with increased organic matter.
16. 2. Soil inorganic component (soil Minerals)
Soil minerals play a vital role in soil fertility since mineral surfaces
serve as potential sites for nutrient storage. However, different
types of soil minerals hold and retain differing amounts of
nutrients.
The most common minerals found in soil are;
phosphorus, and potassium and also, nitrogen gas. Other, less
common minerals include calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
1. Sand
2. Silt
3. Clay
17. Sand
Sand particles range in size from 0.05 millimeters to 2.0
millimeters and consist of pieces of weathered rock, such as
quartz, magnetite or other mineral or shell fragments.
18. Silt
Silt is larger than clay and smaller than sand and may feel
gritty between your fingers. Silt particles range from 0.002
millimeters to 0.05 millimeters. Like sand, silt results from
the weathering of rocks and consists of grains of quartz,
feldspar and other minerals. Silt-rich soil will retain moisture
for plant growth, but at times, it can limit drainage and
make the soil difficult to till. Silt itself does not contain plant
nutrients; however, existing nutrients in the area may stick
to the surface of the silt particles in the garden soil.
19. Clay
Clay is another fine-grained sediment that is smaller than
silt. Clay particles are smaller than 0.002 millimeters and
result from significant weathering of rocks. Minerals, such
as feldspars, degrade over time to form clay. Unlike sand
and silt, the aluminum-silicate minerals that degrade to clay
will provide important plant nutrients such as iron, calcium,
magnesium and potassium. Existing nutrients will cling to
the clay soil particles and help to feed plant growth in the
root area.
20.
21. Soil texture
Soil texture refers to the proportion of sand, silt and clay
sized particles that make up the mineral fraction of the soil.
For example, light soil refers to a soil high in sand relative to
clay, while heavy soils are made up largely of clay.
Texture is important because it influences:
the amount of water the soil can hold.
the rate of water movement through the soil.
how workable and fertile the soil is.
22. How to determine soil texture
The bottle test (jar Method)
Step-1
Put 5 cm of soil in a bottle and fill
it with water;
23. Step-2
Stir the water and soil well, put the bottle down, and do not
touch it for an hour. At the end of an hour, the water will
have cleared and you will see that
the larger particles have settled;
24. Step-3
• At the bottom is a layer of sand;
• In the middle is a layer of silt;
• On the top is a layer of clay. If the water is still not clear, it is
because some of the finest clay is still mixed with the water;
• On the surface of the water there may be bits of organic
matter floating;
• Measure the depth of the sand, silt and clay and estimate
the approximate proportion of each.
25.
26.
27. based on its texture –
sand, silt and clay.
However, the
percentage of these can
vary, resulting in more
compound types of soil
such as loamy sand,
sandy clay, silty clay, etc
28.
29. 3. Water
Water is another component of soil. Water can make up
approximately 2% to 50% of the soil volume. Water is
important for transporting nutrients to growing plants and soil
organisms and for facilitating both biological and chemical
decomposition. Soil water availability is the capacity of a
particular soil to hold water that is available for plant use.
The capacity of a soil to hold water is largely dependent on
soil texture. The more small particles in soils, the more water
the soil can retain. Thus, clay soils having the greatest water-
holding capacity and sands the least. Additionally, organic
matter also influences the water-holding capacity of soils
because of organic matter’s high affinity for water. The higher
the percentage of organic material in soil, the higher the soil’s
water-holding capacity.
30. Water is held in the soil in the following forms
I. Gravitation water
II. Capillary water
III. Hygroscopic water
IV. Water vapour
V. Combined water
31. 4. Air(soil Atmosphere)
air is the next basic component of soil. Because air can
occupy the same spaces as water, it can make up
approximately 2% to 50% of the soil volume. Oxygen is
essential for root and microbe respiration, which helps
support plant growth. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen also are
important for belowground plant functions such as for
nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
The amount of carbon di oxide increase with the increase in
depth of the soil due to decomposition of accumulated
organic matter and abundance of plant roots.