Number system
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This document discusses different number systems including non-positional, positional, decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It provides examples of converting between these systems, such as converting the octal number 3450 to decimal. Binary arithmetic operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are also covered. The key steps and rules for performing each binary operation are outlined.
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This document provides an overview of e-commerce, including its definition, benefits, limitations, and types. It defines e-commerce as electronic transactions conducted over the internet, such as buying and selling goods and services online. The main benefits mentioned are faster transactions, low costs, global reach, and convenience of 24/7 shopping. Limitations include lack of physical interaction, internet dependency, and security issues. The document outlines the main types of e-commerce as business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-business (B2B), and consumer-to-consumer (C2C). It also defines mobile commerce (m-commerce) as e-commerce conducted on mobile devices such as smartphones.
Computer security
Computer security involves protecting computers and data from damage, theft, or misuse. It focuses on security attacks, mechanisms to prevent attacks, and security services. The main goals of information security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and systems. Common security threats include phishing, botnets, rootkits, keyloggers, hackers, and drive-by downloads. Authentication systems like passwords, biometrics, firewalls, and cryptography help verify users' identities and protect sensitive information.
File handling
This document discusses sequential access files in BASIC programming. It covers opening, writing, reading, appending, and closing sequential files using statements like OPEN, WRITE#, PRINT#, INPUT#, LINE INPUT#, CLOSE, and INPUT$. It also mentions other file handling statements like FILES, CHDIR, MKDIR, RMDIR, NAME, KILL, SHELL and SYSTEM. The document provides details on using different modes in OPEN statements, and using WRITE#, PRINT#, INPUT# and LINE INPUT# statements to write, read and input data from sequential files.
Ethical and Social Issues in ICT
This document discusses various ethical and social issues related to information and communication technology (ICT). It covers topics like privacy, intellectual property, effects on employment, challenges of technology, cybercrimes, computer ethics, digital citizenship, cyberbullying, digital footprint, and cyber law. The goal of cyber law is to regulate ICT use and enhance digital literacy and access in Nepal.
Basic of qbasic
This document provides an introduction to QBASIC programming. It outlines the key elements of QBASIC including its features, character sets, keywords, variables, constants, operators, expressions, and statements. It discusses the different types of variables like numeric, string, and constant variables. The document also explains arithmetic, relational, and logical operators. Overall, the document serves as a high-level overview of the basics of QBASIC programming.
Ms access
The document provides an overview of database management systems and Microsoft Access. It defines a DBMS as software that defines, manipulates, retrieves and manages data in a database. It discusses the key concepts of tables, queries, forms and reports. It explains how Access is used to create, open and manage database objects like tables and queries. It provides guidance on setting up a new blank Access database and creating tables by defining fields and setting field properties.
Ms access
Database management systems allow for the centralized storage, organization, and retrieval of data. Data is raw facts that are collected and stored in tables within a database. A database management system like Microsoft Access provides tools to create, query, and manage these tables. It enforces data integrity and allows multiple users to simultaneously access and update data for applications. Key components of a database include tables, queries, forms, and reports that interact with the stored data.
Computer Software
This document provides an overview of different types of computer software. It begins by defining software and describing the main types as system software and application software. It then explains the different types of system software in more detail, including operating system software, device drivers, and utility software. The major functions of an operating system are also listed. Language processors such as compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are described next. Finally, the document discusses various types of application software including open source software, cloud applications, and mobile applications.
Networking and telecommunication
This document discusses networking and telecommunication concepts. It defines communication, telecommunication, and data communication. It describes the components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. It then explains different transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also discusses bandwidth, communication mediums including guided and unguided mediums, and computer networks. Finally, it covers network topologies, devices, and types of networks.
Categories of computer
This document categorizes computers based on their operation and size. It discusses analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers which combine aspects of both. Digital computers are further broken down by size into supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. It also covers different types of computers for individual users like desktops, laptops, tablets, palmtops, and smartphones.
Microsoft word
Microsoft Word is word processing software that allows users to create a variety of documents. It has features like tables, illustrations, fonts, and formatting tools. Documents can be opened, saved, printed, and shared. The ribbon interface contains tabs for common tasks like inserting objects, formatting text, and manipulating paragraphs. Users can also search and replace text, add page borders, and insert watermarks.
Modular programming
This document discusses modular programming techniques. Modular programming involves separating a program's functionality into independent, interchangeable modules. Each module contains code to perform a specific task. The main advantages of modular programming are that it makes programs easier to design, test, maintain and reuse code. Modules can take the form of sub procedures or function procedures. Sub procedures perform tasks without returning values, while function procedures return a single value. Variables can be shared between modules using common, dim with shared, or shared statements.
Introduction to computer
This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions and explanations of key concepts. It discusses how computers are important in many industries and aspects of modern life. The document also describes the four phases of the information processing cycle: input, processing, storage, and output. It explains the stages of the data processing cycle in more detail and lists some of the key strengths of computers, such as speed, accuracy, automatic operation, storage capacity, and diligence. Both positive and negative impacts of computers on areas like health, social behavior, learning, and personal and professional life are outlined.
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Number system
- 1. Number System Presented By: Roshan Maharjan
- 2. Types Of Number System ➢ ➢
- 3. Non- Positional Number System ➢ ➢ ➢
- 9. Converting a number of Another Base to Decimal Number System ➢
- 10. Converting a number of Another Base to Decimal Number System Example : (3450)8 = ?10 (3450)8 = 3 x 8^3 + 4 x 8^2 + 5 x 8^1 + 0 x 8^0 = 3 x 512 + 4 x 64 + 5 x 8 + 0 x 1 = 1536 + 256 + 40 +0 = (1832)10 Common values multiplied by the corresponding digits
- 11. Converting a Decimal Number System to a number of Another Base ➢
- 12. Converting a Decimal Number System to a number of Another Base
- 13. Converting a Decimal Number System to a number of Another Base 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 43 21 10 5 2 1 1 1 0 1 0
- 14. Converting a Decimal Number System to Octal Number System 8 43 8 5 0 3 5
- 15. Converting a Decimal Number System to Hexadecimal Number System 16 16 423 26 1 7 A (10) 16 0 1
- 16. Converting Binary Number System to Decimal Number System
- 17. Converting Octal Number System to Decimal Number System
- 18. Converting Hexadecimal Number System to Decimal Number System
- 20. Binary Addition It is the key for binary subtraction, division, multiplication. In fourth case, a binary addition is creating a sum of (1 + 1 = 10) i.e. 0 is written in the given column and a carry of 1 over to the next column Case A + B Sum Carry 1 0 + 0 0 0 2 0 + 1 1 0 3 1 + 0 1 0 4 1 + 1 0 1
- 21. Binary Addition
- 22. Binary Subtraction Subtraction and Borrow, these two words will be used very frequently for the binary subtraction. There are four rules of binary subtraction. In fourth case, we see that 0 – 1 creates an ambiguity. We consider this as a borrow case and borrow 1 from the immediate left bit. Thus, this becomes 10 (decimal 2). Thus, 2-1 gives 1. Case A - B Subtract Borrow 1 0 – 0 0 0 2 1 – 0 1 0 3 1 – 1 0 0 4 0 – 1 0 1
- 24. Binary Multiplication It Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication. It is simpler than decimal multiplication because only 0s and 1s are involved. There are four rules of binary multiplication. Case A x B Product 1 0 x 0 0 2 0 x 1 0 3 1 x 0 0 4 1 x 1 1
- 26. Binary Division Under binary division, we perform two main functions – multiplication and subtraction. We also call this method as the long division method. Rules of Binary Division: Case A ÷ B Result 1 0 ÷ 0 Divide by zero error 2 0 ÷ 1 0 3 1 ÷ 0 Divide by zero error 4 1 ÷ 1 1
- 27. Rules For Binary Division
- 28. Binary Division Quotient = 111 Remainder = 0
- 29. Thank You