1) Phosphorus and sulfur are essential elements that cycle through the biosphere and lithosphere. 2) Phosphorus cycles through rocks, soil, plants, animals and back into rocks over time. It is needed for energy storage, DNA/RNA and all life. 3) Sulfur cycles through the atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It is released by volcanoes and burning fossil fuels and deposited by acid rain.

1. The Phosphorus
and Sulfur Cycle
Prepared by: Alvin Esquivel Bangga

2. Phosphorus
Definition
is an essential element to all life. It is an important part of the
ATP molecule that stores and gives every cell its energy. It is
also found in DNA and RNA, which tell the cells how to look
and act. Needless to say, phosphorus is needed for every
living organism to grow and function.
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3. Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig
Brand at 1669 in Germany. Origin of name:
from the Greek word "phosphoros"
meaning "bringer of light“.

4. White Phosphorus is used in some explosives, including
rockets. This caused an uproar because of safety concerns.
Red Phosphorus is used in match heads. You can see the
texture of a match head next to the matches.
E.G.
Computer, Smartphones, Televisions and Cars,
Housing Complexes and Wiring, Bread, Ham and
Sausages, Soft Drinks, Plants, The Body.

5. How Phosphorus Cycle works?
1. Phosphate is released by the erosion of rocks.
2. Plants and fungi take up the phosphate with their roots.
3. Phosphorus moves from producers to consumers via food
chain.
4. Phosphorus may seep into groundwater from soil, over
time forming into rock.
5. When these rocks erode, the cycle begins again.

6. Negative Effects
Too much phosphate can cause health problems, such as
kidney damage and osteoporosis. Phosphate shortages can
also occur. These are caused by extensive use of medicine.
Too little phosphate can cause health problems.
White phosphorus can cause skin burns. While burning, white
phosphorus may cause damage to the liver, the heart or the
kidneys.
EUTROPHICATION
the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved
nutrients (as phosphates) that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life
usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen.

8. There is a phosphorus crisis
currently, where we are producing it
faster than it is being replaced.
Estimated 90 years that the sources in
Morrocco and the U.S will be depleted.

9. is the collection of processes by which sulfur moves to and
from minerals (including the waterways) and living systems.
Such biogeochemical cycles are important in geology because
they affect many minerals. Biogeochemical cycle or
substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by
which a chemical element or molecule moves through both
biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and
hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.

10. How is Sulfur used?
It is use to make
cements, matches, fireworks, dyes, fun
gicides. Powdered sulfur is found in
lotions and skin cream ingredients.

11. Sulfur is not only important to
humans, but also to plants and
bacterias.

12. How Sulfur Cycle works?
It includes both atmospheric and terrestrial processes.
1.Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is released into the atmosphere
(volcanic eruptions, fossil fuel burning, and the anaerobic
decay of sulfur-containing biological material in
swamps, bogs)
2.Certain marine algae
dimethyl sulfide + Oxygen in
atmosphere = Sulfur dioxide.
3.Volcanic eruptions
Sulfur dioxide
4.Burning of fossil fuels
Sulfur dioxide
5.Sulfur dioxide + Oxygen = Sulfur trioxide, then reacts with
tiny water droplets
= Sulfuric Acid
6.Sulfur Oxides reacts with Ammonia = tiny particles of
ammonium salts.
7.Wind carries Sulfuric acid and ammonium salts which falls
to earth in form of Precipitation.

13. Negative Effects
Elemental sulfur is not toxic, but many simple sulfur derivates are, such
as sulphur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide.
Health
Neurological effects and behavioral changes
- Disturbance of blood circulation
- Heart damage
- Effects on eyes and eyesight
- Reproductive failure
- Damage to immune systems
- Stomach and gastrointestinal disorder
- Damage to liver and kidney functions
- Hearing defects etch.
Environment
The damaging effects of sulfur with animals are mostly brain damage, through
malfunctioning of the hypothalamus, and damage to the nervous system.
Unfortunately, sulfur can damage the internal enzyme systems of animals.

14. Acid Rain
1.Burning of fossil fuels from factories and
automobiles releases SO2 into the atmosphere 2. SO2
combines with water in clouds which creates acid rain
(H2 SO4)3. Acid rain slowly erodes structures, both
natural and man made.

15. HOW CAN WE STOP ACID RAIN?
Burning fossil fuels is the number one
contributor to hydrogen sulfide
pollution, so Cutting back on driving or
riding a bicycle can be a big help in
stopping acid rain. Not using sulfate
rich fertilizers will also help prevent acid
rain.