This document discusses networking and telecommunication concepts. It defines communication, telecommunication, and data communication. It describes the components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. It then explains different transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also discusses bandwidth, communication mediums including guided and unguided mediums, and computer networks. Finally, it covers network topologies, devices, and types of networks.
To Download this PPT click on the link below:-
http://www29.zippyshare.com/v/14569917/file.html
Networking
Computer network
Types of network
Personal Area Networks (PANs)
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Classification of Network Architecture
Client-server architecture
Peer-to-peer architecture
Hybrid architecture
Network topology
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
Classification of Networks
Major Types of Networks
Topologies of Network for Local Area Networks
P2P Networks
Client to Server Network
Mesh topology
star topology
bus topology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer networks and communication. It defines what a network is, discusses the need for networking and sharing of resources, and outlines the evolution of early networks like ARPANET and NSFNET into the modern Internet. It also covers network topologies, transmission media, switching techniques, common network devices, and communication protocols.
A network consists of two or more connected computers that can share resources. There are different types of networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN depending on the geographical area covered. Basic hardware components of a network include network interface cards, transmission media, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and firewalls. Network interface cards allow computers to physically connect to a network and have MAC addresses to provide low-level addressing. Wired transmission media include twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables while wireless includes radio waves, satellites, and infrared. Common networking terminology includes protocols like Telnet, ARP, SNMP, and DHCP.
Third generation (3g)wireless technologySardar Kaukaz
Third generation (3G) wireless technology allows for increased bandwidth and transfer rates, enabling multimedia capabilities like audio and video on mobile phones. 3G was first demonstrated in 2001 in Japan and launched commercially in 2003. It provides advantages like global roaming, faster internet access up to 2Mbps, and video calling. However, 3G also has disadvantages like higher costs for the network connection and specialized 3G phones. Common applications include wireless internet, audio and video streaming, and mobile commerce.
Basic concepts of wireless communication systemBogs De Castro
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in wireless communication systems, including definitions of computer networks, networking, transmission media, distributed systems, and client-server models. It describes common network devices, topologies, protocols, and the differences between local and wide area networks.
Transmission media (data communication)Pritom Chaki
Transmission media is the material pathway that connects computers, different kinds of devices and people on a network. It can be compared to a superhighway carrying lots of information. Transmission media uses cables or electromagnetic signals to transmit data.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including:
- Defining a computer network as interconnected hardware and computers that allow sharing of resources and information.
- Describing the main types of transmission in networks as simplex (one-way), half duplex (one direction at a time), and full duplex (two-way simultaneous communication).
- Discussing common network transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless; outlining their advantages and disadvantages.
To Download this PPT click on the link below:-
http://www29.zippyshare.com/v/14569917/file.html
Networking
Computer network
Types of network
Personal Area Networks (PANs)
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Classification of Network Architecture
Client-server architecture
Peer-to-peer architecture
Hybrid architecture
Network topology
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
Classification of Networks
Major Types of Networks
Topologies of Network for Local Area Networks
P2P Networks
Client to Server Network
Mesh topology
star topology
bus topology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer networks and communication. It defines what a network is, discusses the need for networking and sharing of resources, and outlines the evolution of early networks like ARPANET and NSFNET into the modern Internet. It also covers network topologies, transmission media, switching techniques, common network devices, and communication protocols.
A network consists of two or more connected computers that can share resources. There are different types of networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN depending on the geographical area covered. Basic hardware components of a network include network interface cards, transmission media, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and firewalls. Network interface cards allow computers to physically connect to a network and have MAC addresses to provide low-level addressing. Wired transmission media include twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables while wireless includes radio waves, satellites, and infrared. Common networking terminology includes protocols like Telnet, ARP, SNMP, and DHCP.
Third generation (3g)wireless technologySardar Kaukaz
Third generation (3G) wireless technology allows for increased bandwidth and transfer rates, enabling multimedia capabilities like audio and video on mobile phones. 3G was first demonstrated in 2001 in Japan and launched commercially in 2003. It provides advantages like global roaming, faster internet access up to 2Mbps, and video calling. However, 3G also has disadvantages like higher costs for the network connection and specialized 3G phones. Common applications include wireless internet, audio and video streaming, and mobile commerce.
Basic concepts of wireless communication systemBogs De Castro
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in wireless communication systems, including definitions of computer networks, networking, transmission media, distributed systems, and client-server models. It describes common network devices, topologies, protocols, and the differences between local and wide area networks.
Transmission media (data communication)Pritom Chaki
Transmission media is the material pathway that connects computers, different kinds of devices and people on a network. It can be compared to a superhighway carrying lots of information. Transmission media uses cables or electromagnetic signals to transmit data.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including:
- Defining a computer network as interconnected hardware and computers that allow sharing of resources and information.
- Describing the main types of transmission in networks as simplex (one-way), half duplex (one direction at a time), and full duplex (two-way simultaneous communication).
- Discussing common network transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless; outlining their advantages and disadvantages.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
This document discusses and compares wired and wireless networks. Wired networks transmit data through physical cables connecting devices, while wireless networks transmit data through the air using electromagnetic waves without cables. Examples of wired networks include telephone lines, cable TV, and fiber optic networks, while wireless technologies include radio frequencies, infrared, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and satellite communication.
Introduction wireless communication networkRiazul Islam
The document provides an overview of wireless communications and networks. It discusses the history of wireless technologies and how digital communications provide noise immunity over analog signals. It also describes the basic components of a communication system including the transmitter, channel, and receiver. Additionally, it defines key terms related to wireless systems such as mobile station, base station, and handoff. The document outlines some examples of wireless communication systems and highlights challenges in wireless communications compared to wired systems.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
WAP is a standard for accessing the internet from mobile devices such as phones. It was created in 1998 by major phone companies to allow browsing on small screens. WAP uses protocols like WSP, WTP, and WTLS to securely transfer data. At the top level is WAE, which defines the user interface. Below this are layers like WSP for sessions and WDP for transport. WML is used to author pages for mobile screens. WAP allows functions like checking schedules, purchasing tickets, and getting weather/stock updates from internet-enabled mobile phones.
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
#network #types of network
COMPUTER NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
SLIDE PPT CONSIST OF
definition,its components,advantages,Disadvantages,switching techniques,network architectures, and Types of Networks.
If you are interested in computer networking and more topics related to computers.
Must watch my youtube channel TECHISEASY
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the basics of LANs, MANs and WANs. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It also discusses the various components that make up a network including physical media, networking devices, computers, networking software and applications. The document is intended to provide a high-level overview of computer networks.
Chapter 1 introduction to computer networksViku1985
The document introduces computer networks and their types, including LAN, CAN, MAN and WAN. It describes client/server configuration and the 7-layer OSI model. It also covers network selection criteria and standards organizations that develop network standards. Case studies provide examples of using different network types in business scenarios.
Network components include nodes, links, clients, servers, and other devices that connect and allow communication between systems. Key components discussed include network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, gateways, and wireless devices. Various media are used to physically transmit data between nodes on a network.
The document discusses various radio propagation models used for modeling wireless channels. It describes that propagation models are important for determining coverage areas and improving channel quality. It divides models into outdoor and indoor applications. For outdoor models, it provides details of the Okumura and Hata models, including path loss calculations. It explains the Okumura model is based on measurements and widely used. The Hata model represents Okumura data graphically. For indoor models, it discusses factors like building materials and layouts that influence propagation. Models for partition losses, log-distance path loss, and attenuation factors are covered.
Basic networking in power point by suprabhaSuprabha Sahoo
Computer networking allows for the sharing of data and resources between connected computers. The main purpose is sharing information, hardware, software, and administration. Connected devices include network interface cards, cables, hubs/switches, routers, and network software. Common network topologies are peer-to-peer and client-server. Common network types include local area networks within an office and metropolitan area networks within a city.
UNIT IV WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS) AND MAC PROTOCOLS 9 Single node architecture: hardware and software components of a sensor node - WSN Network architecture: typical network architectures-data relaying and aggregation strategies -MAC layer protocols: self-organizing, Hybrid TDMA/FDMA and CSMA based MAC- IEEE 802.15.4.
AMPS was the first-generation analog cellular system developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It used analog FM modulation with 30 kHz channel bandwidths. AMPS was deployed across North America in the early 1980s and introduced cellular communications. However, it had limitations like low capacity and lack of privacy. Successor 2G digital standards like NAMPS and D-AMPS improved capacity but have now been replaced by newer 3G and 4G technologies.
This document provides an overview of basic telecommunication concepts. It defines telecommunication as the transmission of information that allows communication over distance. Examples of telecommunication systems include telephone, satellite, mobile cellular, radar/sonar, and microwave radio. The key components of a telecommunication system are a transmitter that converts a message into a signal, a transmission medium that carries the signal, and a receiver that converts the signal back into usable information.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including senders, receivers, and transmission media. It then describes different types of transmission media such as twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, microwave systems, and optical fibers. The document also covers digital and analog data transmission, network topologies including star, ring, bus and hybrid networks. It defines local and wide area networks and describes some common networking devices like network interface cards.
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
This presentation briefly describes the different types of computer networks along with their advantages and disadvantages and comparison between them.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It covers the basic elements of a communication system including sender, receiver, and medium. It describes different data transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also discusses digital and analog transmission, transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optics. The document defines protocols, computer networks, network topologies like star, ring and bus. It explains peer to peer and client/server networking and different types of networks including LAN, WAN and MAN. Finally, it provides details about local area networks, LAN protocols like Ethernet and Token Ring.
A presentation on wired and wireless technologies, it was little hard for me to find out what was necessary for my from slideshare to get , so i made one my own
This document discusses networking technology and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, transmission modes, communication media, computer network components and services. Data can flow in simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex transmission modes. Communication media includes bounded media like twisted pair cables and coaxial cables, and unbounded media like wireless transmission methods. Computer networks allow interconnected computers to share resources and communicate. Basic network services include file, print, message and application services.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It begins by defining computer networking and its basic building blocks of nodes and links. It then shows a sample network diagram with common components like servers, PCs, switches, and routers. The document discusses different network media including wired options like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also covers wireless networks like terrestrial microwave, satellite communication, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi. Overall, the document introduces the key concepts of computer networks and the network infrastructure used to connect devices both physically and wirelessly.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
This document discusses and compares wired and wireless networks. Wired networks transmit data through physical cables connecting devices, while wireless networks transmit data through the air using electromagnetic waves without cables. Examples of wired networks include telephone lines, cable TV, and fiber optic networks, while wireless technologies include radio frequencies, infrared, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and satellite communication.
Introduction wireless communication networkRiazul Islam
The document provides an overview of wireless communications and networks. It discusses the history of wireless technologies and how digital communications provide noise immunity over analog signals. It also describes the basic components of a communication system including the transmitter, channel, and receiver. Additionally, it defines key terms related to wireless systems such as mobile station, base station, and handoff. The document outlines some examples of wireless communication systems and highlights challenges in wireless communications compared to wired systems.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
WAP is a standard for accessing the internet from mobile devices such as phones. It was created in 1998 by major phone companies to allow browsing on small screens. WAP uses protocols like WSP, WTP, and WTLS to securely transfer data. At the top level is WAE, which defines the user interface. Below this are layers like WSP for sessions and WDP for transport. WML is used to author pages for mobile screens. WAP allows functions like checking schedules, purchasing tickets, and getting weather/stock updates from internet-enabled mobile phones.
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
#network #types of network
COMPUTER NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
SLIDE PPT CONSIST OF
definition,its components,advantages,Disadvantages,switching techniques,network architectures, and Types of Networks.
If you are interested in computer networking and more topics related to computers.
Must watch my youtube channel TECHISEASY
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the basics of LANs, MANs and WANs. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It also discusses the various components that make up a network including physical media, networking devices, computers, networking software and applications. The document is intended to provide a high-level overview of computer networks.
Chapter 1 introduction to computer networksViku1985
The document introduces computer networks and their types, including LAN, CAN, MAN and WAN. It describes client/server configuration and the 7-layer OSI model. It also covers network selection criteria and standards organizations that develop network standards. Case studies provide examples of using different network types in business scenarios.
Network components include nodes, links, clients, servers, and other devices that connect and allow communication between systems. Key components discussed include network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, gateways, and wireless devices. Various media are used to physically transmit data between nodes on a network.
The document discusses various radio propagation models used for modeling wireless channels. It describes that propagation models are important for determining coverage areas and improving channel quality. It divides models into outdoor and indoor applications. For outdoor models, it provides details of the Okumura and Hata models, including path loss calculations. It explains the Okumura model is based on measurements and widely used. The Hata model represents Okumura data graphically. For indoor models, it discusses factors like building materials and layouts that influence propagation. Models for partition losses, log-distance path loss, and attenuation factors are covered.
Basic networking in power point by suprabhaSuprabha Sahoo
Computer networking allows for the sharing of data and resources between connected computers. The main purpose is sharing information, hardware, software, and administration. Connected devices include network interface cards, cables, hubs/switches, routers, and network software. Common network topologies are peer-to-peer and client-server. Common network types include local area networks within an office and metropolitan area networks within a city.
UNIT IV WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS) AND MAC PROTOCOLS 9 Single node architecture: hardware and software components of a sensor node - WSN Network architecture: typical network architectures-data relaying and aggregation strategies -MAC layer protocols: self-organizing, Hybrid TDMA/FDMA and CSMA based MAC- IEEE 802.15.4.
AMPS was the first-generation analog cellular system developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It used analog FM modulation with 30 kHz channel bandwidths. AMPS was deployed across North America in the early 1980s and introduced cellular communications. However, it had limitations like low capacity and lack of privacy. Successor 2G digital standards like NAMPS and D-AMPS improved capacity but have now been replaced by newer 3G and 4G technologies.
This document provides an overview of basic telecommunication concepts. It defines telecommunication as the transmission of information that allows communication over distance. Examples of telecommunication systems include telephone, satellite, mobile cellular, radar/sonar, and microwave radio. The key components of a telecommunication system are a transmitter that converts a message into a signal, a transmission medium that carries the signal, and a receiver that converts the signal back into usable information.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including senders, receivers, and transmission media. It then describes different types of transmission media such as twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, microwave systems, and optical fibers. The document also covers digital and analog data transmission, network topologies including star, ring, bus and hybrid networks. It defines local and wide area networks and describes some common networking devices like network interface cards.
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
This presentation briefly describes the different types of computer networks along with their advantages and disadvantages and comparison between them.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It covers the basic elements of a communication system including sender, receiver, and medium. It describes different data transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also discusses digital and analog transmission, transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optics. The document defines protocols, computer networks, network topologies like star, ring and bus. It explains peer to peer and client/server networking and different types of networks including LAN, WAN and MAN. Finally, it provides details about local area networks, LAN protocols like Ethernet and Token Ring.
A presentation on wired and wireless technologies, it was little hard for me to find out what was necessary for my from slideshare to get , so i made one my own
This document discusses networking technology and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, transmission modes, communication media, computer network components and services. Data can flow in simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex transmission modes. Communication media includes bounded media like twisted pair cables and coaxial cables, and unbounded media like wireless transmission methods. Computer networks allow interconnected computers to share resources and communicate. Basic network services include file, print, message and application services.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It begins by defining computer networking and its basic building blocks of nodes and links. It then shows a sample network diagram with common components like servers, PCs, switches, and routers. The document discusses different network media including wired options like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also covers wireless networks like terrestrial microwave, satellite communication, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi. Overall, the document introduces the key concepts of computer networks and the network infrastructure used to connect devices both physically and wirelessly.
Communication and networking for class 12.pptxnesia7885
Network and Communication refer to the interconnected systems and devices that enable the transfer of data and information between various endpoints. The main components of a network and communication system include hardware devices such as computers, routers, switches, and modems, and software protocols that govern the flow of data between these devices.
The document is a presentation submitted by Harpreet Kaur on data communications. It contains information on various topics related to data communications including an introduction to data communication, components of data communication such as sender, receiver, message, transmission medium and protocol. It also discusses data flow modes, analog and digital signals, types of transmission media including guided media such as coaxial cable, twisted pair cable and fiber optic cable, and unguided media. Finally, it covers networking devices such as modem, hub, switch and router.
This document discusses concepts in data communication including components, measurement, transmission modes, transmission media, and transmission methods. It covers the five basic components of a data communication system: message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocol. It describes different types of transmission media including guided (wired) media like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber cables and unguided (wireless) media like radio frequency propagation. It also discusses analog and digital transmission methods.
This document discusses computer networking technology. It defines key concepts like communication systems having senders, mediums, and receivers. It describes different modes of data transmission including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also discusses different types of communication media such as bounded media like twisted pair cables and unbounded media like wireless transmission. Finally, it outlines common computer network models and categories including client-server networks, peer-to-peer networks, and local area networks.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and computer networks. It discusses the basics of networking including:
1. The key components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
2. Different types of networks including LANs, WANs, MANs, WLANs, and VPNs.
3. Network topologies such as mesh, star, bus, and ring.
4. Common network cabling including twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices via transmission media such as cables. It consists of five main components: a message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocol. Data can be transmitted in three modes - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Transmission media can be guided (wired) such as twisted pair or coaxial cables, or unguided (wireless) such as radio waves. Networks are sets of connected devices that can be arranged in various topologies like bus, star, ring, or mesh. Switching techniques such as circuit, message, and packet switching determine how data is routed through a network.
The document provides information about data communication systems and computer networks. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver using electronic means. It then describes the basic components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and sink. It also discusses different types of computer networks like LAN, MAN and WAN and their characteristics. Finally, it covers topics like network architectures, transmission media and network topologies.
Computer networks allow computing devices to connect and share resources. A network consists of connected devices like computers, printers, and servers. It uses communication hardware and protocols to transmit data. Common network hardware includes hubs, switches, routers, and cables. Networks can be configured in various topologies like bus, star, ring, or mesh. Networks are also classified based on their scope - a local area network (LAN) connects devices within a building, while a wide area network (WAN) spans a larger geographic area. Key roles are clients, which initiate data requests, and servers, which provide resources and services to clients.
PAN -Personal Area Network – Linking local devices e,g, PC to printer. LAN – Local Area network- links devices in an office or offices. MAN – Metropolitan Area network – links devices across multiple buildings like a campus. WAN – Wide area network – links devices across a country/countries.
Data communication involves the transmission of data between two points using a communication system consisting of a sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. The document discusses the basic components of a communication system including guided media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables for transmitting data along a physical path, and unguided media like radio waves, infrared, and Bluetooth that transmit through open space. It also describes common communication devices used like modems, network interface cards, routers, and switches/access points to connect computers and transmit data over networks.
A computer network allows interconnected devices to share resources and exchange information. It connects two or more computers or devices together using cables or wireless technology and follows a set of rules called protocols. Devices on a network can share data, software, printers and other resources regardless of their physical location. This reduces costs while improving communication and reliability of data storage.
Networking and telecommunication involves the transmission of information over distances using telecommunication networks. There are different types of communication including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Key aspects of networking and telecommunication discussed in the document include bits, bandwidth, computer networks, networking devices like servers and workstations, transmission media, networking architecture models like client-server and peer-to-peer, types of computer networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, and communication protocols.
Lesson 4 communication and computer network (123 kb)IMRAN KHAN
Communication between computers has increased with advancements in data communication facilities, allowing users to access computers remotely. A computer network connects multiple computers over communication channels to share data and programs across geographical locations. It consists of senders and receivers of messages connected by a medium like cables, wireless signals, or satellites. Protocols define how computers transmit data over the network by sequencing packets, routing them efficiently, and detecting and correcting errors.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce, including its definition, benefits, limitations, and types. It defines e-commerce as electronic transactions conducted over the internet, such as buying and selling goods and services online. The main benefits mentioned are faster transactions, low costs, global reach, and convenience of 24/7 shopping. Limitations include lack of physical interaction, internet dependency, and security issues. The document outlines the main types of e-commerce as business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-business (B2B), and consumer-to-consumer (C2C). It also defines mobile commerce (m-commerce) as e-commerce conducted on mobile devices such as smartphones.
Computer security involves protecting computers and data from damage, theft, or misuse. It focuses on security attacks, mechanisms to prevent attacks, and security services. The main goals of information security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and systems. Common security threats include phishing, botnets, rootkits, keyloggers, hackers, and drive-by downloads. Authentication systems like passwords, biometrics, firewalls, and cryptography help verify users' identities and protect sensitive information.
This document discusses sequential access files in BASIC programming. It covers opening, writing, reading, appending, and closing sequential files using statements like OPEN, WRITE#, PRINT#, INPUT#, LINE INPUT#, CLOSE, and INPUT$. It also mentions other file handling statements like FILES, CHDIR, MKDIR, RMDIR, NAME, KILL, SHELL and SYSTEM. The document provides details on using different modes in OPEN statements, and using WRITE#, PRINT#, INPUT# and LINE INPUT# statements to write, read and input data from sequential files.
This document discusses various ethical and social issues related to information and communication technology (ICT). It covers topics like privacy, intellectual property, effects on employment, challenges of technology, cybercrimes, computer ethics, digital citizenship, cyberbullying, digital footprint, and cyber law. The goal of cyber law is to regulate ICT use and enhance digital literacy and access in Nepal.
This document provides an introduction to QBASIC programming. It outlines the key elements of QBASIC including its features, character sets, keywords, variables, constants, operators, expressions, and statements. It discusses the different types of variables like numeric, string, and constant variables. The document also explains arithmetic, relational, and logical operators. Overall, the document serves as a high-level overview of the basics of QBASIC programming.
The document provides an overview of database management systems and Microsoft Access. It defines a DBMS as software that defines, manipulates, retrieves and manages data in a database. It discusses the key concepts of tables, queries, forms and reports. It explains how Access is used to create, open and manage database objects like tables and queries. It provides guidance on setting up a new blank Access database and creating tables by defining fields and setting field properties.
Database management systems allow for the centralized storage, organization, and retrieval of data. Data is raw facts that are collected and stored in tables within a database. A database management system like Microsoft Access provides tools to create, query, and manage these tables. It enforces data integrity and allows multiple users to simultaneously access and update data for applications. Key components of a database include tables, queries, forms, and reports that interact with the stored data.
This document provides an overview of different types of computer software. It begins by defining software and describing the main types as system software and application software. It then explains the different types of system software in more detail, including operating system software, device drivers, and utility software. The major functions of an operating system are also listed. Language processors such as compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are described next. Finally, the document discusses various types of application software including open source software, cloud applications, and mobile applications.
This document discusses different number systems including non-positional, positional, decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It provides examples of converting between these systems, such as converting the octal number 3450 to decimal. Binary arithmetic operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are also covered. The key steps and rules for performing each binary operation are outlined.
This document categorizes computers based on their operation and size. It discusses analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers which combine aspects of both. Digital computers are further broken down by size into supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. It also covers different types of computers for individual users like desktops, laptops, tablets, palmtops, and smartphones.
Microsoft Word is word processing software that allows users to create a variety of documents. It has features like tables, illustrations, fonts, and formatting tools. Documents can be opened, saved, printed, and shared. The ribbon interface contains tabs for common tasks like inserting objects, formatting text, and manipulating paragraphs. Users can also search and replace text, add page borders, and insert watermarks.
This document discusses modular programming techniques. Modular programming involves separating a program's functionality into independent, interchangeable modules. Each module contains code to perform a specific task. The main advantages of modular programming are that it makes programs easier to design, test, maintain and reuse code. Modules can take the form of sub procedures or function procedures. Sub procedures perform tasks without returning values, while function procedures return a single value. Variables can be shared between modules using common, dim with shared, or shared statements.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions and explanations of key concepts. It discusses how computers are important in many industries and aspects of modern life. The document also describes the four phases of the information processing cycle: input, processing, storage, and output. It explains the stages of the data processing cycle in more detail and lists some of the key strengths of computers, such as speed, accuracy, automatic operation, storage capacity, and diligence. Both positive and negative impacts of computers on areas like health, social behavior, learning, and personal and professional life are outlined.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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2. Communication
■ Sending and receiving information between two or more persons is called
communication.
■ Communication is giving, receiving or exchanging ideas, information, signals or
messages through appropriate media
Networking and Telecommunication 2
3. Telecommunication
■ A system of transmission of text, image, data and sound in the form of electronic
signals is known as telecommunication.
■ Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of
technologies over wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.
Networking and Telecommunication 3
4. Data communication
■ Data communication system is the collection of hardware, software and other
devices that allows exchanging data, information and voice between two or more
device through a wire or radio wave.
■ For examples: E-mail, Chat etc.
Networking and Telecommunication 4
5. Components of Data communication
❑ Message: It is the information to be delivered.
❑ Sender: Sender is the person who is sending the message.
❑ Receiver: Receiver is the person to whom the message is being sent to.
❑ Medium: It is the medium through which the message is sent. For
example: A Modem.
❑ Protocol: These are some set of rules which govern data communication.
Networking and Telecommunication 5
6. Protocol
• A set of rules that must be
followed by sender and
receiver to make
communication possible is
known as protocol.
Medium
• A path through which the
sender makes
communication to the
receiver is known as
medium.
Networking and Telecommunication 6
7. Modes of Data Transmission
a) Simplex mode :
■ Simplex mode communication is a mode of communication or data transmission in
which data flows in one direction only.
■ The communication is unidirectional.
■ E.g.: Newspaper and television broadcast.
Networking and Telecommunication 7
8. Continue…..
b) Half duplex mode :
■ Half duplex communication is a mode of transmission in which data can be
transmitted in both directions but only in one direction at a time.
■ It is also referred to as Semi-Duplex. In other words, each station can both transmit
and receive the data but not at the same time. When one device is sending the
other can only receive and vice-versa.
■ E.g.: Wireless handset and walky-talky.
Networking and Telecommunication 8
9. Continue…..
c) Full Duplex Mode:
■ Full duplex communication is a mode of transmission in which data is transmitted in
both the direction simultaneously on the same channel.
■ It is bi-directional in nature.
■ It is two-way communication in which both the stations can transmit and receive the
data simultaneously.
■ E.g.: Telephone, internet chat, etc.
Networking and Telecommunication 9
10. Bandwidth
■ Bandwidth can be defined as the data handling capacity of a communication
system. It is measured in cycles per second (cps) and bits per second (bps) in
analogue and digital devices respectively.
■ The maximum volume of data that can be transmitted through communication
is called bandwidth.
■ We can measure bandwidth in digital devices by bits per second and in
analogue devices by cycles per second or Hertz (Hz).
Networking and Telecommunication 10
11. Communication or Transmission
Medium
■ Communication or transmission medium is a channel through which
data or signals can be transmitted from one point to another.
■ Transmission media is a communication channel means it is a
medium for data transmission. In other words, when two devices want
to communicate, at that time the communication channel they used is
called transmission media.
■ Transmission Medium is used to carry data from the transmitter to the
receiver.
Networking and Telecommunication 11
12. Types of communication Medium
■ Guided or bounded or wired medium
• It is the transmission medium in which data signals flow through specified path in cable or
wires.
• A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and contained by the physical limits of
the medium.
➢ E.g.: Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber optics cable, etc.
■ Unguided medium or unbounded or wireless
• It is the transmission medium in which data/signals flow through the air.
• Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor.
• Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are available to anyone who has
a device capable of receiving them.
➢ E.g.: radio frequency, microwave, infrared transmission, etc.
Networking and Telecommunication 12
13. Guided Transmission Media
Twisted pair cable
■ The type of wires which are made of copper and a pair of wires are twisted
together is known as twisted pair cable.
■ RJ – 45 is the connector used.
■ A twisted pair cable comprises of two separate insulated copper wires,
which are twisted together and run in parallel. The copper wires are typically
1mm in diameter. One of the wires is used to transmit data and the other is
the ground reference.
■ Example: Ethernet cable, telephone
Networking and Telecommunication 13
14. Continue…..
Co-axial cable
■ A wire with single ended single reference where the central conductor
carries the data signal.
■ Coax has a central core of stiff copper conductor for transmitting
signals. This is covered by an insulating material. The insulator is
encased by a closely woven braided metal outer conductor that acts as
a shield against noise. The outer conductor is again enclosed by a
plastic insulating cover.
Networking and Telecommunication 14
15. Continue….
Fiber optics cable
■ Fiber optics cable is one of the costlier cables used in data communication which uses
light to carry a data signal through the cable.
■ ST and SC are the connectors used in this cables.
■ A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers inside an
insulated casing.
■ They're designed for long-distance, high-performance data networking, and
telecommunications.
Networking and Telecommunication 15
16. Unguided Transmission Media
Radio wave transmission
■ A type of unguided transmission in which the signal is carried over by carrier wave is known
as radio wave transmission.
Microwave transmission
■ Microwave, which is also called line of sight communication, is a wireless technology that can
be used to transmit data between two different networks or computers.
■ They are electromagnetic waves with a wavelength longer than infrared light and shorter than
radio wave.
Infrared transmission
■ Infrared transmissions are just below visible transmission light which allows high speed data
transmission.
■ It is optical in nature, carried by beams of light invisible to naked eye.
Networking and Telecommunication 16
17. Differentiate between Guided and Unguided media
Guided media Unguided media
It is the transmission media in which data signals
flows through specified path.
It is the transmission media in which data signal
flows through air.
Data or a signal sent through it propagates in the
form of voltage, current or photons.
Data or a signal sent through it propagates in the
form of electromagnetic waves.
It is mainly suited for point to point line
configuration.
It is mainly used for broadcasting purposes.
Example: twisted pair cable, co-axial cable, fiber
optics, etc.
Example: radio wave, microwave, infrared, etc
Networking and Telecommunication 17
18. Differentiate between shielded and unshielded
twisted pair.
Shielded twisted Pair Unshielded twisted pair
It is made up of twisted pair wires with additional
shielded and drain wires.
It is made up of twisted pair wires without
additional shielded and drain wires.
D-shell connectors are used with shielded twisted
pair.
RJ-45 connector is commonly used with
unshielded twisted pair.
It is costlier than UTP cables. It is cheaper than STP cables.
It has got better noise rejection capacity. It has poor noise rejection capacity.
Networking and Telecommunication 18
19. Differentiate between radio wave and microwave
communication media.
Radio communication media Microwave communication media
It is a form of wireless communications in which
signals are sent through radio frequency waves.
It is a form of wireless communication in which
data signals are sent through pulses of
electromagnetic energy.
It requires antenna for connection. It requires repeater or amplifier for
communication.
It provides low bandwidth for data communication. It provides higher bandwidth for data
communication.
It doesn’t require a line of sight. It requires a line of sight.
Networking and Telecommunication 19
20. Computer network
■ Computer network means two or more computers connected with each other to
share data, hardware, software and other resources.
■ The interconnection of computer through transmission media in order to
communicate and share resources.
■ Networks are usually used to share resources, exchange files or communicate with
other users.
■ A network is a set of nodes connected by communication links.
Networking and Telecommunication 20
21. Advantages and disadvantages of
computer network
Advantages
i) Computer in a network can access
network connected hardware devices
like printer, disk drives, etc.
ii) Information can be exchanged
rapidly in computer network.
iii) Computers in a network environment
can be updated from any computer.
iv) Software packages can be shared
between network connected
computers.
Disadvantages
i) Failure of server stops application
being available.
ii) Network failure causes loss of data.
iii) Network makes user works
dependent.
iv) System opens to hackers.
Networking and Telecommunication 21
22. Hardware components
Physical parts and devices used to connect computers in the network
environment are called hardware components.
■ Computer System
Server
A server is the main computer that provides services, data and other resources to the
other computers in the network environment.
❖ File server Database server
❖ Printer server Network server
❖ Modem server
Workstation
▪ Network Interface Unit
▪ Communication Channel or Transmission media
▪ Network Devices
Networking and Telecommunication 22
23. Types of Networks
■ On the basis of coverage area, there are three types of computer network.
a. Local Area Network (LAN)
b. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
c. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Networking and Telecommunication 23
24. Local Area Network (LAN)
■ A LAN is a network of computers that are relatively near to each other and are
connected in a way that enables them to communicate by using cables and small
wireless devices.
■ LAN are usually connected with cables (Coaxial cable or twisted pair cable).
■ Wireless media are also used for connecting computers on the LAN which is known
as WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
Features of LAN
i) The diameter is not more than a few km.
ii) LAN offers high bandwidth of 10-100 Mbps.
iii) It is controlled by single organization.
Networking and Telecommunication 24
25. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
■ A MAN is a network of computer is computers which are spread over a metropolitan
area such as within a city.
■ It is Mid range network i.e. larger than LAN and smaller than WAN.
■ In MAN, cables (especially fiber optic cable) and unbounded Communication media
( microwave transmission, radio wave, etc) are used as transmission channels.
Features of MAN
i) It covers a limited geographical area.
ii) It may be owned by single or multiple organizations.
iii) It uses cable or wireless connections.
iv) It uses private or public connection medium.
Networking and Telecommunication 25
26. Wide Area Network (WAN)
■ A WAN is a network system of connecting two or more computers generally across a
wide geographical area such as cities, districts, and countries.
■ A WAN contains many groups of LANs and MANs.
■ It uses telephone line, microwave, radio wave or satellite links to connect.
■ The internet is the largest WAN.
Features of WAN
i) It covers a large geographical area.
ii) It is owned by multiple organizations.
iii) It uses public connection medium.
Networking and Telecommunication 26
27. Network Topology(LAN Topology)
■ The topology is a term used to describe the way In which the end points or nodes of
a network are linked together.
■ It describes the manner in which nodes and network devices on the network are
connected with cables and how they communicate.
■ The physical layout of cabling for connecting computers and other network devices
on the LAN is known as Network Topology.
Networking and Telecommunication 27
28. Bus topology
■ The topology in which computers and other devices are arranged in linear format is called
bus topology/ linear topology.
■ Coaxial cables of different length are used.
■ Both ends of each segment of coaxial cable BNC(Bayonet Neill–Concelman) are connected
and further connected with T – connectors.
■ Terminators are attached at both the ends of the network bus.
Networking and Telecommunication 28
31. Ring topology
■ The topology in which computers are connected in a closed loop or a circle /
ring without any end points is called ring topology.
■ Signals are transmitted in one direction i.e. clockwise or counterclockwise.
■ Generally coaxial cables are used along with BNC connector and T-
connector.
Networking and Telecommunication 31
33. Star topology
■ The topology in which all computers or the network devices are connected through a
central device in the shape of star structure is called star topology.
■ Twisted pair cables(especially UTP cables) are used.
Networking and Telecommunication 33
35. Mesh topology
■ A mesh topology is a network setup where each computer and network device is
interconnected with one another.
■ This topology setup allows for most transmissions to be distributed even if one of
the connections goes down.
■ It is a topology commonly used for wireless networks.
■ Each node is connected with more than one node separately.
Networking and Telecommunication 35
36. Client/Server network
■ Client/ server network is a type of network architecture that consist of at least one server and one or more
workstations.
■ It is also known as Domain Model.
■ Server computer controls and manages clients and provides resources to the client when requested.
■ Server is also called back-end and client is front-end.
Advantages
■ It is more secured
■ Network administration work is easier.
■ Network can be expanded easily.
■ Required application software cab be installed on the server computer
Disadvantages
■ It is more expensive than peer-to-peer and difficult to set up.
■ A well-trained network administration is required to manage network.
Networking and Telecommunication 36
38. Peer-to-peer network (P2P)
■ A Peer-to-peer network is a type of network architecture in which computers function both as
workstation and server.
■ It is also known as Workgroup Model.
■ Each computer has equal right as each computer is server itself.
Advantages
■ It simple and easy to manage.
■ It is easier to setup.
■ Each computer can determine resources to be shared .
Disadvantages
■ The expansion of network is limited.
■ It tends to slow down with network load.
■ It has low level security.
.
Networking and Telecommunication 38
39. Centralized computing network
■ A centralized computing network is a network in which a central host computer performs data
processing and storage on behalf of clients.
Workstation
■ Workstation is a computer network that utilizes network resources.
■ It is also known as client computer.
Networking and Telecommunication 39
40. Differentiate between client/server network and
peer-to-peer network.
client/server network Peer-to-peer network.
It consists of at least one server and one or more
client.
It is a group of computers which function both
as server and workstation.
It provides centralized network administration. It lacks centralized network administration
It provides high security of data and other
resources.
It provides no reliable security and might put data
on risk.
It is suitable for large organization where data
security is required
It is suitable for small organization and home
usage where data and other securities are not
required.
Networking and Telecommunication 40
41. Network Devices
Router
■ A router is an intelligent network device which connects two different networks having same
protocol.
■ It keeps data flowing between networks and keeps the networks connected through the most
efficient available route.
■ When router receives data packets, it checks the network address i.e. IP address of the data
packets and determines whether the data packets need to forward to other network or not.
Networking and Telecommunication 41
42. Hub
■ A hub is a network device that joins multiple computers and other devices
through its port.
■ A hub looks like a small rectangular box which has a series of connecting
ports.
■ When a hub receives a packet of data at one of its port from a PC on a
network, it transmits the packets to all the ports.
■ It is also referred as multi-port repeater.
Networking and Telecommunication 42
43. Switch
■ A switch is a network device that connects computers, network devices and LAN
segments.
■ A switch, in the context of networking, is a high-speed device that receives
incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on a local area
network (LAN).
■ It can support all types of packet protocols.
Networking and Telecommunication 43
44. Bridge
■ A Bridge is a device that joins the segments of a similar (having same topology)
or dissimilar network(having different topology) to transfer data and
information using the same protocol
■ When any node on a segment sends data or message, it checks the source
and the destination of each packet and if the destination node is in the same
segment it does not forward the packet to other segment.
■ The bridges are intelligent devices that allow the passing of only selective packets
from them.
Networking and Telecommunication 44
45. Gateway
■ Gateway is a dedicated server that connects two networks having dissimilar
communication protocols.
■ The gateways accept the data and message from a computer on a network
having different protocol and it translates and repackages the incoming data
and forwards to another network of the different protocol.
■ A gateway is often characterized as being the combination of a router and a
modem.
Networking and Telecommunication 45
46. Repeater
■ Repeater is a device that amplifies the incoming signals, creates a copy of it and
transmits the signal on network.
■ It can be used to join two network segments which use the same protocol
Cable
■ Cables are commonly used media of physical channel for transmitting data between
computers in network.
Networking and Telecommunication 46
47. MODEM
■ MODEM (Modulator Demodulator) is a device which is used to transfer the data of one
computer to another computer using telephone lines.
■ It can convert digital signals into analog signals and vice versa.
■ The conversion of digital signal into analog signal is Modulation.
■ The conversion of analog signal into digital signal is Demodulation.
Importance of MODEM are:
■ Access internet
■ Perform modulation and demodulation process
■ Transfer data from one computer to another through telephone lines.
Networking and Telecommunication 47
49. Network Interface Card (NIC)
■ A Network Interface Card (NIC) is the adapter through which the computer is
connected to the network.
Function of NIC
■ To act as the interface to connect the computer to network and control the flow
of data in computer network.
■ To convert data into electronic signals and transfer them through cables and
vice-versa.
Networking and Telecommunication 49
50. Connector
■ Connector is an interface between the NIC of the computer and the cable
that passes data between computers in network.
■ It is a device that is used to join cables to a device.
■ Connectors varies with the cables that we use to connect device in a network.
■ BNC(Bayonet Naur Connector),T - Connector, Terminator, RJ-45 are commonly
used in networking.
Networking and Telecommunication 50
51. Device driver
■ Device driver is a program that controls the functionality of the hardware device.
Intranet
■ An intranet is a private computer network that uses the internet protocol to securely
share any part of information of an organization.
Extranet
■ An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from outside for
specific business or educational purposes.
Networking and Telecommunication 51
52. Network operating system
■ Network operating system is a set of computer program that manages the
resources on network.
Some examples are :
■ Novell network
■ Microsoft Windows NT
■ Linux
■ Unix
Networking and Telecommunication 52